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初三英語寒假復習講義
目錄
Lesson 1------基礎課程：詞性、成分、簡單句句子結構、簡單句種類
Lesson 2------動詞分類
Lesson 3------動詞時態、語態
Lesson 4------非謂語動詞（doing, to do, done）
Lesson 5------名詞
Lesson 6------代詞
Lesson 7------形容詞、副詞
Lesson 8------介詞，數詞
Lesson 9------連詞，三大從句
Lesson 10------主謂一致
Lesson 1
【每日經典】
A smile is the most inviting of all gestures.微笑是所有姿態中，最誘人的一種。
【限時閱讀】
Many years ago, there 1 a very rich man in a village. He wanted to do 2 for the villagers
3 they were good and kind.
One day, he 4 a very large stone in the center of the road to the village. Then he waited behind a tree
5 was near the road. Soon an old 6 came along.
“Who put this stone here ” said the old man, but he didn’t try to move the stone. A farmer came and 7 the same thing, then another man came, and another. All of them complained about the 8 on the road, 9 none of them tried to move it.
Later, a young man came along. He saw the stone and said, “The night will be very 10 . Someone will come along later and will 11 because of the stone.
The young man then began to 12 the stone. He pushed it hard . To his great 13 , he found a bag of money and a 14 of paper under the stone with these words: The money is 15 the first kind man that moves the stone away.”
( )1.A. worked　　　　　 B. lived　　　 C. had　 　　　　 D. is
( )2.A. anything　　 　 B. something　 　 C. nothing　　　 D. everything
( )3. A. if　　 　　　 B. while　　　　 C. when　　　　　 D. but
( )4. A. saw B. put C. looked at D. realized
( )5. A. who　　　　 B. what 　　 C. where　 　 D. that
( )6. A. woman　　　　 B. farmer　　 C. worker　 D. man
( )7. A. do　　　　 B. does　　　 C. did　 　 D. move
( )8. A. man　　 B. stone　　　 C. village　　 　 D. farmer
( )9. A. and　　 　 B. then　　 　　 C. but　　　　 D. however
( )10. A. dark　　 B. light　　 C. afraid　　 　 D. deep
( )11. A. hurt B. be hurt C. fall D. fell
( )12. A. take　　　 B. bring　 　 C. carry　　　 　 D. move
( )13. A. happy　　　 B. surprise　 C. surprised　　 　 D. wrong
( )14. A. piece　　 B. bag　　　　 　　 C. box　　　 　 D. shelf
( )15. A. to　　　 B. of　　　 C. on　　　　　 D. for
【語法專題】基礎課程：詞性、成分、簡單句句子結構、簡單句種類
詞性
詞類 英語名稱 意義 例詞
名詞 表示人或事物的名稱 boy,pencil,book,bag
冠詞 用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指代的人或事物。 a(an),the
代詞 用來代替名詞、形容詞或數詞。 we,that,his.what
形容詞 用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征。 old,red,fine,good
數詞 表示數量或順序。 one,thirteen,first
動詞 表示動作或狀態。 look,go,be(am,is,are)
副詞 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞。 not,too,here,often
介詞 表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關系。 in,on,of,to,under
連詞 用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句與句。 and,or,but
感嘆詞 表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感。 oh,hi,wow! Emm.
句子成分
（一）句子成分的定義：構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語。
（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結構、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）
We often speak English in class.（代詞）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數詞）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞）
The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）
（三）謂（系）語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：
1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、復合謂語：（1）由情態動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構成。如：We are students.
（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）
Is it yours （代詞）
The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）
The speech is exciting.（分詞）
Three times seven is twenty one （數詞）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）
The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）
Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）
（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞）
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（數詞）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）
賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）賓語補足語：英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名詞）
They painted their boat white.（形容詞）
Let the fresh air in.（副詞）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）
We saw her entering the room.（現在分詞）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）
（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）
（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）
Wait a minute.（名詞）
Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）
狀語種類如下：
How about meeting again at six （時間狀語）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（條件狀語）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點狀語）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結果狀語）
She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）
I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）
練習：指出下列句子劃線部分每個詞的詞性及句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. He noticed a man enter the room.
4. The apples tasted sweet.
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say
15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address
五種簡單句型結構
1、主語+謂語（不及物動詞）+ 狀語（表示動作）
I work every day. “ work”是不及物動詞作謂語, “every day” 是時間狀語。I live in Puning city. “live ”是不及物動詞作謂語, “in Puning city”是地點狀語。
主語+ 系動詞+ 表語+ 狀語（表示狀態）
She is rich now. I am in Guangdong now. I was a worker before.
主語+ 謂語（及物動詞）+ 賓語+ 狀語 （表示動作）
I read English every morning. read 是及物動詞作謂語， English 是名詞作賓語， every morning 是時間狀語。
主語+ 謂語（及物動詞）+ 間接賓語 +直接賓語 + 狀語 （表示動作）
I gave her a book yesterday. gave 是及物動詞作謂語， her 是間接賓語， book 是直接賓語， yesterday 是時間狀語。
主語+ 謂語（及物動詞）+ 賓語+ 補語+ 狀語 （表示動作）
I made her happy yesterday. made是及物動詞作謂語， her 作賓語，happy 是形容詞作補語，yesterday 是時間狀語。
簡單句種類：簡單句可以分為陳述句、感嘆句、祈使句、疑問句。
陳述句：
陳述句用來陳述一件事或表達一種看法，由肯定和否定兩種形式，句末通常用句號，讀降調。
(一)、陳述句的肯定式： 結構：主語+謂語+其他
例：That boy always helps others. I can swim very well.
(二)、陳述句的否定式：
1、be動詞的否定式： 結構：主語+be+not+表語+其他
例：She is not a teacher. Tom was not at home yesterday.
2、實義動詞的否定式： 結構：主語+do(does、did)+not+動詞原形+其他
例：They don’t live in Shanghai.
3、情態動詞的否定式： 結構：主語+情態動詞+not+動詞原形+其他
例：He can not speak English.
4、除not外，其他構成否定式的情況：
(1) 用no表示，no=not any/a。 例：He has no sister. = He doesn’t have any sisters.
(2) never 絕不，從來不。 例：I have never see such a man.
(3) little、few幾乎沒有。 例：There are few students in the classroom.
(4) no one=nobody沒有人。 例：No one/Nobody is interested in the book.
(5) nothing什么也沒有。 例：There is nothing wrong with you.
(6) neither of…沒有什么人(兩者都不)；none of…沒有任何人，什么都沒有(三者或以上)。
例：Neither of them has been to China.
The trip was so long. But none of them felt bored.
(7) seldom很少，hardly幾乎不。 例：I seldom go to hospital.
(8) too …to … 太…以至于不能…。 例：He is too young to look after himself.
感嘆句：
根據句意選出恰當的一項填空。
1. ______ (What / What a) delicious chicken we are having!
2. ______ (What / How) warm it is in the classroom!
3. ______ (What / What a) nice shirt you bought!
4. _____ (What / How) fast the young man is walking!
典型例題
1）___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
2）___terrible weather we've been having these days!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
3) ______ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
祈使句：
祈使句用來表示請求、命令、建議等。謂語動詞一律用原形。句子中通常不用主語，句末用嘆號或句號，讀降調。
(一)、含有第二人稱主語的祈使句：
1、肯定的祈使句： 句型：動詞原形+… (省略主語)
例：Stand up. Be quiet, please.
