資源簡介

Unit 1 Nature in the balance
一、 單詞學記
(一) 英漢對記(51組)
1. soil n. 土壤；國土，領土，土地(1)
2. ecosystem n. 生態系統(2)
3. continent n. 大陸，陸地，洲(2)
4. million num. 一百萬；許多，大量(2)
5. biodiversity n. 生物多樣性(2)
6. species n. (pl. species)種，物種(2)
7. nut n. 堅果(3)
8. lily n. 百合(花)(3)
9. beneath prep. 在……下面，在……下方；配不上(3)
10. mass n. 大量；團，塊，堆；一大群
adj. 大批的，廣泛的(3)
11. living adj. 活著的，活的；在使用的
n. 生計，謀生；生活方式(3)
12. mammal n. 哺乳動物(3)
13. jaguar n. 美洲豹，美洲虎(3)
14. frog n. 蛙，青蛙(3)
15. insect n. 昆蟲(3)
16. microorganism n. 微生物(3)
17. nutrient n. 營養素，營養物(3)
18. carbon n. 碳(3)
19. oxygen n. 氧，氧氣(3)
20. thus adv. 因此，從而；這樣(3)
21. cattle n. 牛(3)
22. impact n. 影響，作用；撞擊，沖撞
vi. & vt. 有影響；沖擊(3)
23. extinction n. 滅絕，絕種(3)
24. damage vt. & n. 損害，傷害，損壞，破壞(3)
25. climate n. 氣候；傾向，風氣(5)
26. gas n. 氣體；煤氣；汽油(6)
27. application n. 應用，運用；申請(6)
28. brochure n. 小冊子(6)
29. image n. 形象；圖像；意象(8)
30. shark n. 鯊魚(8)
31. whale n. 鯨(8)
32. deer n. (pl. deer)鹿(8)
33. track vt. & vi. 跟蹤，追蹤
n. 足跡，蹤跡；小道；軌道；跑道；路線(8)
34. habitat n. 生活環境，棲息地(8)
35. dolphin n. 海豚(8)
36. resident n. 居民，住戶(11)
37. chief n. 首領，最高領導人
adj. 主要的；首席的(11)
mittee n. 委員會(11)
39. smog n. 霧霾，煙霧(11)
40. protest vi. 反對，抗議
vt. 反對；堅持聲稱，申辯
n. 抗議，反對(11)
41. profit n. 利潤，收益；好處
vi. & vt. 獲益，得到好處(11)
42. process n. 過程，進程；步驟，流程
vt. 加工，處理(11)
43. policy n. 政策，方針；原則(12)
44. branch n. (政府或機構)部門；分部；樹枝；支流；分支(12)
45. strategy n. 策略，行動計劃；策劃，部署(12)
46. recycle vt. 回收利用，再利用(12)
47. subway n. 地鐵；地下人行道(12)
48. former adj. 昔日的，前任的；以前的，從前的(12)
49. official n. 官員，要員
adj. 公務的；正式的，官方的(12)
50. poverty n. 貧窮，貧困；貧乏(12)
51. further adj. 更多的，更進一步的
adv. 較遠，更遠；進一步
vt. 促進，增進(13)
(二) 拓展倍記(15組)
1. harm n. & vt. 傷害，損害(1)→harmful adj.(尤指對健康或環境)有害的→harmless adj. 無害的；無惡意的
2. region n. 地區，區域；行政區(2)→regional adj. 地區的；區域的；地方的
3. length n. 長，長度；時間的長短；篇幅，(電影)片長(2)→long adj. 長的，長久的→lengthen vi. & vt. (使)變長
4. variety n. 不同種類；變化，多樣性；變種，變體(3)→various adj. 各種各樣的→vary vt. & vi. 相異，不同；變更→varied adj. 各種各樣的；多變的
5. towering adj. 高大的，高聳的；出色的(3)→tower n. 塔；高架子 vi. 高于；勝過，遠遠超過
6. disappear vi. 不復存在，滅絕，消亡；消失；失蹤(3)→appear vi. 出現，呈現；出版；抵達 linking v. 顯得，似乎→appearance n. 外貌，外觀；出現→disappearance n. 消失，失蹤
7. agriculture n. 農業，農學(3)→agricultural adj. 農業的，農用的
8. global adj. 全球的；全面的(6)→globe n. 地球，世界；地球儀；球體
9. organization n. 組織，團體；組織工作；安排；條理(7)→organize vt. 組織；安排；規劃→organizer n. 組織者
10. absolutely adv. 絕對地，完全地；極其(7)→absolute adj. 絕對的，完全的；明確的
