資源簡介 第13章名詞13-1名詞是表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞。有專有名詞和普通名詞之分;還有可數名詞與不可數名詞之分。[例] If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller ________.A. set B.one C. Beijing C. copy D. pair答案是D?!凹偃邕@些褲子太長的話,買一條短點的?!眕air是名詞,意為“雙”。習慣上與 shoes、trousers等詞搭配,這里指“一條短點的?!?br/>名詞的分類如下圖所示:13-2名詞就詞匯意義來說,可分為兩大類普通名詞和專有名詞。普通名詞是表示某一類人或物、某種物質或抽象概念的名稱。專有名詞是表示個人、國家、團體、地方、機構、組織等專有的名稱。專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫。[例] We are going to learn _______ next week.A. Lesson Twelve B. Lesson TwelfthC. Twelfth Lesson D. the lesson Twelfth答案是A?!拔覀兿轮軐W習第12課?!睂S忻~每個實詞的第一個字母須大寫,第十二課用 “Lesson Twelve” 或 “the Twelfth Lesson” 來表示。故選A。13-3普通名詞又可分為四種:個體名詞、集體名詞、物質名詞和抽象名詞。個體名詞表示某類人或物中的個體(如: student學生)。集體名詞表示若干個體組成的集合體(如: family家庭)。物質名詞表示無法分為個體的物質(如: water水)。抽象名詞表示動作、狀態、品質、感情等抽象概念(如:work工作、 beauty美)。[例] Father went to his doctor for_____ about this heart trouble.A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices答案是B?!案赣H去看醫生請教有關他的心臟病的事。advice”為抽象名詞,抽象名詞一般為不可數名詞。故不能用不定冠詞,不能用復數形式,故排除C、D.[例] Tables are made of_____.A. wood B. woods C. wooden D. some woods答案是A。“桌子是由木頭做的。wood為物質名詞。不可數不用復數形式,可排除B, wooden是形容詞,這里應選用名詞,故排除C13-4可數名詞是指個體名詞和集體名詞, 它們可以用數目來計算,有單復數之分。不可數名詞是指物質名詞和抽象名詞,它們一般無法用數目來計算。[例] You should do more_____. Don't always sit at the desk busy doing Your_____.A. exercise; exercises B. exercises; exerciseC. exercises; exercises D. exercise; exercise答案是A?!澳銘摱嘧鲞\動,不要老坐在桌旁忙著做練習?!眅xercise既能作可數名詞(意為“練習”);又能作不可數名詞意為“運動”、“鍛煉”,根據句意選A[例]he gained his_____ by printing_____ of famous writers.A. wealth, work B. wealths, worksC. wealths, work D. wealth, works答案是D?!八坑∷⒚骷业淖髌帆@得財富。wealth為抽象不可數名詞。work表示“工作”之意時為不可數名詞;而 works表“作品、著作”之意時為可數名詞。根據句意可排除A、B、C。特別要注意這些特殊詞:它們既可用作不可數名詞、也可用作可數名詞,但意義常有所不同。這是個難點,也是常考熱點,應特別注意。①物質名詞表示種類或具體事物時,可成為可數名詞。tea(茶)→teas(各種類);hair (頭發)→ hair(一根頭發); glass(玻)→ a glass(玻璃杯); paper(紙) →papers(試卷、論文、報紙)②抽象名詞的具體化使不可數名詞成為可數名詞。 beauty美→美人; diffculty困難,費力→難事; pleasure快樂→樂事; youth青春→青年.③若可數名詞用來表示抽象或物質意義時,就成為不可數名詞。A room(房間) -----room(空間)A talk (報告) ----- talk (空談)A chicken(小雞)----chicken (雞肉)13-5不可數名詞一般沒有復數形式。若計量時,通常使用“數詞(或a(n), 或many等)+單位詞+of+不可數名詞”的結構。[ 例]There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有兩件事要你辦,買碗米飯來,并沏三杯茶。注:若有修飾語時,多放“單位詞”之前。如: a nice cup of tea一杯好茶(從意義上看,nice是修飾tea,并非修飾cup;是“好茶”,不是“好杯子”)。但有些詞的習慣用法與此規律不同,如: two pieces of red chalk兩支紅粉筆,等等。13-6絕大多數可數名詞的復數形式是通過加后綴--(e)s來構成的。[例] An ant has two _________.A. stomaches B. stomachs C. stomakes D. stomacks答案是B。“螞蟻有兩個胃”?!眘tomach” 雖然是以-ch結尾,但因ch 不讀咝沙音,而讀清音[k],所以要直接加-s.[例] _______ turn green in spring.A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leaves D. Leaves.答案是D。“春天樹葉都變綠了。”根據句意應用復數形式。Leaves 是leaf的復數形式。注:若不以咝沙音結尾,則只加-s。如: stomachs胃口。③以“輔音字母+y”結尾的名詞,須變“y”為“i”再加-es,增讀[-z], (即-ies 讀作[-iz])如:baby- babies[-z](嬰兒),lady-ladies[-z](女士), factory-factories [-z] (工廠)。