2、否定的祈使句： 句型：Don’t+動詞原形+…
例：Don’t swim in the river. Don’t be late.
注意：表示“禁止”時，尤其是標語等也可以用 No+動名詞 或 Mustn’t+動詞原形 。
例：No smoking. = Mustn’t smoke.
3、祈使句與陳述句的改寫：
(1) 祈使句=You must…(陳述句)
例：Come here. = You must come here.
Don’t do that again. = You mustn’t do that again.
(2) Please+祈使句=Will you (please)…
例：Please help me. = Will you (please) help me
(二)、含有第一、第三人稱主語的祈使句：
1、肯定的祈使句：
句型 Let+第一人稱(me、us)+動詞原形+…
Let+第三人稱(him、her、it、them或名詞)+動詞原形+…
例：Let’s go at once. Let me try again. Let Tom go there himself.
2、否定的祈使句：
句型 Let’s(me、us)+not+動詞原形+…
Don’t let+第三人稱或名詞+動詞原形+…
例：Let’s not say anything about it. Don’t let them play with fire.
疑問句：
用以提問的句子是疑問句，句末用問號。疑問句包括：一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句。
(一)、一般疑問句：
例：—Are you a doctor —Yes, I am./No, I’m not.
—Do you like playing football —Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
—Have you ever been to Luzhou —Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
—Can you play the guitar —Yes, I can./No, I can’t.
(二)、選擇疑問句：
提出兩種或兩種以上的情況，要求對方選擇一種情況回答的問句叫選擇疑問句。回答不能用yes或no，而要用一個完整的句子或其省略形式。語調前升后降。選擇疑問句分為一般選擇疑問句和特殊選擇疑問句兩種。
1、一般選擇疑問句： 句型：一般疑問句+or+被選擇部分？
例：—Do you like apples or pears —I likes pears.
2、特殊選擇疑問句： 句型：特殊疑問句+A or B？
例：—Which would you like better, tea or coffee —I like coffee.
(三)、反意疑問句：
反意疑問句有兩類：(1)肯定式，否定式？(2)否定式，肯定式？
陳述句的肯定句，助動詞（情態動詞、be、have）的否定形式+主語？
The girl went home late yesterday, didn’t she
陳述句的否定句，助動詞（情態動詞、be、have）的肯定形式+主語？
例：You haven’t been to Beijing, have you
常見的否定詞： few、little、seldom、hardly、never、not、no、nobody、nothing、none、neither、too…to…
反意疑問句的特殊結構：
當陳述部分是祈使句時，不論是肯定的還是否定的附加問句都用will you；但如果“Let’s…結構”，只能用shall we。
陳述部分是there be結構，其附加部分用there做主語。
例：There is a computer on the desk, isn’t there
附加疑問句的主語和陳述句的主語不一致的情況：
情況 陳述句主語 附加問句主語
A everything、something、anything等表示“物”的不定代詞 單數代詞it
B nobody、someone、none、neither等表示“人”的不定代詞 多用復數代詞they，也可用he
C This/that；these/those。 單數用it，復數用they。
D 主語從句、不定式、動名詞短語 用it
E 不定代詞one作主語 正式場合用one，非正式用you
(四)、特殊疑問句：
疑問代詞的用法：可以對主語、表語、賓語提問。
what 對物或者是人的職業提問。
who 對某人的姓名或與別人關系進行提問。
whom who的賓格，對賓語提問，口語中who可代替whom。
whose “誰的”。
which “哪一個”，特指范圍內進行提問。
例：—Who is your teacher —Miss Gao is my teacher.
—What is your mother —She is a doctor.
疑問副詞的用法：對狀語進行提問。
When 詢問時間。
Where 詢問地點、場所。
Why 詢問原因，回答只能用because引導的原因狀語從句。
how 詢問方式方法、身體狀況、天氣等。
例：—When were you born —I was born on June 5th.1980. (用來提問年、月、日、星期)
—What time is it —It’s 8 o’clock. (what time對具體的鐘點提問)
—Where are you going —I am going to Japan.
—Why are you late —Because I met an accident.
—How is the weather today —It is cloudy.
疑問詞組的用法：用來詢問年齡、身高、數量、次數、距離等。
How many (可數名詞) 多少
How much (不可數名詞) 多少
How old (歲數) 多大
How tall (人、樹等) 多高
How long (時間) 多久；(長度) 多長
How often (頻率) 多久
How soon (時間) 多快
How far (距離) 多遠
How high (山等) 多高
【綜合提高】
一、閱讀理解
May 23, 2021
Dear Headmaster Becker,
I’m David Brown, a student from Grade 8 . I’m sitting in the classroom to write you this letter because I really have something to say about the school lunchtime .
Well , I know that school is for learning . It is important to have good reading and math skills. But I think school is also important for another reason . It helps people to get along with others .
It may seem that lunchtime is not important . As you see , lots of us spend most lunchtime just talking with our friends . But this activity is more important than it looks .
I’m learning how to get along with others . I’m learning how to solve problems. I’m finding out new things from others. I’m learning how to say sorry . These are all important skills to learn .
My　　is that the time for lunch is too short . I know this is happening so we spend more time in class learning . But please do not forget that we are also learning at lunchtime. We are learning people skills . It is important that we have enough time to spend with our friends .
I really hope that you can make our lunchtime longer. A little more time spent with friends each day would be good for everybody .
( ) 1. Where did David write the letter
A. In the library B. In the classroom C. At his home D. At his friend’s home
( ) 2. The best word for　 　 is “_________” .
A. plan B. dram C. problem D. result
( ) 3. Why did David write the letter
A. To say sorry to the headmaster . B. To be a headmaster in the future.
C. To say thank you to the headmaster. D. To ask the headmaster to make the lunchtime longer.
( ) 4. What does David think of schools
A. School is for lunch. B. School is a place to say sorry.
C. The most important thing at school is for learning.
D. School helps people learn to get along with others.
( ) 5. What can we learn from the article about David
A. He enjoys spending time with his friends. B. He spends a lot of time talking in class.
C. He write a lot of letters to the headmaster . D. He hopes he can make more friends.
Lesson 2
【每日經典】
Good fortune favors the brave and courageous.好運總是眷顧那些勇敢的人。
【語法專題】動詞分類：動詞的分類基本上是四類：實義動詞，系動詞，助動詞和情態動詞。
動 詞 謂語：He plays basketball well. 非謂語：He is there to look after me. 詞語舉例：
She didn’t like apples. Does this man work for the company You do seem to have a point. 詞語舉例：
She will come to the party. Can she play the guitar 詞語舉例：
The book is about Ma Yanhong. Ice cream tastes good. The weather gets warmer in spring. 詞語舉例：
一：系動詞
1. be動詞：be動詞是最常見的連系動詞，它的一般現在時態形式有am，is，are；過去時的形式是was,were。隨主語的人稱和數的變化而變化。如：I am a teacher. They are happy
Eg. -----There _______a lot of meat on the plate. Would you like some ------Just a little, please
A. is B. are C. am D. be
2.其他可以做系動詞的詞：另外有一些詞也可以做系動詞用，其后接形容詞，名詞或介詞短語，這類詞有become，turn，grow，look，smell，sound, taste等。如：Tom’s mother looks tired
Eg. The English song______very nice. Can you guess who is singing
A. smells B. looks C. tastes D. sounds
3. 可做實義動詞的系動詞：大多數感官動詞，都既可以做系動詞，也可以做實義動詞，此時單獨做謂語。如：He felt ill yesterday
Eg. I like wearing clothes made of cotton because cotton_______nice and soft
A. is feel B. is feeling C. feel D. feels
二、情態動詞專練
考查can的用法 a. 考查can表示能力的用法。
在這一用法中，can表示能力，意思是"能，會"，其否定式can't表示"不能"。在過去時中用could和couldn't。例如：
--- Where's Mr. Lee I have something unusual to tell him.