11. entirely adv. 完全地，全部地，完整地(11)→entire adj. 全部的，整個的，完全的
12. defence (AmE defense) n. 辯護；防御，保護；防御物；國防；防守(11)→defend vt. 保護；防守；辯解→defensive adj. 防御的；懷有戒心的→defendant n. 被告(人)
13. economic adj. 經濟的，經濟上的；可賺錢的(12)→economy n. 經濟；經濟制度；節儉，節約→economical adj. 經濟的，實惠的；節約的；省錢的
14. chemical n. 化學制品adj. 化學的；化學作用的(13)→chemistry n. 化學→chemist n. 化學家；藥劑師；藥房
15. consequence n. 結果，后果；重要性(13)→consequent adj. 隨之發生的→consequently adv. 因此，所以
(三) 合成并記(5組)
1. overseas adj. 海外的，國外的
adv. 在海外，向國外(2)
2. wildlife n. 野生動植物，野生生物(3)
3. hardwood n. 闊葉樹；硬材(闊葉樹的木材)(3)
4. greenhouse n. 溫室，暖房(6)
5. nowhere adv. 無處，哪里都不(8)
(四) 短語強記(12組)
1. brazil nut 巴西堅果(3)
2. water lily 睡蓮(3)
3. in turn 相應地，轉而(3)
4. break down 使分解(為)，使變化(成)(3)
5. breathe life into 給……帶來起色，注入活力(3)
6. due to 由于，因為(3)
7. build up 逐漸增加，擴大(5)
8. come up with 想出，想到(6)
9. call for (公開)要求；需要(6)
10. spring to mind 突然記起(或想到)(8)
11. get rid of 擺脫，丟棄，扔掉(11)
12. give rise to 使發生(或存在)(13)
(五) 重點例釋(17組)
1. harm n. & vt. 傷害，損害
(1) harm sb/sth 傷害(人或動物)；損害(聲譽或形象等)
(2) do harm to sb/sth＝do sb/sth harm對某人/某物有害
(3) mean no harm (to sb) (對某人)無惡意
(4) There is no harm in (sb's) doing sth
＝It does no harm (for sb) to do sth 做某事(對某人)沒有什么壞處
【比較】 harm、injure、hurt、wound
*harm 指給人的精神、身體等帶來損害或引起不安、不便，也用于抽象事物，尤指不道德的事。
*injure 尤指在事故中受傷害、使受傷，強調身體部位受到某種程度的損傷。
*hurt 為一般用詞，可指傷害身體，也可指傷害精神、感情。
*wound 指身體受傷，尤指用武器傷害；常指在戰爭中或在波及許多人的其他襲擊中受傷。
①He may look fierce, but he means no harm.
他可能看上去很兇，但并無惡意。
②Hard work never did anyone any harm.
努力工作對任何人都絕無害處。
③He may say no, but there's no harm in (his) asking/it does no harm (for him) to ask.
他可能拒絕，但問一問也無妨。
④It's just a bit of harmless fun.
開個小玩笑罷了，并無惡意的。
2. variety n. 不同種類；變化，多樣性；變種，變體
(1) a (wide/great) variety of …
＝varieties of … 各種各樣的……
(2) vary in … 在……方面不同
(3) vary with … 隨……而變化
(4) vary between A and B/vary from A to B 從A到B不等，在A與B間變化
①There is a wide variety of patterns to choose from.
有種類繁多的圖案可供選擇。
②The menu varies with the season.
菜單隨季節而變動。
③Class numbers vary between 25 and 30.
班級的數目從25到30不等。
④The students' homework varies considerably in quality.
學生的作業質量甚是參差不齊。
⑤There are various/varied ways of doing this.
做這一工作的方法有很多。
3. in turn 相應地，轉而
(1) in return 作為回報
(2) in return for … 作為……的交換/回報
①He spends too much time on maths, and this in turn affects the progress of his other subjects.
他在數學上花的時間太多，這相應地影響了他其它學科的進步。
②There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke in turn.