④在以f或fe結尾的名詞后,一般加-s;但可數名詞須變“f或fe為“v”, 再加-es,-ves讀音為[-vz]直接加-s構成復數的名詞有belief信念, chief首領, gulf海灣, roof房頂, proof證據, safe保險箱,serf農奴,等等要變作-ves的名詞有: knife刀, life生命, wife妻子, self自己, shelf架子, leaf葉子, half(一)半, thief賊, sheaf (一)捆, elf精靈, calf小牛, loaf(長)面包,wolf狼,等等。兩種都可以的有:手絹 handkerchief → handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves以“元音+o”結尾的詞,其后直接加-s,讀[-z] (如: radios收音機,zoo動物園)。以“輔音+”結尾的詞,大多數要加-es,讀[-z] (如 potatoes土豆, tomatoes西紅柿, heroes英雄); 少數詞(主要是截短詞)則只加-s,讀[-z](如: photos-photographs相片, kilos-kilogram(me)s公斤, autos-automobiles汽車, 以及 pianos鋼琴)。13-7有些名詞的復數形式是通過改變元音等來構成。[例] He’ s about 6 _______ tall.A. foot B. feet C. foots D. meters答案是B?!八s6英尺高?!边x項D不合邏輯—人的個子不可能有6米高。有些要把-oo-變為-,如: foot→feet, goose→ geese鵝有些是把a變為e,如: man→men人,男人;woman →women女人有些要增加字母,如:ox→oxen牛, child→children有些須改變拼寫方式,如 mouse →mice老鼠13-8有些名詞的單、復數形式相同,如: sheep綿羊, means方法。[例] There_______ some _______ in the field.A. is; deer B. are; deers C. are; deer D. is; deers答案是C?!疤镆吧嫌幸恍┞埂!眃eer是單復數同形的名詞。[例] _______ means _______ not been tried.A. One.....has B. All....has C. One....have D. All...are答案是A。“尚有一種方法沒試過。”means在這里用作單數概念。若將B項改為 All……have,則也正確,這時的 means用作復數概念。① sheep等詞尾無“s”的單復同形的名詞主要有三類:表示動物的詞deer鹿, sheep綿羊,fish魚,等等。表示市制單位的詞:jin斤,mu畝,yuan元,等等。ca表示“某國人”,并以-ese結尾的名詞: Chinese中國人, Japanese日本人,等等。另外,還有: aircraft飛機;等等。② means等詞尾有“s”的單復同形的名詞有: works工廠, means方法, species種類, series系列, bellows風箱, lazebones懶骨頭, headquarters司令部, 等等。13-9表示“某國人”的名詞構成復數的方式有3類。[例] Both Marx and Engels were ________.A. Germans B. Germen C. from German D. Germany答案是A。“馬克思和恩格斯都是德國人。 German的復數直接加-s。根據句意應用復數形式故而選A。Germany”為專有名詞意為“德國”,與句意不符,可排除D。C中的 German應為 Germany, 故排除之。①通常是直接加-s如: Russians俄國人, Germans德國人, Americans美國人,等等。②以-man或 -woman-構成的合成詞,要變為-men或-women。如: Englishmen 英國人, Frenchwomen法國女人,等等。③以-ese結尾的詞和 Swiss“瑞士人”是單復同形。如 Chinese中國人, Japanese日本人,等等。13-10復合名詞的復數形式有3種構成方式:一般是將主體名詞改為復數, 沒有主體名詞的則在詞尾加-s, 含有(wo)man時, 將其變為復數。[例] Many________ saw the accident. (passerby)答案是 passersby很多過路人都目擊了那次事故?!睆蛿翟~綴-s要加在主體名詞 passer之后。①一般需加在主體名詞之后加“-s"。如sons-in-law女婿,step-sons繼子, lookers--on旁觀者,等等②有些沒主體名詞的,要在詞尾加“-s。如:grown-ups成年人 go-betweens媒人,中間人,等等。③含有構詞成分(wo)man的,要將其變為(wo)men. 如 newspapermen新聞記者, chairwomen女主席。注:若是用獨立的詞(wo) man作另一個名詞的定語,則(wo)man與被修飾名詞均需變成復數。如:two men nurses兩位男護理員, three women doctors 三位女醫生,等等。13-11名詞單、復數的幾種特殊表達方式。[例] Shortly after the accident, two ______ police were sent. to the spot to keep order.A. dozen of B. dozens C. dozen D. dozens of答案是C。“事故剛發生不久,24名警察被派往現場維持秩序。 dozen與數詞two連用表數量,用單數形式。[例] Two ______ died of cold last winter.A. hundreds old people B. hundred old peopleC. hundreds old peoples D. hundred old peoples答案是B?!叭ツ甓?00名老年人死于寒冷。本句hundred之前有具體數字,應用其單數形式,故排除A、 C。 people為集合名詞表復數概念,故排除D①有些以-s結尾的名詞,作“學科”解時往往作單數用。