--- You________find him. He________Japan. （黑龍江）
A. may not; has gone to B. may not; has been to C. can't; has gone to D. can't; has been to
2. --- Finish drawing a horse in ten minutes. OK --- Sorry. I_______it in such a short time.
A. may finish B. can't finish C. must finish D. needn't finish
b. 考查can表示推測的用法。
在這一用法中，can意為"可能"，表示客觀可能性，常常用于疑問句和否定句中。例如：
3. --- Who is the man over there Is it Mr. Li
--- No, it________be him. Mr. Li is much taller. （河北）
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn't
4. --- Listen! Someone is singing in the next room. Who________it be Is it Wei Fang
--- No. It________be her. She is at school now. （重慶市）
A. will; may not B. must; mustn't C. may; can't D. may; won't
c. 考查can / could表示請求許可的用法
在這一用法中，can和could都表示現在，用could比用can語氣更加委婉客氣，常用Could I / you... 句式，表示"我/你能……嗎 "，若表示同意要用can，不用could。例如：
5. --- Could I look at your pictures --- Yes, of course you________. （武漢）
A. could B. can C. will D. might
考查must的用法
a.考查must表示義務的用法。
在這一用法中，must意為"必須"，"應該"，表示必須要做的事，其否定式mustn't表示禁止，即不許對方做某事。例如：
6. --- May I go to the cinema, Mum --- Certainly. But you________be back by 11 o'clock.
A. can B. may C. must D. need
7. --- Convid-2019 is such a terrible disease. --- Yes, it is. We________be more careful. （浙江嘉興）
A. can B. may C. must D. need
要注意must和have to的用法區別：must表示說話人的主觀看法，而have to表示客觀的需要，意思是"不得不" 。例如：
8. --- Can you go swimming with us this afternoon
--- Sorry, I can't. I________take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill.
A. can B. may C. would D. have to （南京）
回答must開頭的一般疑問句，如果是否定的回答，要用needn't或don't have to，表示"不必"，"沒有必要"的意思，不用mustn't，因為mustn't表示禁止或不許，意思是"一定不要"的意思。例如：
9. --- Must I finish the work before five o'clock --- No, you________. （四川）
A. needn't B. mustn't C. have to
b.考查must表示推測的用法。
在這一用法中，must意為"一定"，"肯定"，表示可能性很大，通常用于肯定句，在否定句中要用can't，表示"不可能"。例如：
10. Susan's parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It ____be very expensive.
A. must B. can C. mustn't D. can't （上海）
11. This book______ __ Lucy's. Look! Her name is on the book cover. （河南）
A. must be B. may be C. can't be D. mustn't be
考查may的用法
a. 考查may表示請求許可的用法
在這一用法中,may表示許可或征詢對方許可，表示"可以"的意思，常常與第一人稱I連用，構成May I... 句式，表示"我可以……嗎 "。肯定回答用Yes, you may.；Yes, please.等；否定回答用No, you can't.或No, you mustn't.，不用No, you may not。例如：
12. --- ________I have your name, please --- Yes, Michael. M-I-C-H-A-E-L. （北京市東城區）
A. Must B. Will C. May D. Need
13. --- May I go to the cinema, dad
--- No, you________. You must finish your homework first. （浙江金華市）
A. mustn't B. won't C. don't D. needn't
b. 測試may表示可能性的用法。
在這一用法中,may表示可能性，意思是"也許"，"可能"，通常用于肯定句中。例如：
14. You________go and ask Meimei. She________know the answer. （天津）
A. must; can B. must; may C. need; can D. can; may
【綜合提高】
完型填空
Mike was a little boy. One day Mike went with his father to a small town to 1 his grandparents.
2 the train, Mike put his head out of the window every minute. His father said, "Mike, be 3 ! Don't put your head out of the window!" But Mike didn't 4 his father and went on putting his head out of the window. His father could do 5 .
Then Mike's father wanted to 6 a joke on his son. He took Mike's cap quietly, hid it 7 his back and said, "You see, your cap 8 away. " Mike touched his head and it was really gone. The boy looked 9 and then he began to cry. He wanted to get his cap back.
"Don't worry, son. "said his father, "I have a strange 10 to get your cap back. " 11 can you get it back " asked Mike in surprise.
His father said, "Close your eyes and whistle(吹口哨) once, and maybe your cap will come back. “Mike came up to the window, 12 his eyes and whistled. Just at that 13 , his father quickly put the cap on the son's head.
"Oh! It was 14 !" Mike laughed. He was pleased, then he quickly took his father's cap and 15 it out of the window. "Now it is your turn to whistle, Dad!" he said happily.
( ) 1.A. look B. see C. watch D. notice
( ) 2.A. At B. Of C. To D. In
( ) 3.A. care B. careful C. carefully D. careless
( ) 4.A. hear of B. listen C. hear D. listen to
( ) 5.A. nothing B. anything C. some D. any
( ) 6. A. do B. work C. play D. take
( ) 7.A. before B. behind C. after D. at
( ) 8. A. dropped B. threw C. sent D. flew
( ) 9.A. worried B. glad C. happy D. proud
( ) 10. A. road B. path C. way D. street
( ) 11.A. Why B. How C. What D. Where
( ) 12. A. close B. closed C. closing D. opened
( ) 13.A. while B. second C. minute D. moment
( ) 14.A. terrible B. wonderful C. had D. lovely
( ) 15 A. threw B. placed C. brought D. got
二、閱讀理解
It was nearly dark, the sun was dropping down the mountains far away. Little Tom came back home, with tears in his eyes.
“What’s the matter, Tom How’s your trip ” his mother asked with a big smile. “I failed. The mountain is so high and full of big or small stones on the way, I still go ahead. But I was tired and it was so late that I had to come back.” Tom cried. “It doesn’t matter, you are only 14 years old after all. You will have another chance.” his mother said. “But, standing at the top of the mountain is my dream!” Tom said. His father came over and asked, “Did you see the green trees on your way to the mountain ” “Sure, and there are a lot of beautiful flowers by the side of the road.” Tom replied. “Did you hear the birds singing ” his father asked. “There were many kinds of birds singing in the trees, and the sound was very sweet.” Tom said. “Did you feel the beauty of nature ” his father asked. “Yes, the blue sky, the white clouds, the green trees and the colorful flowers made a nice picture.” Tom answered. “That’s enough!” his father smiled and said, “Please remember, son. For often, achieving what you expect is not the most important thing. Although you didn’t reach the top of the mountain, you got a lot on the way.”
It is true that not every goal will be achieved, not every job will end up with a success, and not every dream will come true. The most beautiful scenery is on the way.
( )1. Tom got back home when the sun was dropping.
A. slowly B. sadly C. quickly D. early
( )2. Tom’s parents wanted Tom .