當女士們逐一發言時，她們每個人都贏得了喝彩。
③In return, she received a sense of satisfaction and fulfillment.
作為回報，她得到了滿足感和成就感。
④In return for his labour, he receives food and shelter.
他以他辛苦的勞動換取食物和棲身之所。
4. due to由于，因為
(1) (be) due to … 由于，因為(to是介詞)＝owing to …/on account of …/because of …/as a result of …
(2) be due to do sth 預計/預期做某事(to是不定式符號)
(3) be due to sb 應支付/應給予某人(to是介詞)
①Most of the problems were due to human error.
多數問題都是人為錯誤造成的。
②Rose is due to start school in January.
羅斯一月份就要開始上學了。
③Have they been paid the money that is due to them
他們應得的錢付給他們了嗎？
④Our thanks are due to the whole team.
我們要向全隊致謝。
5. impact n. 影響，作用；撞擊，沖撞
vi. & vt. 有影響；沖擊
(1) have/make/leave an impact/influence/effect on/upon … 對……有影響
(2) impact on/upon …＝influence/affect … 對……有影響
①Her speech made a profound impact on everyone.
她的講話對每個人都有深遠的影響。
②Her father's death impacted greatly on her childhood years.
父親去世對她的童年造成了巨大影響。
6. damage vt. & n. 損害，傷害，損壞，破壞
(1) damage sb/sth 傷害某人/損壞某物
(2) do/cause damage to sb/sth＝do harm to sb/sth 對某人/某物造成損害/破壞
(3) serious/severe/extensive/permanent/minor damage 重大的/嚴重的/大范圍的/永久性的/輕微的損壞
(4) brain/liver damage 腦/肝損傷
(5) damaging adj. 造成破壞的，有害的，損害的
【比較】damage、destroy、ruin
*damage指程度較小的破壞、損害，通常具有可修復性。它可做動詞和名詞。
*destroy常指徹底的、不能或很難修復的破壞、毀壞，程度較深；也可指希望、計劃等破滅。它只能做動詞，名詞為destruction。
*ruin指嚴重的、不能修復的破壞，是長期損害的結果。它可做名詞和動詞。常用短語in ruins表示“破敗不堪；一片廢墟”。
①The earthquake caused damage to property estimated at $6 million.
地震造成了大約600萬美元的財產損失。
②Lead is potentially damaging/harmful to children's health.
鉛對兒童的健康具有潛在傷害。
7. build up 逐漸增加，擴大
(1) bring up 撫養；養育；提出；嘔吐
(2) come up 升起；長出來；被提出；發生
(3) make up 編造；彌補；化妝；構成；鋪(床)
(4) take up 占據；開始從事；著手處理
①He does morning exercise every day so as to build up his body.
他每天晨練，為的是增強體質。
②The company has built up a large fund for ages.
多年來這家公司已積累了大量資金。
③Why did you have to bring up the subject of money
你為什么非要提錢這個話題？
④We watched the sun come up.
我們觀看了日出。
⑤He made up an excuse for his failure once again.
他為自己的又一次失敗編了一個借口。
⑥In fact, surfing the Internet takes up most of her time.
事實上，上網占據了她的大部分時間。
8. come up with 想出，想到
(1) n．＋to come 將來；未來的
(2) when it comes to (doing) sth 當談及(做)某事時
(3) come across (偶然)遇見
(4) come around/round 恢復知覺；蘇醒
(5) come by vi. (為看望某人)作短暫拜訪
vt. 設法得到(或獲得)
(6) come down with 染上，得(病)
(7) put up with 容忍
(8) end up with 以……收尾
(9) make up with 與……和好
(10) catch up with 趕上……
(11) keep up with 跟上……；與……保持聯系
【比較】come up with、come up
*come up with 意為“想出，想到(計劃、想法等)”，為及物動詞短語，主語為人，后接名詞或代詞做賓語，相當于put forward。
*come up 意為“被想出，被提及”，為不及物動詞短語，不用被動，其主語通常為物，即所提出的內容。
①No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so.
對于為什么會這樣，沒有人給出明確的答復。
②The subject came up during a pre dinner drink with our guests.
在我們與客人喝餐前酒的時候，有人提到了這個話題。
③They may well regret the decision in years to come.
他們很可能會在未來幾年里后悔這個決定。
④When it comes to getting things done, he's useless.