如: maths數學, physics物理,等等。②有少數名詞、形式上沒有單數,但用作復數。如: police警察、 cattle牲畜, people人們,等等。③有些名詞和數詞連用表示復數時,仍保持單數形式。如 two dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋, forty head of cattle 440頭牲口,但是,果這些詞的復數形式和介詞of 的短語連用時,可表示“多”的概念。如: dozens of eggs幾十個雞蛋, hundreds of ducks數百只鴨子。13-12名詞有主格、賓格和所有格形式。主格作主語,賓格作賓語,主格與賓格形式上沒有區別。所有格多作定語(有時作表語)表示人或物的隸屬關系。[例] _________ car broke down on the way,, but luckily they knew how to fix it.A. Tom's and Jane's B. Tom's and JaneC. Tom and Jane's D. Tom and Jane答案是C?!皽泛驼涞能囋诼飞蠅牧?但幸運的是他們知道如何修理?!泵~car作主語,是主格形式;名詞way作介詞on的賓語, 是賓格形式。空格處作定語,表示“某人的”,要用所有格形式,排除D。從被修飾詞“car”為單數可看出是“湯姆和珍共有的”,只能在最后一個名詞上加所屬格符號,故選C。而A項表示“湯姆和珍各自所擁有的”,要與復數cars連用才合理。13-13“名詞+ s的所有格形式主要用于表示有生命名詞的所屬關系, 也可用于表時間、距離、城鎮、國家等表示無生命事物的名詞。[例] ---I wonder whose bicycle it is.---- It might be my ______.A. neighbour's B. dear neighbourC. neighbour D. neighbours答案是A?!拔蚁胫肋@是誰的自行車?!按蟾攀俏亦従拥陌伞!备鶕?句意“我鄰居的(自行車)”,顯然和所修飾的名詞 bicycle (名省略 了)有邏輯上所屬關系;故選’s結構。因為 bicycle被省略,這時的所有格“neighbour's作表語。[例]“Where is your brother ”“At_________.”A. Mr. Green's B. Mr. GreenC. the Mr. Green's D. the Mr. Green答案是A?!澳阈值茉谀膬?“在格林先生家?!毕喈斢?”At Mr Green's house".注:表示“家”、“店鋪”、“辦公室”等處所時,由“名詞+ ’s”所有格所修飾的名詞 house, shop, office常被省略。又如:at the tailor's (shop)在服裝店, at the doctor's (office) 在醫生的診療所里。13-14“名詞+ ’s所有格的構成方法,有兩種:-s’和 –’;其讀音規則類似于名詞復數詞尾-(e)s的讀音規則。13-15 “of+名詞”的所有格形式主要用于表示無生命名詞的所屬關系(有時也表示一種邏輯上的主謂關系、動賓關系或同位關系);有時也可用于表示有生命名詞的所屬關系(尤其是當名詞較長時)。[例] 改錯: People in different parts in the world learn to understand one another.答案是把“in the world改為“of the world”?!笆澜绺鞯氐娜藗儗W會了彼此互相理解?!贝颂幨潜硭鶎訇P系,要用“of。[例] I only know the girl's' name. I don 't' know______standing by the door.A. the boy's name B. the name of the boyC. the name of the boy's D. the name of the boys答案是B?!拔抑恢滥桥⒌拿?。我不知道站在門口的那男孩的名字?!薄癰oy”雖與“girl”同為表示有生命事物的名詞,但因其后跟有長長的定語 standing by the door,使得整個名詞短語太長了,故不用’s形式,而用of形式。所給A項放入句中的話,“站在門口的”則成了“name,"而不是boy”,邏輯上不合理。13-16 “of+名詞的’s所有格”或“of+名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格。常表“部分”概念(被修飾名詞前通常有表示數量的詞a, two, many等) 或感彩(被修飾名詞前通常有指示代詞 this, that, these, those等)。[例] Miss Smith is a friend of _________.A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's motherC. Mother's of Mary D. Marys Mother's答案是A。“史密斯小姐是瑪麗母親的一位朋友?!备鶕}意,應用名詞雙重所有格表達“部分”概念,即“瑪麗母親的朋友中的一個朋友”。[例] Look at this lovely daughter of my teacher’s.“你看我們老師的這個可愛的女兒。”13-17名詞在句中可充當除謂語動詞以外的各種成分(主、賓、表、定、狀、補、同位語及獨立成分)。[例] The ______ of the cottage were covered with _________.A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leavesC. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves答案是B?!斑@間村舍的屋賓表狀頂蓋滿了樹葉。”名詞“roofs”(是roof的復數)作主語。”leaves”(是leaf的復數)作介詞賓語。名詞 cottage作介詞of 的賓語。[例] He dropped the________ and broke itA. cup of coffee B. coffee's cupC. cup for coffee D. coffee cup答案是D。“他失手掉了咖啡杯,并且打碎了。