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第5章動詞的語氣
5-1語氣有三種:陳述語氣,祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。
語氣是動詞的一種形式,它表示說話人對動詞所表示的動作或所處的狀態持有的態度或看法。
①陳述語氣見于大多數句子中,用來陳述事實或就事實提出詢句。廣泛用于陳述句(包括肯定句、否定句)和疑問句中。
[例] She can't help to clean the house because she's busy making a cake.“她沒法幫著打掃屋子,因為她正忙著做蛋糕。”
②祈使語氣僅用于祈使句中,表示說話人向對方提出請求、勸告或命令。
[例] ------Please remember me to your Mum.
-------Thank you. I certainly will.“請代我向你媽媽問好。”“謝謝,我一定會的。”
③虛擬語氣表示不可能實現的愿望、想象或與事實相反的假設。其謂語動詞形式與陳述語氣不同。
[例] If there were no subjunctive mood, English_________ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be
答案是D。“假如沒有虛擬語氣,英語就容易多了。”本句表示一種與現在事實相反的假設,從句謂語動用were,主句中的謂語動詞應用would be.
5-2虛擬語氣用在非真實條件句中,主句和從句中的謂語動詞形式較為固定。
在if引導的非真實條件句中,其假設分三種情況:與現在事實相反,與過去事實相反,與將來事實相反。
虛擬情況 If條件句 結果主句
與現在事實相反 If + 主語 + 動詞過去式 (be 用were) 主語 + would (should, could, might) + 動詞原形
與過去事實相反 If + 主語 + had + 過去分詞 主語 + would (should, could, might) + have + 過去分詞
與將來事實相反 If + 主語+ should/ were to + 動詞原形 或If + 主語+動詞的過去式 主語 + would (should, could, might) + 動詞原形
[例] If I were a bird, I should fly in the sky. “假如我是一只鳥,我會在天空中飛翔。”
事實上,這是一個表示與現在事實相反的假設,即: 我不是鳥,我也不會在天空中飛翔。
[例If he _______, he________ that food. Luckily, he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
答案是B。“假如有人警告他那食物不能吃,他就不會吃了。幸好他被立即送到了醫院。”此句表示與過去事實相反的假設,條件從句中的動詞應用“had+過去分詞”形式,而且這里應用被動結構;主句中的動詞須用 would + have + 過去分詞”的形式。
5-3在if引導的非真實條件句中,if可以省略,但需用倒裝結構。
如if從句中 were, had, should時,可將它們提到主語之前,并將if 省略,而且省略if的從句一般置于主句之前。
[例] Had he been worried, he would not have taken that food.(由5-2的例句變來)
[例] Should the earth stop turning, what would happen或 Were the earth to stop turning, what would happen (由5-2的例句變來)若將原題 would stop改為 stopped,則此句不可變為 Stopped the earth turning, what would happen
5-4虛擬語氣可不用if從句表條件,而用介詞 without, but for等或連詞otherwise等表示一種含蓄條件。
[例] Without electricity human life ________ quite differently today.
A.is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
答案是D。“如果沒有電,今天人類的生活會完全不一樣。”句中， without引起的介詞短語相當于if條件“ there were no electricity.”
[例] Jack can't have arrived yet; otherwise he would have telephoned me. “杰克還不可能到達,要不,他早就給我打電話了。”
在這里, otherwise隱含“if he had arrived這個表示與過去事實相反的假設， 而且前句“Jack can’t have arrived yet”已陳述了否定的事實。
[例] But for the storm, We__________earlier.
A. will arrive B. should have arrived C. arrive D. arrived
答案是B。“要不是由于這場暴風雨,我們一定到得更早。 But for 短語相當于“If it had not been for the storm,”表示與過去事實相反的假設。
5-5表示錯綜時間的虛擬語氣指主句的動作和條件從句的動作不是發生在同一時間。
在表示錯綜時間的虛擬語氣中,主句和條件從句中的動詞要根據句意采用不同的時態。
[例] If I were you, I would have taken his advice.“我要是你,就聽他的忠告了。”
句中,if從句表示與現在事實相反的假設,而主句表示與過去事實相反的結果。
[例] If he had listened to me, he would not be in such trouble now.“如果他當時聽了我的話,現在就不會遇到麻煩了。”
這是個含有錯綜時間的虛擬語氣的句子。if從句的動詞表示過去的時間,主句的動詞表示現在時間。
5-6目的狀語從句、方式狀語從句和讓步狀語從句中,有時要用虛擬語氣
①在以 so that和 in order that引導的目的狀語從句中,動詞形式為“might, could, should, would + 動詞原形。”
[例] Mark tried to tie the boat to the buoy so that it wouldn't' be hit by other ships.馬克試圖把船系到浮標上,以防被別的船撞上。”
②在as if或 as though引導的方式狀語從句中, 如其含義與事實相反, 其動詞用虛擬語氣形式。若從句動作與主句動作同時發生, 動詞用過去時(be 用were),若從句動作先于主句動作發生,則用“had+過去分詞。
[例] When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it __________.