一談到做事，他便無能為力了。
⑤Your mother hasn't yet come round from the anaesthetic.
你的母親麻醉后還沒有蘇醒過來。
⑥Jobs are hard to come by these days.
如今找工作很難。
⑦I think I'm coming down with flu.
我覺得我得了流感。
⑧Now, only can I do is make up with her.
現在，我唯一能做的就是與她和好。
9. application n. 應用，運用；申請
(1) make an application (to … ) for …
(向……)申請……
(2) an application form 申請表
(3) apply vi. & vt. 申請；應用；涂；有關
(4) apply to do sth 申請做某事
(5) apply (to sb) for … (向某人)申請……
(6) apply … to … 將……應用于……；把……涂到……上
(7) apply to sb/sth 適用于某人/某物；有關某人/某物
(8) apply oneself to 致力于；專心于
(9) applicant n. 申請人
(10) appliance n. (家用)電器，器具
(11) electrical/household appliances 電器/家用器具
①His application to the court for bail has been refused.
他向法庭提出的保釋申請被拒絕了。
②The invention will have wide application in industry.
這項發明會在工業中得到廣泛應用。
③The new technology was applied to farming.
這項新技術已應用于農業。
④The convention does not apply to us.
該協定對我們不適用。
⑤I am continuing to apply for jobs.
我正在繼續找工作。
⑥Apply the cream sparingly to your face and neck.
把乳霜薄薄地抹在臉和脖子上。
⑦There were over 500 applicants for the job.
這份工作有500多個申請者。
⑧After a short holiday, he applied himself once more to his studies.
短暫的假期過后，他又專心學習了。
10. get rid of 擺脫，丟棄，扔掉
(1) be rid of … 擺脫……
(2) rid oneself of … 擺脫……，從……中解脫
①She wanted to get/be rid of her parents and their authority.
她想擺脫父母及其權威的束縛。
②Further measures will be taken to rid our streets of crime.
我們將采取進一步的措施來防止街頭犯罪。
③He wanted to rid himself of the burden of the secret.
他想把秘密說出來，讓自己得到解脫。
11. protest vi. 反對，抗議 vt. 反對；堅持聲稱，申辯
n. 抗議，反對
(1) protest about/against/at …＝make a protest against … 對……提出抗議
(2) without protest 心甘情愿地
(3) under protest 不甘心地，不服氣地，無奈地
①Some consumers protested about/against/at the bad service in the shop.＝Some consumers made a protest against the bad service in the shop.
一些消費者對這家商店糟糕的服務質量提出了抗議。
②Ben accepted his punishment without protest.
本心甘情愿地接受了懲罰。
12. profit n. 利潤，收益；好處
vi. & vt. 獲益，得到好處
(1) make a profit＝make profits獲利
(2) profit from/by …＝benefit from … 從……中受益；靠……獲利
(3) profit sb＝benefit sb 使某人受益
(4) profitable adj. 有利潤的；有益的
(5) non profit adj. 非營利的，不以營利為目的的
①The company made a healthy profit on the deal.
公司在這筆生意中獲利頗豐。
②The agency is voluntary and not run for profit/run on a non profit basis.
這個機構是義務性的，不以營利為目的。
③We tried to profit by/from our mistakes.
我們努力從錯誤中吸取教訓。
④Many local people believe the development will profit them.
當地的許多人認為，這項開發將對他們有利。
13. defence (AmE defense) n. 辯護；防御，保護；防御物；國防；防守
(1) in defence of sb＝in sb's defence 為某人辯護
(2) in defence of … 保衛……；為……辯解
(3) defend … from/against … 保護……免受侵害；針對……為……辯解
(4) defensive adj. 防御的，保護的；懷有戒心的
①Humour is a more effective defence than violence.
幽默是比暴力更有效的防御武器。
②They are soldiers who died in defence of their country.
他們是為保衛祖國而獻身的戰士。
③I have to say in her defence that she knew nothing about it beforehand.
我得為她說句話，她事先并不知道此事。
④All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks.
我們所有的警察都接受過自衛訓練，能夠應對持刀襲擊。
⑤Don't ask him about his plans—he just gets defensive.
別問他有什么計劃——他老存有戒心。
14. process n. 過程，進程；步驟，流程 vt. 加工，處理
①Building a car is a long process.
制造一輛小汽車有很長的工序。
②The information gathered by the telescopes will be processed by computers.
