資源簡介 第九章 稀有氣體Chapter 9 The Rare GasesHelium (He) 太陽 Neon (Ne) 新的 Argon (Ar) 懶惰的Krypton (Kr) 穩定的 Xenon (Xe) 陌生的 Radon (Rn) 發光的Electronic configuration:ns2np6 except He 1s2從1894-1900年期間上面稀有氣體相繼全部被發現,其中Ramsay功績最大,他榮獲1904年Nobel化學獎。1892年,J.W.S.Rayleigh發現從空氣中分離出來的氮氣密度比從化合物中分離出來的氮氣密度略重(1.2565/1.2507),但不知其原因。W.Ramsay緊隨其后,以敏銳的觀察力和高超的實驗技術,與合作者經過幾年的艱苦努力,終于發現和離析了幾乎一整族稀有氣體。一、General Properties: 1.它們都是單原子分子(monatomic molecular),在通常條件下,它們都是氣體,也稱為惰性氣體(noble or inert gases)。 2.蒸發熱、在水中的溶解度以及熔、沸點都很小,并且隨著原子序數的增加而逐漸升高。氦是所有氣體中最難液化的物質。He的沸點為4.2K,H2的沸點為20.4K。氦冷卻至2.178K,則變成第二種液體(helium II),發生無粘度流動,稱為超流體(superfluidity)。He-II的熱傳導是He-I的106倍,比熱傳導最優的金屬銀強得多。 3.由于稀有氣體的最外電子層都有相對飽和的結構(octet rule),這種電子結構是相當穩定的,其電子親合勢都接近于零,而且都有很高的電離勢,因此它們在化學性質上表現為惰性。4.在自然界中的分布:在接近地球表面的空氣中,每1000升空氣中約含9.3升氬、18毫升氖、5毫升氦、1毫升氪和0.8升氙,所以液態空氣是提取稀有氣體的主要原料。5.用途:氪、氙的同位素在醫學上被用來測量腦血流量和研究肺功能,計算胰島素分泌量。二、Chemical Properties在稀有氣體發現后一段時間內(1900-1960年),把它們作為化學性質上絕對惰性的。直到1962年,Bartlett將PtF6的蒸氣與等摩爾的氙混合,在室溫下制得了XePtF6的橙黃色固體,推翻了持續了近70年之久的關于稀有氣體完全化學惰性的傳統說法。下面我們主要討論氙的氟化物和含氧化合物。1.氙的氟化物(Fluorides of xenon)XeF2、XeF4、XeF6(1) preparation(由Xe在缺F2情況下加壓反應)較易制得,在如上條件下加入Xe和F2 (1:5)混合物,幾十小時后便制得。(Xe : F2 = 1:20)或(在常壓下)Irradiating a xenon-fluorine mixture with ultra-violet light at ordinary temperature produces XeF2 (together with some XeF4)為什么Xe與F2混合如此容易化合但六十多年間卻沒有能合成出Xe的化合物?主要有這幾方面原因:當時擁有的Xe的量太少;絕對干燥的玻璃儀器不能獲得;實驗技術落后,更重要的是思想上有框框。(2) properties:a.氙的氟化物都與水發生反應:(i) XeF2在水中的溶解放出刺激性臭味,在酸性溶液中水解很慢,但在堿性溶液中水解很快:2XeF2(s) + 2H2O(l) 2Xe(g) + 4HF(l) + O2(g)XeF2在堿性溶液中發生Redox反應:(ii) XeF4在水中既發生歧化反應,又發生氧化還原反應:6XeF4(s) + 12H2O(l) 2XeO3(s) + 4Xe(g) + 3O2(g) + 24HF(l)分解成:3XeF4(g) + 6H2O(l)3Xe(g) + 3O2(g) + 12HF(l)(與水的氧化還原反應)3XeF4(s) + 6H2O(l)2XeO3(s) + Xe(g) + 12HF(l)(歧化反應)所以上述反應方程式只是XeF4等摩爾參與歧化反應以及與水的氧化還原反應的配平結果。實際上這是一個多重配平的方程式。(iii) XeF6(s) + H2O(l) XeOF4(l) + 2HF(l)XeOF4(l) + 2H2O(l)XeO3(s) + 4HF(l)b.氙的氟化物都是強氧化劑XeF2(s) + CH2=CH2(g)CH2F-CH2F(s) + Xe(g)XeF4(s) + 2SF4(g) 2SF6(g) + Xe(g)XeF6(g) + 8NH3(g) Xe(g) + N2(g) + 6NH4F(s)可以使 HCl → Cl2,Ce(III) → Ce(IV),NH3 → N2XeF6化學性質非常活潑,甚至與石英反應:2XeF6(g) + SiO2(s)2XeOF4(l) + SiF4(g)XeF6在堿性條件下也能發生歧化反應:4XeF6 + 18Ba(OH)23Ba2XeO6 + Xe + 12BaF2 + 18H2Oc.氙的氟化物都是良好的氟化劑RbF(s) + XeF6(s) RbXeF7(s)XeF2(s) + SbF5(l) [XeF][SbF6](s)2XeF2(s) + SbF5(l) (s) 2.氙的氧化物(Oxides of xenon)(1) preparation:a.XeO3由XeF4和XeF6水解制得。b.XeO4由XeF6在Ba(OH)2中歧化制得的高氙酸鋇Ba2XeO6,高氙酸鋇再與硫酸反應制得:Ba2XeO6(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) 2BaSO4(s) + XeO4(g) + 2H2O(l)(2) properties:a.穩定性(stabilization)無色無味XeO3(s)中含有XeO3分子。XeO3在水中穩定,但在固態時XeO3會發生爆炸(雖然該反應經常在動力學上很慢)。它在OH-介質中形成離子:此離子發生緩慢歧化,得到: XeO3(s) + OH-(aq) K = 1.5×103 或者:因此可以得出這樣的結論:對于氙的含氧化物,在酸性和中性溶液中Xe (VI) 穩定;在堿性溶液中Xe (VIII) 穩定。XeO4是一種氣體,正四面體幾何構型。XeO4緩慢分解成XeO3和O2,當XeO4固態時,即使在室溫下仍然會發生爆炸。b.氧化性(oxidation):高氙酸鹽是最強的氧化劑之一。它能把Mn2+ 分別氧化成、、+ 2Mn2+ + 9H++ 2H2Oc.在堿性溶液中,高氙酸鹽的主要形式是,它被水緩慢還原,然而在酸性溶液中,Reduction is almost instantaneous:and the hydroxyl radical is involved as an intermediate.三、The Stereo Structures of Xenon Compounds 1.符合VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) 理論XeF2 AB2E3 sp3d 直線型XeF4 AB4E2 sp3d2 平面四方XeO3 AB3E sp3 三角錐型XeO4 AB4 sp3 正四面體XeOF4 AB5E sp3d2 四方錐型XeO2F2 AB4E sp3d 歪四面體AB6 sp3d2 正八面體 2.特殊構型XeF6 The exact structure of the gaseous XeF6 molecular has not been determined, but it is known to be a slightly distorted octahedron.