A. to be friendly B. to be happy C. to be clever D. to be healthy
( )3. What’s the main reason that Tom didn’t reach the top of the mountain
A. The mountain was so high. B. The way was full of big or small stones.
C. He was tired and it was so late. D. He was only 14 years old.
( )4. Tom saw a lot of things on the way to the mountain except .
A. clear water B. blue sky C. colorful flowers D. green trees
( )5. The writer tries to tell us that .
A. the goal is not important B. everyone should climb the mountain
C. the mountain is very beautiful D. the process is more important than the result
Lesson 3
【每日經典】
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
沒有目標的生活如同沒有羅盤的航行。
【語法專題】動詞時態、語態
時態 含義 易考時間狀語 經典范例
一般現在時 1.The earth moves around the sun. 2.He is the teacher of many poor children.
一般過去時 1.When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 2.Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky seven years ago.
現在進行時 We are having class now. He is writing a book these days,
一般將來時 1.Will you get home at seven this evening 2.Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
過去進行時 1.It was raining when they left the station.
現在完成時 1. I have seen this film. 2. I have lived here since I was born.
常考的“非延續性動詞”和“延續性動詞”的轉換
buy—have
die—be dead
borrow/ lend—keep
come / go…--be (in)
open—be open
close—be closed
join—be in;
finish –be over
begin—be on
leave—be away (from)
put on—be on / wear;
catch a cold—have a cold
get married—be married
get to know—know
come back—be back;
【綜合提高】
一、完型
The earth is our home. We must take care of it. Life today is easier than it was 1 years ago, but it has brought some new problems. One of the biggest problems is pollution. We can see it, smell it, drink it and even 2 it.
Man has polluted the 3 . The more people, the more pollution. Many years ago, the problem was not so serious because there were not so 4 people. When the land was used up the river was not clean in a place, man went to 5 place. Now man is slowly polluting the whole world.
6 pollution is still the most serious, it’s bad for 7 things in the world. Many countries don’t let people burn 8 for air in houses and factories in the city. Pollution by SO2 is now the most dangerous kind of 9 pollution. It’s caused by heavy traffic. People say it’s 10 to ride bikes. When you are 11 , there is no pollution. But even in developed countries, most people don’t go to work by bike. It’s not 12 bikes are expensive or people are tiered if they ride to work. It’s because the number of cars on the roads becomes larger. So more people 13 _their bikes and go to work by cars, then things are getting 14 . We should have special roads only for bikes and make it 15 difficult and expensive for drivers to take their cars into the city that they will go back to use their bikes.
( ) 1.A. hundred B. hundreds of C. hundred of D. hundreds
( ) 2.A. listen B. listen to C. hear of D. hear
( ) 3.A. moon B. star C. earth D. sun
( ) 4.A. lot B. little C. many D. much
( ) 5.A. others B. the others C. the other D. another
( ) 6.A. Air B. Food C. Water D. Noise
( ) 7.A. life B. live C. living D. lives
( ) 8.A.something bad B. bad something C. something good D. good something
( ) 9.A. water B. air C. noise D. white
( ) 10.A. least B. best C. most D. worst
( ) 11.A. driving B. biked C. riding D. ridden
( ) 12.A. why B. because C. what D. how
( ) 13.A. put on B. look at C. put away D. look up
( ) 14.A.better and better B. more and more C. worse and worse D. bigger and bigger
( ) 15.A.quite B. such C. very D. so
二、閱讀理解
“My dear lady,” says Holmes. “You’re shivering. Are you old Do you want a cup of hot tea ”
“I’m not cold,” the woman replies, “I fear for my life!”
“We are here to help you. Don’t worry about anything. I don’t know you. But I know many things about you. For example, I know how you travel. You came to London by train. You also ride to the train station on a horse-drawn wagon(馬車).”
“Why, yes. You’re right. But how do you know these things ”
“I see a return ticket in your glove. I see fresh mud on the left arm of your dress. Now tell us your problem.”
“My name is Helen Stoner,” she states, “My mother and father are dead. I am living with my stepfather, Dr Grimesby Roylott. He comes from a rich family. But they are no longer rich. They have nothing except a small piece of land and a huge old house. We are living in the house. Dr Roylott is using my mother’s money for expenses(開支). Part of it was for my sister and me. It was for our marriages.”
Holmes is sitting in his chair. His eyes are closed. He is listening carefully to Helen’s story. He hears every detail.
Helen continues. “My stepfather has no friends. He fights with everyone. He is strong and gets angry quickly. Everyone is afraid of him.”
“He has no friends at all ” asks Holmes.
“No. He talks to no one except the gypsies. They are poor people who travel from place to place. A band of gypsies is staying on our land right now.”
“Are you and your sister afraid of the gypsies ”
“My dear Mr Holmes. You are making me so sad. My sister is dead. That is why I am standing here in this room.”
( )1. Paragraph 6 beginning with “My name is …” is mostly about_______________.
A. Helen’s dead sister B. Helen’s trip to London
C. the house Helen lives in D. Helen’s stepfather and the family
( )2. What is Holmes doing while Helen is telling her story
A. Walking slowly B. Listening carefully
C. standing sadly D. Writing quickly
( )3. Which of the following can best describe the gypsies according to the passage
A. They are very rich B. They are afraid of other people
C. They live on a horse-drawn wagon D. They move from one place to another
( )4. The passage is probably from __________.
A. a novel B. a guide C. a poem D. an advertisement
Lesson 4
【每日經典】
If you are passionate about something, pursue it.如果你想要，就勇敢去追逐！
【語法專題】非謂語動詞（doing, to do, done）
一、非謂語動詞的句法成分
To do
作主語：To help each other is good.=It is good to help each other.
作表語：My job is to drive them to the power station every day.
作賓語： She wishes to be a musician.
I am determined to give up smoking.
I don’t think it right to do it that way.
作賓語補足語，如：Tell the children not to play on the street.
I saw a little girl run across the street.
作定語時，須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后，如：Is this the best way to help him
He is the man to depend on.
目的狀語： Every morning he gets up very early to read English.
結果狀語：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見到了他們家鄉的解放。
We reached the station in a hurry to find the bus had left.
Doing
作主語：Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見 It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.
It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is a waste of time trying to explain．設法解釋是浪費時間。
It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光說沒用。 It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費。
方式或伴隨狀語：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
作表語：Her job is washing and cooking.
及物動詞的賓語。She likes drawing very much.
作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語：This book is well worth reading. –ing作賓語帶有賓語補足語時，要用it作為形式賓語，而將作賓語的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again
作定語：The sleeping child is only five years old.
Do you know the man standing at the gate
作賓語補足語：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
①時間狀語：Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother.
When crossing street, you must be careful.
原因狀語：Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday.
Done
作定語： The stolen car was found by the police last week.
作表語： The glass was broken by my little brother.
作表語用的過去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, amazed，broken, completed, covered等。
作賓語補足語
When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.
I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找別人）把我的自行車給修了
作狀語：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.