通過望遠鏡獲得的信息將由計算機進行處理。
③They were in the process of resolving all the unsettled issues.
他們正在著手解決所有懸而未決的問題。
15. poison vt. 污染；毒死，毒害 n. 毒物，毒藥
①She tried to kill herself by taking poison.
她試圖服毒自殺。
②They poisoned the poisonous snake by using a special kind of powder.
他們用一種特殊的粉末毒死了那條毒蛇。
③It's difficult to cater to all tastes. As the saying goes, one man's meat is another man's poison.
眾口難調。正如常言道：甲之蜜糖，乙之砒霜。
16. consequence n. 結果，后果；重要性
(1) as a consequence/result＝in consequence 因此，結果
(2) as a consequence/result of＝in consequence of 由于，因為
①I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences.
我想知道父母是否應該總是不計后果地講真話。
②He narrowly lost his life as a consequence of/in consequence of careless driving.
由于粗心駕駛，他險些丟了性命。
③I missed the bus this morning and as a consequence I was late for work.
今天早上我錯過了公共汽車，因此上班遲到了。
④All these opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to choose the best of them.
所有這些觀點都有道理，因此很難從中選出最好的。
17. give rise to 使發生(或存在)
(1) on the rise在上漲，在上升，在增加
(2) rise up against奮起反抗
①There are a couple of factors that give rise to this problem.
有很多因素導致了這個問題。
②However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise.
然而，還有其他跡象表明，中學里的作弊現象可能在增加。
③The winds of the freedom were so powerful as to cause the citizens to rise up against the king and bring him down.
自由之風如此強大，以至于公民奮起反抗國王，將他打倒。
二、 短語擴充
(一) 英漢對記(143組)
1. a documentary script(P1) 一個紀錄片腳本
2. a TV show transcript 一篇電視節目文字稿
3. make a booklet 制作一本小冊子
4. environmental problems 環境問題
5. human race 人類
6. cut down 削減；減少(使用)；砍倒(樹木)
7. sound the alarm 發出警報，敲警鐘
8. be thankful for … 感謝……
9. work together 合作
10. protect the environment 保護環境
11. be full of … (P2) 充滿……
12. natural wonders 自然奇觀
13. be home to … 是……的家園/棲息地
14. a wide range of wildlife 種類繁多的野生生物
15. judging from … 根據……判斷
16. a natural treasure 一個自然寶藏
17. a huge sea of green 一望無際的綠色海洋
18. play a significant role in … 在……中起重要作用；在……中扮演重要角色
19. maintain the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem 維持地球生態系統的微妙平衡
20. cross into eight countries 橫跨八個國家
21. with an area of … 面積為……
22. half the size of … ……大小的一半
23. in length 在長度上
24. one in ten 十分之一
25. (be) known to … (P3) 為……所知
26. lie down 躺下
27. an unbelievable variety of wildlife 種類多到令人難以置信的野生生物
28. at the bottom 在底部
29. a system of roots 根系，根系統
30. beneath the ground 在地下
31. the mass of leaf litter 大量的落葉
32. the towering ancient hardwoods 高聳的古老闊葉樹
33. food chain 食物鏈
34. feed on … 以……為食
35. at least 至少
36. a tiny army of … 一小批……
37. return … to … 把……還給……
38. be known as … 以……著稱；被稱為……
39. one major danger to … ……的一個主要危險
40. these irreplaceable plants and animals 這些不可替代的動植物
41. in danger of extinction 瀕臨滅絕
42. be left with a question 留下一個問題
43. afford to do sth 有經濟條件做某事；負擔得起做某事
44. be poor in nutrients(P5) 營養不良
45. for one thing 一則；一方面；首先
46. the rainy season 雨季
47. the water level 水位
48. go away 走開；離家；外出；消失
49. take away 拿走，奪走；帶走；從……中減去
50. for another thing 再則；另一方面；其次
51. take in 收留，留宿；欺騙，蒙騙；理解，領會；吸入
52. lock up 鎖好，把……關入
53. negative prefixes 否定前綴
54. make comparisons 進行比較
55. gain a better understanding 更好地理解
56. be lost 丟失；失蹤，迷路；流失
57. leave out(P6) 省略；排除，不包括
58. global warming 全球變暖
59. a major problem 主要問題
60. greenhouse gases 溫室氣體
61. solutions to these problems 這些問題的解決辦法
62. get started 開始
63. avoid doing sth 避免做某事