(a) lone pair emerging through edge (b) lone pair emerging through faceof the octahedron C2v symmetry of the octahedron C3v symmetryElement Reaction FlowchartA Flowchart is shown for xenon, the only nobel gas with a significant chemistry.Bonding in Noble Gas CompoundsAs it was widely believed, prior to 1962, that the noble gases were chemically inert because of the stability, if not inviolability, of their electronic configurations, the discovery that compounds could in fact be prepared, immediately necessitated a description of the bonding involved. A variety of approaches has been suggested, none of which is universally applicable. The simplest molecular-orbital description is that of the 3-centre, 4-electron σ bond in XeF2, which involves only valence shell p orbitals and eschews the use of higher energy d orbitals. The orbitals involved are the collinear set comprising the 5px orbital of Xe, which contains 2 electrons, and the 2px orbitals from each of the F atoms, each containing 1 electron. The possible combinations of these orbitals are shown in Fig. A and yield 1 bonding, 1 nonbonding, and 1 antibonding orbital. A single bonding pair of electrons is responsible for binding all 3 atoms, and the occupation of the nonbonding orbital, situated largely on the F atoms, implies significant ionic character. The scheme should be compared with the 3-centre, 2-electron bonding proposed for boron hydrides.A similar treatment, involving two 3-centre bonds accounts satisfactorily for the planar structure of XeF4 but fails when applied to XeF6 since three 3-centre bonds would produce a regular octahedron instead of the distorted structure actually found. An improvement is possible if involvement of the Xe 5d orbitals in invoked, since this produces a triplet level which would be subject to a Jahn-Teller distortion. However, the approach which as most consistently rationalized the stereochemistries of noble-gas compounds (as distinct from their bonding) is the electron-pair repulsion theory of Gillespie and Nyholm. This assumes that stereochemistry is determined by the repulsions between valence-shell electron-pairs, both nonbonding and bonding, and that the former exert the stronger effect. Thus, in XeF2 the Xe is surrounded by 10 electrons (8 from Xe and 1 from each F) distributed in 5 pairs; 2 bonding and 3 nonbonding. The 5 pairs are directed to the corners of a trigonal bipyramid and, because of their greater mutual repulsions, the 3 nonbonding pairs are situated in the equatorial plane at 120 to each other, leaving the 2 bonding pairs perpendicular to the plane and so producing a linear F-Xe-F molecule.In the same way XeF4, with 6 electron-pairs, is considered as pseudo-octahedral with its 2 nonbonding pairs trans to each other, leaving the 4 F atoms in a plane around the Xe. More distinctively, The 7 electron-pairs of XeF6 suggest the possibility of a non-regular octahedral geometry and imply a distorted structure based on either a monocapped octahedral or a pentagonal pyramidal arrangement of electron-pairs, with the Xe-F bonds bending away from the projecting nonbonding pair.PAGE151 展開更多...... 收起↑ 資源預覽 縮略圖、資源來源于二一教育資源庫