幾個易錯點：
-ing形式與過去分詞的區別：
（1）語態不同：-ing形式表示主動概念，及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說；the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽眾。
（2）時間關系不同：現在分詞所表示的動作一般是正在進行中的動作，而過去分詞所表示的動作，往往是已經完成的動作，如：The changing world正在發生的世界；the changed world已經起了變化的世界。
二、常考固定搭配
一. 接不定式（而不接動名詞）作賓語的常用動詞 如：want to do …
afford to do sth. 負擔得起做某事
agree to do sth. 同意做某事
ask to do sth. 要求做某事
determine to do sth. 決心做某事
choose to do sth. 決定做某事
decide to do sth. 決定做某事
expect to do sth. 期待做某事
fail to do sth. 未能做某事
happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事
help to do sth. 幫助做某事
hope to do sth. 希望做某事
learn to do sth. 學習做某事
manage to do sth. 設法做某事
need to do sth. 需要做某事
offer to do sth. 主動提出做某事
plan to do sth. 計劃做某事
prepare to do sth. 準備做某事 　
pretend to do sth. 假裝做某事
promise to do sth. 答應做某事 　
refuse to do sth. 拒絕做某事
want (would like) to do sth. 想要做某事 　　
wish to do sth. 希望做某事
二、接不定式作賓補的常用動詞 如：ask sb (not) to do …
advise sb. to do sth. 建議某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事
ask sb. to do sth.請（叫）某人做某事
beg sb. to do sth. 請求某人做某事
cause sb. to do sth. 導致某人做某事
drive sb. to do sth .驅使某人做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人做某事
expect sb. to do sth. 期望某人做某事
force sb. to do sth. 強迫某人做某事
get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事
hate sb. to do sth. 討厭某人做某事
help sb. to do sth. 幫助某人做某事
invite sb. to do sth. 邀請某人做某事
warn sb. to do sth. 警告某人做某事
leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事
like sb. to do sth. 喜歡某人做某事
need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事
order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
permit sb. to do sth. 允許某人做某事
persuade sb. to do sth. 說服某人做某事
request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事
teach sb. to do sth .教某人做某事
tell sb. to do sth. 告訴某人做某事
want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
三、接動名詞（不接不定式）作賓語的常用動詞 如：enjoy doing
allow doing sth. 允許做某事
be busy doing 忙于做什么
avoid doing sth. 避免做某事
discuss doing sth. 討論做某事
consider doing sth. 考慮做某事
suggest doing sth. 建議做某事
dislike doing sth. 不喜歡做某事
enjoy doing sth. 喜愛做某事
finish doing sth. 完成做某事
imagine doing sth. 想象做某事
give up doing sth. 放棄做某事
put off doing sth. 推遲做某事
keep doing sth. 保持做某事
mind doing sth. 介意做某事
miss doing sth. 錯過做某事
permit doing sth. 允許做某事
practice doing sth. 練習做某事
prevent doing sth. 阻止做某事
risk doing sth. 冒險做某事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
四、接現在分詞作賓補的常用動詞 如：see sb doing …
catch sb. doing sth. 碰上某人做某事
discover sb. doing sth. 發現某人做某事
find sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事
hear sb. doing sth. 聽見某人做某事
keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不停地做某事
notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人做某
listen to sb. doing sth. 聽某人做某事
look at sb. doing sth. 看著某人做某事
prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
see sb. doing sth. 看見某人做某事
stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
watch sb. doing sth. 觀看某人做某事
五、接動詞原形作賓補的常用動詞 如：make sb do …
feel sb. do sth. 感覺某人做某事
have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
hear sb. do sth. 聽見某人做某事
let sb. do sth.讓某人做某事
listen to sb. do sth. 聽著某人做某事
look at sb. do sth. 看著某人做某事
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
notice sb. do sth. 注意某人做某事
see sb. do sth. 看見某人做某事
watch sb. do sth. 觀察某人做某事
六、接不定式或動名詞作賓語意思相同的動詞
like to do sth / like doing sth. 喜歡做某事
love to do sth / love doing sth. 喜歡做某事
hate to do sth / hate doing sth. 憎恨做某事
prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth. 寧可做某事
begin to do sth / begin doing sth. 開始做某事
start to do sth / start doing sth. 開始做某事
continue to do sth / continue doing sth. 繼續做某事
can’t bear to do sth / can’t bear doing sth. 不能忍受做某事
七、接不定式或動名詞作賓語意思不同的動詞
1. forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘記曾做過某事
2. regret to do sth. 后悔（遺憾）要做某事 regret doing sth. 后悔曾做過某事
3. remember to do sth. 記住要做某事 remember doing sth. 記住曾做過某事
4. try to do sth. 設法要做某事 try doing sth. 做某事試試看有何效果
5. mean to do sth. 打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味著做某事
6. can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
go on to do sth. 做完某事后接著做另一事 go on doing sth. 繼續做一直在做
注：stop to do sth. 與stop doing sth.也不同，前者指停下來去做某事，后者指停止正在做的事，但stop to do sth. 中的不定式不是賓語，是目的狀語
八、接過去分詞做賓補的常考的幾個動詞動詞
have/get sth done 讓…被做 ：I broke my computer, so I must have/get my computer repaired.
make oneself understood 讓某人自己被別人理解
The speaker spoke too quickly just now. he couldn’t make himself understood.
【綜合提高】
一、完型
I was feeling a little blue because my mother had lost her job.
One day, while I was 1 on the street, I heard the piano music and singing rising above the noise of the people. I walked more slowly to 2 where it was coming from. Then I saw a young lady sitting at a piano.
She was singing songs about love, 3 yourself and keeping on trying. The way she was singing made me a little comfortable. I stood there 4 ，watching her playing on such a crowded New York square. I thought that she must be 5 enough to perform in front of so many people.
She noticed me. I walked over and told her how good her 6 sounded. “Thank you.” she said.
“I have been going through a hard time recently, 7 you’ve made me hopeful again.” I said to her.
“I’m glad that I could help,” she replied, “Why are you so 8 ”
“Well, my mom has lost her job, and I’m not sure what to do …”
“Did you noticed the 9 you were walking Your head was down.” she said. “Don’t be upset, because 10 comes in different ways and if your head is down, you might not see it. You should 11 more… lift your head up.”
I looked 12 her, amazed at how she was encouraging me. “ 13 are you playing the piano here ” I asked her with a smile.
She 14 that she saw a lot of unhappy people in the world and she tried to cheer 15 up by playing music.
I smiled a little wilder, realizing that no difficulties could stop me from going on.
( )1. A. driving B. riding C. running D. walking
( )2. A. find out B. send out C. take out D. get out
( )3. A. dressing B. believing C. hurting D. losing
( )4.A. nervously B. rudely C. angrily D. quietly
( )5. A. brave B. shy C. bored D. honest
( )6.A. advice B. idea C. music D. interest
( )7. A. or B. but C. so D. and
( )8. A dirty B. busy C. sad D. lazy
( )9. A. way B. time C. reason D. station
( )10.A. opportunity B. health C. pain D. life
( )11. A. complain B. rest C. smile D. pay
( )12. A. like B. after C. for D. at
( )13. A. How B. Why C. When D. Where
( )14. A. dreamed B. hoped C. guessed D. explain
( )15. A. us B. them C. me D. her
二、閱讀理解
Henry was an office worker in a big city. He worked very hard and enjoyed traveling in his holidays.
He usually went to the seaside, but one year he saw an advertisement in a newspaper. “Enjoy country life. Spend a few weeks at West Hill Farm. Good food. Fresh air. Horse riding. Walking. Fishing. Cheap and interesting.”
“This sounds a good idea,” he thought. “I’ll spend a month at West Hill Farm. I think I can enjoy horse riding, walking and fishing. They’ll make a change from sitting by the seaside and swimming.”