64. in short responses 在簡短的應答中
65. at the beginning of … 在……開始的時候
66. informal speech 非正式演講
67. take photos of … (P7) 拍……的照片
68. make every effort to do sth 竭盡全力做某事
69. keep away from … 遠離……
70. take part in 參加，參與
71. a forest clean up activity 一個森林清理活動
72. (be) devoted to (doing sth) 致力于(做某事)；獻身于(做某事)
73. at first 最初，起初，開始時
74. What if … 如果……怎么辦？
75. at the entrance to … 在……的入口處
76. stop sb (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事
77. divide … into … 把……分成……
78. clean up 打掃干凈；清理；整頓
79. be worth one's/the effort 值得努力
80. cause increasing harm to … (P8) 對……造成越來越大的傷害
81. a fearsome hunter 一個可怕的獵人/獵手
82. animal populations 動物種群
83. bring … close to extinction 使……瀕臨滅絕
84. go extinct 滅絕
85. destroy animal habitats 破壞動物棲息地
86. leave many animals with nowhere to live 讓許多動物無處棲身
87. put animals in danger 把動物置于危險之中
88. cause the loss of … (P9) 造成……的損失/滅絕
89. hunt endangered animals 獵殺瀕危動物
90. create well planned and well managed protected areas 創建規劃良好、管理完善的保護區
91. in danger/at risk(P10) 冒風險；有危險
92. take care of 照顧，照料；負責，處理
93. with these measures 通過這些措施
94. call on people to … 號召人們……
95. a local resident(P11) 一個當地居民
96. senior manager of a local factory 當地一家工廠的高級經理
97. Environmental Protection Committee 環保委員會
98. have significant environmental costs 有很大的環境成本
99. over that time 在那段時間里
100. heavy industry factories 重工業工廠
101. enjoy outdoor activities 享受戶外活動
102. not … any more 不再……
103. colour the sky a smoky grey 把天空染成煙灰色
104. for health and safety reasons alone 僅出于健康和安全原因
105. tend to 傾向于，往往……
106. connect … with … 把……和……聯系起來
107. clouds of dirty smoke 污濁的煙云
108. (be) eager to … 急于……，渴望……
109. make huge profits 獲得巨額利潤
110. point out 指出
111. be concerned about … 關心……；擔心……
112. take various measures 采取各種各樣的措施
113. in the production process 在生產過程中
114. draw one's attention to … (P12) 使某人注意到……；吸引某人對……的注意
115. economic benefits 經濟利益
116. search for 搜索，搜尋，搜查，查找
117. fight the problem 解決問題
118. deal with pollution 治理污染
119. maintain air and water quality 保持空氣和水質量
120. achieve a balance (between … and … ) (在……和……之間)實現平衡
121. economic development 經濟發展
122. strict clean up requirements 嚴格的清理要求
123. work hand in hand 攜手合作
124. other branches of government 其他政府部門
125. development strategies 發展策略
126. in an environmentally friendly way 用環保的方式
127. a community wide effort 全社會的努力
128. follow the golden rule 遵循黃金法則
129. save energy 節約能源
130. use the bike sharing system 使用共享單車系統
131. a former UN official 一個前聯合國官員
132. lift people out of poverty 使人們擺脫貧困
133. advance economic growth 促進經濟增長
134. aim for economic development 以經濟發展為目標
135. build a human community with a shared future 構建人類命運共同體
136. habitat loss(P13) 棲息地喪失
137. interact with others 與他人互動
138. make eye contact with others 與他人眼神交流
139. make sure 確保，務必
140. respond appropriately 恰當地應答
141. large amounts of 大量的(修飾不可數名詞)
142. have a long lasting effect on … 對……有持久的影響
143. prevent further damage to … 防止對……的進一步破壞
(二) 同詞類記(2組)
● break(10)
1. break away (from) 突然掙脫；逃脫；脫離，背叛
2. break down 失敗；出故障；使分解；垮掉
3. break in 強行闖入；破門而入；培訓；使適應
4. break in on 打斷；攪擾
5. break into 強行闖入；突然開始(笑、唱等)
6. break off 斷開；停頓；突然中止
7. break out 突然開始；爆發；逃離；擺脫
8. break through 取得突破；沖破；克服，戰勝
9. break up 打碎；分開；分散；分手；關系破裂
10. break with 與……脫離或解除關系
● call(8)
1. call at 停靠；(短時間)停留
2. call for (去)接；(公開)要求；需要