A意為“這杯咖啡與后半句“打碎了”句意不符; B用了名詞所有格形式 coffe's 表示杯子cup是屬于coffee的,不合適;D coffee中為名詞作定語 修飾cup,表示cup的用途。注:名詞作定語時一般用單數形式,如: two apple trees,兩棵蘋果樹; two shoe shops兩家鞋店, many bus drivers許多汽車司機,等等。但如作定語的名詞,是(wo) man時,則定語與被修飾名詞要單復數一致,如 three men (或women doctors三位男(或女)博士學.[例] He is a students of ________ .A. Class First B. the Class OneC. Class One D. First Class答案是C?!八且话嗟囊粋€學生?!睂S忻~“Class One” 作介詞的賓語;普通名詞 student作表語。[例] But I can't' give these orders, unless you can wait _______.A. some time B. sometimes C. for sometime D. sometime答案是A。“但我現在還不能訂購這些,除非你能等些時候?!盉 為“有時”,不合題意;C、D中的 sometime表示“某時”與句意不符; A表“一段時間”為正確選擇, some time是名詞短語作時間狀語; 名詞 orders是作動詞give的賓語。第13章“名詞”專項能力訓練題1.單項填空:1. Here is my card. Let's keep in ________.A. touch B. relation C. connect D. friend2. I'll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little ________.A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest3. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard ________.A. the best voice B. a good voiceC. the better voice D. a better voice4. The children are playing on the ________ of the beach.A. sand B. sands C. sander D. sandy5. _______will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.A. The Evens B. The Evens'C. The Evenses D. The Evenes'6. Let's stop by the ________ on the way there.A. books store B. book's store C. book store D. store of books7. ----I'd like ________ information about the management of your hotel, please.----Well, you could have ________ word with the manager. He might be helpful.A. some, a B. an, some C. some, some D. an, e8. The number of people invited ______ fifty but a number of them ________absent for different reason.A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were9. They are ______ of different presses. Now they are having a meeting in one of the ______ office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chief'sB. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chief'sC. editors-in-chiefs, editor’s-in-chief'sD. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chief's10. What a lot of ________ I have to finish today!A. works B. work C. job D. workingsⅡ改錯1. We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.2. Modern people know more about the health, have better food and live in cleaner surroundings.3. We have been to Europe many time.4. There are branch library in many villages.5. I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.6. They were eager to know everything about China and also asked me lots of question.7. A journey of a thousand mile must begin with a single step.8. He has lost a lot of weights in the past few years.9. The tree was bursting leaf, fresh and green and lovely.10. Parents should help their children to form good habit. 展開更多...... 收起↑ 資源預覽 縮略圖、資源來源于二一教育資源庫