He wrote to the farmer. In the letter he said that he would like to spend all of July there. Then on the first of July, he left for West Hill Farm.
But four days later, he returned home.
“What was wrong with West Hill Farm ” his best friend, Ed, asked him. “Didn’t you enjoy country life ”
“Country life was very good,” Henry said. “But there was another problem.”
“Oh. What ”
“Well,” he said, “the first day I was there a sheep died, and we had roast mutton for dinner.”
“What's wrong with that ” Ed asked. “Fresh meat is the best.”
“I know, but on the second day a cow died, and we had roast beef for dinner.”
“Lucky you!”
“You don't understand,” Henry said. “On the third day a pig died and we had roast pork for dinner.”
“A different meat every day,” Ed said loudly, “ and you are complaining!”
“Let me finish,” Henry said. “On the fourth day the farmer died, and I didn't dare (敢)stay for dinner!”
（ ）1.How did Henry find out about the farm
A. He saw it in a newspaper advertisement. B. His best friend told him.
C. He wrote to the farmer. D. Maybe he learned it from the radio.
（ ）2. Henry came back home several days later because ______________.
A. he didn't like the country life at all B. the farmer wasn’t friendly to him
C. his holiday was over D. he thought he might have to eat the farmer
（ ）3. “…and you are complaining!”, the word “complain” means __________.
A.夸獎 B.說三道四 C.抱怨 D.故弄玄虛
（ ）4.Which of the following sentences is true
A. Ed could eat a different kind of meat every day.
B. Henry thought he could enjoy a change.
C. Henry couldn't think of anything else to do, so he went to the farm.
D. The farmer died because of the bad meat he ate.
（ ）5.Which is the best title for the passage
A. What a beautiful farm! B. Have a good time.　
C.A short holiday D. Henry and the farmer.
Lesson 5
【每日經典】
Failure shows you have reasons to start again.
失敗表明你有理由重新開始。《絕望主婦》
【限時閱讀】
When I was a teenager growing up in France, l wanted to leave school and have my own life. The only way I could 1 this was to work in the local paper factory in my town, or get married. I was very nervous when I told my 2 I wanted to leave school. I thought he would say, " 3 ！You are going to college. "I was very 4 when he said, "OK. Let's go to the paper factory."
Two days later, 5 took me to the factory. I imagined everyone to be friends 6 together and having fun. I even imagined there would be music and singing. I 7 I had watched too many movies as a teenager.
When we 8 the factory gate, my father spoke to the guard and one minute later we were 9 . I walked around the factory looking at the building, the workers, and listening to the noise. It was 10 .I ran back to my father and said, "I want to go home."
He asked me, "What do you think of the 11 ”
"Too bad," I answered.
"And marriage is even 12 ! "he said.
I went back to school the next day thinking about studying hard 13 I could get into a good college. I 14 studying English so I decided to major in languages at college. Thanks to my father and our 15 to the paper factory, l now work at the United Nations and my father is very proud of me. I married a very good man and my life is much better than it would have been working in the factory!
( ) 1. A. say B. do C. receive D. find
( ) 2. A. teacher B. friend C. father D. husband
( ) 3. A. Yes! B. No! C. Really D. OK
( ) 4. A. angry B. tired C. nervous D. surprised
( ) 5. A. he B. she C. it D. they
( ) 6. A. working B. studying C. singing D. farming
( ) 7. A. guess B. mean C. say D. hope
( ) 8. A. looked at B. returned to C. arrived at D. left for
( ) 9. A. outside B. inside C .back D. away
( ) 10. A. terrible B wonderful C. funny D. special
( ) 11. A. workers B. guard C. building D. factory
( ) 12. A. better B .harder C. worse D. easier
( ) 13. A. but B. if C. so D. or
( ) 14. A. enjoyed B. stopped C. disliked D. minded
( ) 15. A. way B. idea C. plan D. trip
【語法專題】名詞
【考點訓練1】名詞的分類
I keep all kinds of _______(fish) as my pets, but I don’t like eating ____ ___(fish).
【考點訓練2】可數名詞的數（可數名詞變復數的特殊情況）
① 單復數形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep
② 不規則變化：man → men, woman → women, goose → geese, foot → feet, tooth → teeth, child → children, mouse → mice, ox → oxen 。但是，German → Germans
③ 復合名詞的復數形式：editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law → daughters-in-law, grown-up → grown-ups, woman teacher → women teachers, man driver → men drivers
以下幾個名詞單復數問題
① 物質名詞一般不用復數形式,但有些物質名詞要用復數形式來表示不同的類別,如：fishes各種魚，fruits各種水果，steels各種鋼材。
② 物質名詞表示數量時，一般用表示數量的短語來表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。
③ 有些抽象名詞的復數形式表示不同的含義。如：work（工作）→ works（著作），arm（手臂）→ arms（軍火），glass（玻璃）→ glasses（眼鏡），cloth（布）→ clothes（衣服）。
④ 定冠詞加上姓氏的復數形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復數形式前不加冠詞，則表示若干個姓…的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三個姓王的。
⑤ 只用作單數的復數形式的名詞。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States
⑥ 有些名詞形似單數，但實為復數。如：police, people, cattle
⑦ 有些名詞如被看作整體時就作單數用，如被看作組成該集體的各個成員時就作復數用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, public
⑧ 有些抽象名詞在具體化時，可以復數形式出現。表示特指時，可和定冠詞連用；表示“某種”或“一次”意義時，可和不定冠詞連用。如：How did you smooth away the difficulties （指各種具體困難）；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!
( ) 2. They got much _______from these books.
A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories
【考點訓練4】修飾可數與不可數名詞的詞語
these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of +可名復
little, a little, a bit of, much, a great deal of, a large amount of+不可數
all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of +二者皆可
【考點訓練5】名詞所有格
I.填空(根據句意或漢語提示填空)：
1. March 8th is ________ Day, while June 1st is ________ Day.
2. We asked some students and here are _____ ____ (他們的一些回答)
II.選擇：
（ ）1.This room is _______________.
A. Bill and David’s B. Bill’s and David’s C. Bill’s and David D. Bill and David
（ ）2. This is _______ reading-room.
A. the teacher’s B. teacher’s C. teachers’ D. the teachers’
（ ）3 ____ face to the south.
A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room
C. The room's windows D. The windows in room
【考點訓練6】普通格作定語（名詞修飾名詞）
特殊記憶：sports meet（運動會）；the United States government（美國政府）；students reading-room（學生閱覽室）；goods train（貨車）；two men doctors（兩個男醫生）。
專練：
【語法專題】冠詞
【考點訓練1】定冠詞的基本用法：
① 表示上文提到過的人或事物。如：I have bought a book. The book is very useful.
② 用于說話人與聽話人心中都有數的人或事物。如：Close the window, please.
③ 用于表示世界上獨一無二的事物前。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the world等。
④ 用于表示方位的名詞之前。如：the east, the right.
⑤ 用于序數詞或形容詞的最高級之前。如：the first, the tallest.
⑥ 用于形容詞之前，使其名詞化。如：the sick, the wounded.
⑦ 用于由普通名詞構成的專有名詞之前。如：the United States, the United Nation.
⑧ 用于江河、海洋、海峽、山脈、群島、建筑物等的名詞之前。如：the Changjiang River, the East Lake.