3. call in 打電話來；叫來
4. call in on 順便拜訪
5. call off 取消；停止進行
6. call on 號召；邀請(某人)；要求
7. call upon sb to do 叫某人去做
8. call up 使回憶起，使想起；打電話給
三、 精選句型
1. Welcome to the jungle, a huge sea of green alive with the sounds of animals.(P2)
2. As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in maintaining the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem.(P2)
3. With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China.(P2)
4. Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home to different kinds of living things.(P3)
5. These frogs, in turn, feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit.(P3)
6. The Amazon rainforest breathes life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earth's oxygen. (P3)
7. Thus, it is often known as the “lungs of the planet”．(P3)
8. I felt worried when watching the documentary.(P6)
9. It was organized by GreenHope, an organization devoted to protecting forests.(P7)
10. It was absolutely worth our effort！(P7)
11. Joining us in the studio tonight are James Smith, a local resident; Vincent Brown, senior manager of a local factory; and Julie Archer, chief of the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee.(P11)
12. We also work hand in hand with other branches of government to ensure that development strategies are followed in an environmentally friendly way.(P12)
四、 語法指南
省略(Ellipsis)
一個句子中某些部分被省略掉了，這種情況在語法中被稱作省略。省略的目的是避免重復，使語言精練。大體上來說，被省略的部分是上文已經出現過的詞語，或并非上文出現的內容，但是在意義上是不言自明的。
(一) 簡單句中的省略
1. 省略主語(祈使句中的主語通常被省略，其他省略主語的情形多為少數現成的說法)。
Get up.(省略了主語You)
Thank you for your help.(省略了主語I)
Doesn't matter.(省略了主語It)
2. 省略主謂語或主謂語的一部分。
No smoking.(省略了主謂語There is)
Have a cup of tea？(省略了主語及謂語的助動詞Will you)
3. 省略賓語。
—Do you know Mr Smith
—I don't know.(省略了賓語him)
4. 省略表語。
—Are you hungry
—Yes, I am.(省略了表語hungry)
5. 同時省略幾個成分。
—Are you feeling better now
—Much better.(省略了I am feeling … now)
6. 其他省略結構。
(1) 名詞所有格所修飾的名詞，表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上文已暗示或明確指出過的事物時，常常可以省略。
We spent the weekend at the Smith's.
(2) What 和 How 引導的感嘆句中，常可省略主語it 和be動詞。
What a wonderful victory (it is) for her!
(3) 不定式省略，單獨使用不定式符號to代替動詞不定式后被省略的動詞。
①在be afraid、expect、forget、hope、intend、like、love、mean、prefer、refuse、seem、try、want、wish 等后。
I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to.
②在have、need、ought、be going、used 等后。
I didn't want to go there, but I had to.
③在某些形容詞glad、happy、pleased等后。
—Will you join us
—I'd be glad to.
④如果不定式中有be、have、have been，則常保留。
—Are you a sailor
—No, but I used to be.
【注意】
(1) 當前面句子中出現的是復合助動詞時，在省略句中只需保留一個。
—You wouldn't have won if I hadn't helped you.
—I would, I think.
(2) 當后一個句子中的助動詞不同于前句的助動詞時，則應重復。
—I think Mary should be told.
—She has been.
(3) 當be 和have 做實義動詞時，其后的有關成分可以省去，但其他動詞則不可以這樣。
—I am tired.
—I am, too.
—Do you like the play
—Yes, I like it/I do.(不可以回答：Yes, I like.)
(二) 并列句中的省略
如果后一個句中含有與前面一個句子相同的部分，我們通常將此省略。具體來說，有下面三種情況：
1. 相同主語或賓語的省略。
He sang and (he) played the guitar. (省略主語)
John washed (his own shirt) and ironed his own shirt. (省略賓語)
2. 相同謂語的省略。
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
但如果be、have 和do 在前一個句中做主要動詞，而在后一個分句中做助動詞，這時后一個分句中的助動詞不可以省去。
Jim was late and was explaining himself.
3. 相同表語的省略。
Peter has recently become (a hard working student), and his brother always was, a hard working student.