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
答案是C。 “當一支鉛筆部分地插在一杯水中時,它看上去像是斷的。”。as if引導的方式狀語從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣, 因為實際上鉛筆在水中不可能是斷的,只是看上去像是斷的。而且從句動作與 looks同時發生,要用 were broken,不能用 had been broken,排除D。
[例] The two strangers talked as if they _________friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been
答案是D。“那兩位陌生人談論著,好像他們是多年的老朋友似的。” 題干中 strangers一詞,就表明了他們不會是多年的朋友。因此,從句要用虛擬語氣。而且從句動作be應發生在主句動作 talked 之前,所以從句的動詞用“had been”。
注:as if引導的方式狀語從句若表示有明顯跡象,的確要發生某事時,用陳述語氣。
[例] The clouds are getting darker and darker. It looks as if it is going to rain.“云越來越黑了,看上去好象要下雨。”
從前半句所提供的情景,我們可以看出下雨是極有可能的,因此as if從句中的動詞用陳述語氣,即 is going to的形式。
③ even if或 even though引導的讓步狀語從句,若表示與事實相反, 其動詞用虛擬語氣形式。從句及主句中謂語動詞形式與非真實條件句中的形式相同。(參見[5-2]的表格)
【例】 Even if/Even though I were rich, I would work即使我很富有, 我也要工作。”
句中, even if引導的從句只是表示一種與現在事實相反的假設,其謂語動詞用“were”,而主句中的謂語動詞用“would+動詞原形。”
注: even if或 even though引導的從句如表示事實,其動詞用陳述語氣。
[例]They' stand by you even if you don't' succeed“即使你成功不了, 他們也一定會站在你的一邊。”
句中, even if引導的從句是陳述事實,即任何人的成功都不是輕而易舉的,失敗的可能性很大。主句和從句分別用了一般將來時和一般現在時。
5-7 suggest, order, demand等表示“建議、“令”、“要求”的動詞之后的賓語從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣,其形式為“(should+)動詞原形”。
這類動詞有 suggest(建議), demand(要求), request(要求), order(命令), insist(堅持), require(要求),ask(要求), advise(勸告)等。
例] The judge ordered that the thief _______ punished.
A. would be B. should be C. was to be D. must be
答案是B。“法官命令要給小偷以懲罰。ordered之后的賓語從句中的動詞應用should be punished或“be punished。”
[例] The workers requested that their working conditions____________.
A. must be improved B. be improved
C. would be improved D. were improved
答案是B。“工人們要求改善工作條件。 request后面的賓語從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣形式,且根據語義,此處應為被動結構,因此 be improved是唯一正確的選擇。
5-8 suggest, insist等后的賓語從句中的動詞并非都使用虛擬語氣形式。
①如 suggest表示“暗示”或“表明”之意時,其后的賓語從句用陳述語氣, 如 suggest表示建議”,其后從句的動詞用虛擬語氣形式。
[例] Jane' s pale face suggested that she _________ill, and her parents suggested that she ___________ medical examination
A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has
答案是B。“簡那張蒼白的臉表明她生病了。她的父母建議她進行一次體檢。”同一句中出現兩個suggest,但其意義不同,分別表示“表明”和“建議”,因此,其后賓語從句中的動詞分別用陳述語氣形式“was” 和虛擬語氣形式 (should) have"。
② insist如表示“堅持要某人做某事”,從句中的動詞用虛擬語氣形式;如 insist表示“堅持某種觀點或看法”,從句中的動詞則用陳述語氣。
[例] The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ___________ the rules.
A. obeys B. would obey C. will obey D. obey
答案是D。“門口的衛兵堅持要大家遵守制度。”
[例] The guard at the gate insisted that everybody had obeyed the rules.“門口的衛兵堅持說大家都很遵守規則。”這里的insisted that…表示“衛兵所堅持的看法”,因此that從句中的動詞用陳述語氣 had obeyed.
[例] He insisted that he was right. 他堅持認為他是對的。
從句中的 insisted that表示“他所堅持的看法”,從句動詞用陳述語氣。
5-9 wish后的賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬語氣形式,表示與事實相反的一種愿望。
①如wish后賓語從句中動詞的動作與wish同時發生,其動詞用一般過去式表示(動詞為be時,用were)
[例] I wish she________with us to share the joy.
A. is B. will be C. were D. should be
答案是C。“我多么希望她與我們在一起分享快樂。”句子表示與現在事實相反的一種愿望,即“她現在沒有與我們共享快樂。”所以句中的動詞應用過去時were.
② wish后賓語從句中動詞的動作若先于wish發生,其動詞用過去完成時來表示。
[例] I wish I___________you yesterday.