⑨ 用于復數姓氏之前，表示“夫婦”或“全家”。如：The Smiths
⑩ 用于樂器的名詞前。如：play the piano; play the violin.
⑾　發明物。如：The compass was invented in China.
⑿　年代名詞前。如：He lived in the countryside in the 1970s.
　　⒀　固定詞組中。如：in the morning(afternoon, evening), on the other hand , at the same time
【考點訓練2】不定冠詞的基本用法：
① 泛指一個。如：There is a book on the table.
② 指人或事物的某一種類。如：His father is a driver. Longjing is a wonderful tea.
③ 指某一個人或事物，但不具體說明。如：My sister was saved by a PLA man in the fire.
④ 用于某一些表示重量、長度、時間等單位前，表示“每一”。如：We have meals three times a day.（我們一天吃三餐。）
⑤ 表示同樣的。如：They are of an age.（他們是同歲。）
⑥ 表數量，相當于one,但語意較弱。如：There is a pen and two books on the desk.
　　⑦ 使抽象名詞具體化。如：The little girl is a help to her mother. （a hand譯"幫手"）
　　⑧ 固定搭配。如：as a matter of fact , in a hurry, in a word
【考點訓練3】不用冠詞的情況：
① 表示總稱的復數名詞之前。如：Children love cartoons.（兒童喜歡卡通影片。）
② 不含普通名詞的專有名詞前。如：We are studying English.
③ 名詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞、不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾時。如：I like this picture; I do not have any money; As time went on, Einstein’s theory proved to be correct.
④ 季節、月份、星期等名詞前，一般不用冠詞。如：She likes spring most.
⑤ 呼語前不用冠詞。如：What shall I do next, Mother
⑥ 三餐飯前不用冠詞。如：What did you have for lunch
⑦ 節假日前不用冠詞。如：People give gifts to each other on Christmas Day.
⑧ 球類和棋類運動的名稱前不用冠詞。如：She is fond of playing basketball.
⑨ 在一些成對出現的短語中不用冠詞。如：arm in arm（手挽手）; hand in hand（手牽手）; side by side（肩對肩）; day and day（日日夜夜）; young and old（老老少少）; from door to door（挨門挨戶）; from beginning to end（從頭到尾）; from morning till night（從早到晚）等。
【綜合提高】
一、閱讀
（A）Mr. Brown was on his way home from the railway station. It was very late, and he was alone on the dark road. Suddenly he heard someone behind him. He began to walk faster. The man behind him walked faster, too. He walked more slowly, and the man moved more slowly, too. He began to run, and the man was following him and he was really scared.
There was a wall on one side of the road, and he quickly climbed up on it and jumped down on the other side. “If he passes and doesn’t stop,” Mr. Brown thought, “everything will be all right.” But the man didn’t pass. He climbed up on the wall and jumped down, too. Mr. Brown’s only thought was, “I’m in great danger!” He stood up and shouted, “What do you want Why are you following me ”
The man was so tired that at first it was difficult for him to speak. “I didn’t know that you were a very good runner,” he said at last, “I have to go to Mr. White’s house, but I don’t know the way. A man at the station told me that you lived next to Mr. White’s and he told me to follow you. I’m too tired to go any farther （更遠）.”
( ) 1. Mr. Brown came home from _____.
A. the police station B. the railway station C. the hospital D. Mr. White’s house
( ) 2. Mr. Brown was really _____.
A. in great danger B. a policeman C. afraid of the man D. too tired to move
( ) 3. The man followed Mr. Brown because _____.
A. he wanted to scare Mr. Brown B. he wanted to get some money from Mr. Brown
C. Mr. Brown lived next to Mr. White D. Mr. Brown was one of his good friends
( ) 4. The man was _____.
A. a thief B. a good runner C. too tired to speak D. very angry with Mr. Brown
( ) 5. Which is not right
A. There were few people on the road. B. The man didn’t know where Mr. White lived.
C. Mr. Brown thought he was in great danger. D. Mr. Brown didn’t know where Mr. White lived.
（B）When I was seven years old, my family made me an ant farm. First, we put clean sand in a thin glass box. Then we waited for the ants to arrive.
After the ants were in the glass farm, they started to make tunnels. I was amazed that each one knew exactly what to do. Each had its own job.
On the fifth day a tragedy happened. I put my face so close to the glass farm that I knocked it over. All the tunnels fell down. Although the ants remained alive after their earthquake, one by one they began to die. I was scared as I watched them give up building their tunnels to carry the bodies to a corner of the farm.
My mother said that the ants were dying of sadness. They simply could not stand that their tunnels were gone.
Although much time has passed, I still think of that ant farm. Mom had hoped it would teach me about the natural world, but it taught me much more.
Over the years, I came to realize the importance of teamwork. Working together, the ants were able to make an amazing world for themselves. I also learned that they should be admired for their hard word.
But there was an even larger lesson that I did not realize until recently: adversity (逆境，災難) is a natural part of life, and must be accepted. Unlike the ants, we cannot give up when we are sad. We have to realize that if a tunnel is gone, we must building another.
Giving up , I say , is not a good choice.
( ) 1. What did the writer’s family do for him when he was seven
A. They built a farm of ants B. They bought a few ants.
C. They caught a lot of ants. D. They found an ant city.
( ) 2. We can infer from the passage that ___________.
A. The writer broke the glass box because it made his face dirty.
B. The ants died one by one because the tunnels were destroyed.
C. Unlike people , teamwork is not so important for the ants.
D. Giving up is a good way when we meet trouble.
( ) 3.the underlined word “teamwork” in the passage means_______.
A.獨自工作 B. 團隊合作 C. 辛勤勞作 D. 不停工作
( ) 4. What did the writer come to realize a few years later
A. Working together is useless. B. Teamwork is important.
C. He can’t accept adversity. D. Working alone is amazing.
( ) 5. What is the best title for the passage
A. Ant Fear Adversity B. My Family and Ants C. Giving up in Adversity D. A Good Lesson from Ants.
Lesson 6
【每日經典】
Dreams are necessary to life.夢想是生活的必需品。
Mama, thank you for who I am.媽媽，謝謝你成就了我。
【限時閱讀】
Rita was in shopping mall,looking for a gift gor her little daughter.Suddenly she stopped before a store,inside which were all kinds of dolls.
“Why not a lovely doll Girls like dolls,”she thought as she stepped into the store.
Looking around ,she saw a grandma doll—one with gray and a pair of glasses.As she gazed at it,in her mind somehow appeared Linda,her mother.
When Rita was a little girl,she got her first doll form Linda for her birthday.She was very happy.Then the second,the third……,Rita began to feel puzzled,When she asked her mum the reason,the answer was always “A girl can never have enough dolls.”Year after year,Rita grew up and Linda aged,but a doll a year from Linda never arrived late.
“But why always a doll ”This question had been in Rita’s mind until one day her father gave the answer.
Little Linda dreamed to have a doll.Her parents promised one for her fifth birthday.Sadly,thy both died in a traffic accident before it arrived .The never—received gift was the most precious* in her eyes.That’s why she thought dolls were the best birthday gifts for Rita.