(三) 主從復合句中的省略
1. 定語從句中的省略。
做賓語的關系代詞that、which、whom常可以省略；當先行詞是time、reason、place時，做狀語的關系副詞when、why、where也可省去。
This is the first time (when) he had trouble with the boss.
2. 賓語從句中的省略。
在以疑問代詞和疑問副詞引導的賓語從句中，如果該賓語從句涉及的是上下文所談的內容，有時可以省去賓語從句中除疑問詞以外的部分，且意思不受影響。
—You promised to buy a new dress for Mary.
—Yes, I did. But I didn't say when (I would buy it).
3. 一般狀語從句中的省略。
(1) 如果狀語從句中的主語與主句的主語相同，而謂語又含有動詞be(包括連系動詞和助動詞)，這時可以把從句的主語和be動詞一同省去。
While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.
(2) 當狀語從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時，有時也可省略從句的主語和be動詞。
Her father told her to be careful when (she was) crossing the street.
(3) 用so 或not 代替上文內容，用if so/not的省略句式。
Get up early tomorrow. If (you do) not (get up early tomorrow), you will miss the first bus.
4. 比較狀語從句中的省略。
(1) 如果從句中含有與主句相同的成分，通常僅保留參與比較的部分(即：比較的另一方)，省略其他成分。
We are more confident than (we have) ever (been).
(2) 如果從句中含有先行主語it，通常省略it 和其指代部分(名詞性從句或不定式)。
You arrived earlier than (it was) usual/necessary (for you to arrive).
(3) 比較狀語從句中的賓語一般情況下不可省略。
James enjoyed the movie more than Susan enjoyed it. (不能省略it)
【注意】當比較狀語從句中的謂語動詞為動詞替代詞do時，賓語可以省略。
He speaks English as well as his teacher does.
五、 話題寫作
(一) 佳句積累
1. As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer, we are left with a question: can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？(As引導原因狀語從句，加上一個啟發性問題，發人深省)
2. Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle.(Some …， others … 說出了兩類專家的倡議，與后半句的省略相得益彰)
3. Some people hunt animals for food: whale meat is eaten in some parts of the world. Some people hunt animals for fashion: animal skin is used to make coats and bags. Still others hunt animals just for fun: deer are tracked and shot by people who enjoy the excitement of the sport.(hunt animals for food; hunt animals for fashion; hunt animals just for fun三個排比，氣勢如虹)
4. As the human population continues to grow, so does the effect we have on animals.(As引導時間狀語從句，so引導倒裝句，用得巧妙)
5. In defence of the factories, however, I'd like to point out that we also try to control the amount of pollution we produce.(介詞短語in defence of以及賓語從句和定語從句的運用，使句子顯得高級)
6. We've been taking various measures, including the use of new technologies, to reduce pollution in the production process, even though these measures raise our production costs.(including帶出例子；to引出目的；even though引導讓步狀語從句)
7. With pollution levels on the rise, the Norgate Environmental Protection Committee is searching for ways to fight the problem.(使用了with的復合結構，“上升”的表達使用了短語on the rise)
8. It's our duty to protect the environment while we aim for economic development. It's our duty to leave a better, cleaner and healthier planet to our children. It's our duty to build a human community with a shared future.(三個It's our duty to逐次排開，一氣呵成，號召力極強)
(二) 佳作欣賞(倡議書)
假定你是校學生會主席李華，針對目前中學生的狀況，發出了主題為“成長”的倡議。請按要求寫一篇倡議書刊登在校英語報上。內容包括：
1. 樂觀的人生態度；
2. 努力學習；
3. 參加體育鍛煉。
注意：
1. 寫作詞數應為80左右；
2. 請按如下格式作答。
Boys and girls，
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Li Hua
The Students' Union
One possible version：
Boys_and_girls，
We all want to grow up happily and healthily, and to achieve this goal, we must do several things.
Firstly, we should develop a positive attitude to life. Life consists of not only happy moments but also hard times. We should be brave when facing difficulties.Secondly, we must study hard because knowledge is power. If we have the power, we can help build our country and enjoy life better. Last but not least, we need to do sports like running, playing ball games or simply taking a walk after a day's study.
If we do those things well, we can grow up happily and healthily. It's time for us to take action.
Li_Hua
The_Students'_Union

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