A. seen B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
答案是C。“我多么希望昨天見到了你。”wish后的從句表示昨天沒有見到你,顯然與過去事實相反,故用過去完成時表示。
5-10在 would rather、 would prefer等表示希望或婉轉責備的動詞后的賓語從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣形式。
在這種結構中,從句的動詞用過去時表示與現在或將來事實相反的情況,用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的情況。
[例] I would rather he came next Saturday.“但愿他下星期六來。
句中, would rather后跟的從句表示的只是一種愿望,往往不會成為現實。
[例] I would prefer you had seen the film yesterday.“我倒希望你昨天就看了這部電影。
在 would prefer后跟從句,表示與過去事實相反的情況,故其動詞用過去完成時。
5-11有些主語從句、表語從句或同位語從句中的動詞用虛擬語氣,其形式為“(should+動詞原形”)。
①在“It + be suggested等表示“建議”、“要求”、“命令”的動詞的過去分詞+that從句”這一結構中,that引導的主語從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣形式。這類動詞的過去分詞還有ordered, demanded, required等。[參見5-7所列動詞]。
[例] It was requested that their working conditions be improved.“有人要求改善他們的工作環境”。
[例] It was suggested that Jane (should) have a medical examination. “有人建議說簡應該進行一次體格檢查。”
②在“It + be + important等表示“重要”、“必要”的形容詞+that從句”這一結構中,that引導的主語從句用虛擬語氣。這類形容詞有 important, desirable(理想的), better, strange, necessary, surprising等
[例] It is necessary that you ________present at the discussion.
A. will be B. are C. should be D. were
答案是C。“你出席這次討論會很有必要。在這里,也可省略should 直接用be。
③表示“要求”,“建議”,“命令”等意義的名詞作主語,表語從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣;當這類名詞用作同位語從句的先行詞時,從句中的動詞也用虛擬語氣,即“( should+)動詞原形。”這類名詞有: suggestion, demand, request, order, insistence, requirement, advice, idea等。
[例] The workers’ requirement was that their working conditions be improved.“工人們的要求是他們的工作條件應得到改善。”
例] The suggestion that Jane have a medical examination was put forward by her parents.“簡應該進行一次體格檢查的建議是她父母提出的。”
5-12在“It is (high/about) time + (that)從句”的句型中, that從句中的動詞要用虛擬語氣。
在這個句型中,that常常省略。從句中的動詞用過去時,有時用“should+動詞原形。”其含義為“該是干某事的時候了。”
[例] It 's' time we left我們該走了”。
比用It' 's time for us to leave的語氣顯得委婉一些。
5-13某些表示祝愿或愿望的句子要用虛擬語氣。
①祝愿句常用原形動詞或may引導的倒裝句
[例] Long live China!“中國萬歲”!
[例] God bless you!“愿上帝祝福你”
或說成: May God bless you!
②表示現在或過去不能實現的一種愿望, if only后用動詞過去時或過去完成時。
[例] If only he had seen me!“他要是能見到我該有多好啊”!
If only后用過去完成時表示過去不能實現的愿望。
[例] If only that photo weren't' missing! 要是那張照片不丟該有多好啊！
If only后用一般過去時表示現在不能實現的愿望。
5-14有些該用陳述語氣的句子易被誤用虛擬語氣,應引起注意。
----We could have walked to the station, it was so near.
-----Yes. A taxi _________ at all necessary.
A. wasn't B. hadn't been C. wouldn't be D. won't be
答案是A。“我們應該步行到車站,路很近。”“是的,坐出租車根本沒有必要。”第一句中,動詞 could have walked表示了虛擬語氣,說明他們沒有步行去車站,但在答句中,應使用陳述語氣,因為“路很近,出租車沒有必要”是事實,而并非假設。
第5章“動詞的語氣”專項能力訓練題
單項填空:
1. Don't smoke in the meeting room,_____________
A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you
2 _______down the radio. The baby's' asleep in the next room.
A. Turning B. Turn C. Turned D. To turn
3. If no one ________phone at home, ring me at work
A. returns B. replies C. answers D. receives
4. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she __________, she would have met my brother
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
5. I ________Professor Jones had taught me this question.
A. believe B. deeply think. C. wish D. suppose
6. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun _________round the earth
A. circles B. is circling C. be circling D. were circling
7. The chairman requested that _________
A. the members studied the problem more carefully
B. the problem were more carefully studied
C. the problem could be studied with more care
D. the members study the problem more carefully
8. -------That' s beautiful coat in the window.
--------It certainly is. If I had the money, ________buy it.
A. I'd B. I'll C. I may D. I shall
9. Jill would rather we _______now, but we must go to work.
A. not leave B. had not left C. didn't leave D. not to be left
10. The idea is that we ___________there.
A. will walk B. could walk C. walk D. be walked
11. -------“Where have you been ”
---------"I was caught in the traffic, ________I would have been here sooner.
A. however B. although C. anyway D. otherwise
12. ----------“Why didn't' you help him ”
--------“I would have______I didn't have the money.”
A. if B. and C. but D. otherwise
13. If only I _______how to operate a computer as you do!
A. had know B. would know C. should know D. knew
14. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I_______to it.
A. hadn't gone B. haven't gone C. didn't go D. could not have gone
15. It is desirable that the plane _________as light as possible.
A. was. B. be C. is D. were
16. He talked as if he ____________for years.
A. is living there B. was living there
C. has lived there D. had lived there

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