Her mother’s story being recalled ,Rita got an idea……
It was Linda’s sixtieth birthday.The whole family gathered around the sixty-year-old lady when the doorbell rang,Much to Linda’s surprise,a package was delivered* to her,with a card read:
Dear Linda,
I forget to send you the package that you should have received on May 20,1956,your fifth birthday.The gift inside has aged,but I felt that you might still wish to have it.Sorry for the lateness! Love, Angel of Joy
Linda opened the package and saw a lovely grandma doll.She clasped the doll that she had waited so many years to receive ,tears coursing down her face.The doll,given by “Angel of Joy”,made her the happiest “child ”alive .
( )1. Who is Linda in the story
Rita’s daughter B. Rita’s mother C. The grandma doll D. Angel of Joy
( )2. Why did Linda think that dolls were the best birthday gifts for Rita
A. Rita dreamed to have all kinds of lovely dolls.
B. Rita looked liked a doll when she was a little girl.
C. Linda received a lot of lovely dolls form her parents.
D. Linda had never got the dream doll form her parents
( )3. What does the underlined word clasped probably mean in the passage
held B. threw C. made D. bought
( )4. Which can be the best title of the passage
A. The Story of an Angel B. Linda’s Birthday C. Linda,the Happiest Child D. A Late Birthday Gift
【語法專題】代詞
一--三、人稱、物主、反身代詞
主格 賓格 形容詞性物主代詞 名詞性物主代詞 反身代詞
我
你
他
她
它
我們
你們
他們
誰
反身代詞：
1. 可用作賓語，指的是賓語和主語表示同一個或同一些的人或事物。
Maria bought herself a scarf. 瑪麗亞給自己買了一條圍巾。
2. 可用作表語，指的是表語和主語表示同一個或同一些人或事物。
She isn’t quite herself today. 她今天有點兒不舒服。
3. 可用作主語或賓語的同位語，常用來加強語氣。
必背短語： She herself will fly to London tomorrow. 明天她自己將要坐飛機去倫敦。
I met the writer himself last week. 我上周見到了那位作家本人。
look after oneself/take care of oneself照顧自己
teach oneself sth. /learn sth. by oneself自學
enjoy oneself =have a good /nice /great/ wonderful time 玩得高興
help oneself to sth. 請自用……(隨便吃/喝些……)
hurt oneself弄傷自己
say to oneself自言自語
lose oneself in沉迷于，專心致志于
leave sb. by oneself把某人單獨留下
buy oneself sth. 給自己買……
introduce oneself介紹自己
all by oneself 獨自地；靠自己
leave one by oneself 把某人單獨留下
eg:This classroom is bigger than our classroom, but it’s dirtier than .
A. our B. yourC. ours D. their
eg:He is too young to look after _______.
A. herself B. himself C. myself D. yourself
四、指示代詞
1. 指示代詞分單數(this/that)和復數(these/those)兩種形式，既可作限定詞又可作代詞。
限定詞：單數：This girl is Mary. 復數：Those men are my teachers.
代詞：單數：This is Mary. 復數：Those are my teachers.
【注意】1. 為避免重復，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名詞。
His own experience was different from that of his friends. (that=the experience)
他自己的體會和他朋友的體會不同。
2. 用來回指上文提到的事情時，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文敘述的事情，通常要用 this。
—She is a beautiful girl. 她是一個美麗的女孩。
—Who said that 那是誰說的？
I want to know this：Is she beautiful 我想知道這一點：她美嗎
3. 在打電話時，通常用 this 指自己，用that指對方。
Hello. This is Jim. Is that John 喂，我是吉姆，你是約翰嗎
4. 除用作代詞外，this 和that 還可用作副詞，用以修飾形容詞或副詞，意為“這么”“那么”，相當于 so。
I’ve done only that much. 我所做的就那么多。
Is he always this busy 他總這么忙嗎
eg:1.The pears in my basket are smaller than _______ in Jim's. A. it B. that C. ones D. those
五、不定代詞
不定代詞 意義 不定代詞 意義 不定代詞 意義
全體，全部 每個（2者） 許多（+可名復）
兩個都 每個（3者） 許多（+不可數）
(兩者中的)任何一個 兩個都不 沒有 一個
一些 一些，任何 幾乎 沒有（+可名復）
另外一個 另外的 人或物 幾乎 沒有（+不可數）
復合不定代詞有：
某人 某人 某事
任何人 任何人 任何事
每人 每人 一切
沒有人 沒有人 沒什么
none和no one都表示“三者或三者以上沒有一個”
none no one
① 既可指人也可以指物 只能指人，不能指物
② 常與of短語連用 不能與of短語連用
③ 作主語時，謂語動詞用單復數均可 作主語時，謂語動詞用單數
④ 否定回答以How much/How many開頭的疑問句 否定回答以Who開頭的疑問句
None of them passed the exam. (作主語)
I’ve read none of the books. (作賓語)
No one in our class likes listening to that story.
—How many people are there in the room —None (一個也沒有).
—Who went there yesterday —No one (沒有人).
it，that，those，one，the one，ones及the ones的用法
1. it的用法：
(1)指代上文提到的單數可數名詞，指同一物，即原物(同類同物)。
The printer is made in Japan. It was bought last year.
(2)指時間、距離、天氣、環境等。
(3)代替前面出現的整個句子的內容，常作賓語。
(4)固定句型：appreciate it if；hate (like/dislike/love) it when；depend on (rely on/see to) it+that從句。
(5)固定搭配：get it 懂了，知道了，理解了；take it買某物；make it成功做某事；it doesn’t help不起作用。
(6)作形式主語或形式賓語。
例：make/find it+(a/an)名詞/形容詞+to do/doing sth.
(7)指代不明確的人。
(8)動物或嬰兒(性別不詳的嬰兒或孩子)。
2. that的用法：
(1)特指，替代前面出現的同類名詞，但不是同一個物體(同類異物)。相當于“the+不可數名詞/可數名詞單數”。此時that后通常要用介詞短語或分詞作后置定語。可與the one 互換。
The climate in the south is different from that in the north. 句意為“南方的氣候和北方的氣候不同”，that代指上文提到的the climate，但不是the climate in the south，而是the climate in the north，即“代指上文提到的同類事物，但非上文的事物——同類異物”。
The car made in China is cheaper than that made in America.
中國生產的這輛車比美國生產的那輛車便宜。
The cars made in China are cheaper than those made in America.
中國生產的汽車比美國生產的汽車便宜。
(2)代替前面出現的整個句子的內容，常作主語。
3. those的用法：特指，替代前面出現的同類名詞，但不是同一個物體(同類異物)。相當于“the+可數名詞復數”。此時those后通常要用介詞短語或分詞作后置定語。可與the ones互換。
4. one的用法：
(1)泛指，替代前面出現的名詞單數，相當于“a/an+單數名詞”；
(2)有時可指同位關系。多翻譯成“一個……”，對上文出現的名詞進一步解釋說明。
5. the one的用法：特指，替代前面出現的單數可數名詞，相當于“the+單數可數名詞”，相當于that，后面常有定語修飾。
6. ones的用法：泛指，替代前面出現的復數名詞。
7. the ones特指，替代前面出現的復數名詞，相當于“the+復數可數名詞”，相當于those，后面常有定語修飾。
六. 疑問代詞
what用法特別多，我們不妨說一說。 名字，某物和數量，還有年級、排和行。 號碼、顏色和時間，發生事情用what. 行為動作和衣著，星期、語言和職業。 相貌性格和愛好，征詢某地有某物。
【常用必背】 與what相關的短

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