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(共34張PPT)
第3講　說明文
目 錄 索 引
體裁解讀
技法點(diǎn)撥
01
02
體裁解讀
說明文是對事物的特征、本質(zhì)、性能、狀態(tài)、用途、原理或事物的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)果等進(jìn)行介紹、解釋、說明的一種文體。與記敘文相比,說明文類完形填空多用一般現(xiàn)在時,其語言簡練、平實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確,常采用客觀描述,其主題明確,層次分明。高考說明文類完形填空往往在文章的開頭就點(diǎn)明說明對象,從而為同學(xué)們把握文章主題提供了有利條件。而且,作者借助合理的說明順序展開文章,使文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,層次分明。
解題要領(lǐng) 內(nèi)容解讀
明確說明對象,理清段落關(guān)系 通讀全文,明確作者是針對哪一個說明對象從不同的角度和側(cè)面對其加以說明的。在閱讀過程中要概括、總結(jié)每一段說明的側(cè)重點(diǎn),理清各段之間的關(guān)系,加深對說明對象的理解。
弄清說明順序,把握作者態(tài)度 在說明的過程中作者會選擇合理的說明順序?qū)φf明對象進(jìn)行解說。把握了說明順序就能準(zhǔn)確把握文章的脈絡(luò),加深對整篇文章的理解。常見的說明順序有時間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序(如因果關(guān)系、果因關(guān)系、先主后次等)和認(rèn)識順序(如由此及彼、由淺入深、由局部到整體、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)等)。另外,在理清作者思路的基礎(chǔ)上,還要注意反映作者態(tài)度的關(guān)鍵詞或關(guān)鍵句,把握作者的寫作情感和意圖。
[典型例題](2022全國乙卷改編)
Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them,there’s something highly exciting about 　1　 someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen.
But we witness preschool children are remarkably 　2　 at hiding.They often cover only their eyes with their hands,leaving the rest of their bodies
　3　.
For a long time,this ineffective hiding method was 　4　 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric”(自我中心的) creatures.But our surprising research results in child developmental psychology 　5　 that idea.
We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.Each 　6　 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 　7　. We then asked the child if she could 　8　 or hear the adult.Surprisingly, children replied they couldn’t.
A number of 　9　 ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.The results were clear:Our young subjects 　10　 the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them.Their 　11　 to the questions reflected their true 　12　 that “I can see you only if you can see me,too.” They simply 　13　 mutual(相互的) recognition and regard.Our
　14　 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head,it’s not a result of egocentrism.Actually children consider this method 　15　 when others use it.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要通過實(shí)驗(yàn)證明孩子們玩捉迷藏時,只遮住自己的眼睛并不是“自我中心”的表現(xiàn),而是孩子們堅持相互承認(rèn)和尊重。
1.A.following　　 B.taking
C.escaping D.directing
答案 C
解析 根據(jù)下文“making oneself unable to be seen”可知,此處表示兒童喜歡玩捉迷藏,躲避尋找者的目光。故選C項(xiàng)。
2.A.clever B.bad
C.scared D.quick
答案 B
解析 根據(jù)下文“They often cover only their eyes with their hands,leaving the rest of their bodies 　　　.”可知,他們經(jīng)常只是用手捂住眼睛,而其余身體部分無遮蔽,因此學(xué)齡前兒童不擅長隱藏。be bad at sth表示“不擅長某事”。故選B項(xiàng)。
3.A.exposed B.examined
C.untouched D.imbalanced
答案 A
解析 根據(jù)上文可知,兒童只是用手遮住了眼睛,身體的其余部分無遮蔽,是暴露在外的。故選A項(xiàng)。
4.A.supported B.guaranteed
C.imagined D.interpreted
答案 D
解析 根據(jù)下文“as evidence that children are hopelessly ‘egocentric’(自我中心的) creatures”可知,此處表示這種無效的隱藏方法被解釋為一種證據(jù),證明兒童是以自我為中心的。故選D項(xiàng)。
5.A.explained B.confirmed
C.contradicted D.tested
答案 C
解析 根據(jù)前面的But可知,研究結(jié)果與之前的觀點(diǎn)相矛盾。故選C項(xiàng)。
6.A.parent B.child
C.researcher D.doctor
答案 B
解析 根據(jù)上文“We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知,此處表示每個兒童和一個成年人坐在一起。故選B項(xiàng)。
7.A.feet B.nose
C.hands D.ears
答案 D
解析 根據(jù)下文“or hear the adult”可知,實(shí)驗(yàn)中,兒童被詢問是否能聽到成年人的聲音,所以此處表示成年人遮住了自己的耳朵。故選D項(xiàng)。
8.A.see B.help
C.reach D.fool
答案 A
解析 根據(jù)上文“an adult who covered her own eyes”可知,成年人遮住了自己的眼睛,所以此處兒童被詢問是否能看見成年人。故選A項(xiàng)。
9.A.instructions B.descriptions
C.experiments D.assumptions
答案 C
解析 句意:許多實(shí)驗(yàn)排除了孩子們誤解問題的可能性。experiment實(shí)驗(yàn)。故選C項(xiàng)。
10.A.comprehended B.predicted
C.explored D.ignored
答案 A
解析 根據(jù)下文“and knew exactly what was asked of them”可知,兒童理解了問題,并確切知道自己被問了什么。故選A項(xiàng)。
11.A.responses B.approaches
C.contribution D.sensitivity
答案 A
解析 根據(jù)上文“We then asked the child if she could 　　　or hear the adult. Surprisingly,children replied they couldn’t.”可知,此處表示孩子們對于問題的回答。故選A項(xiàng)。
12.A.ability B.belief
C.identity D.purpose
答案 B
解析 根據(jù)下文“I can see you only if you can see me,too.”可知,此處表示孩子們真正的看法。故選B項(xiàng)。
13.A.hold back B.relate to
C.insist on D.make up
答案 C
解析 根據(jù)上文“I can see you only if you can see me,too.”可知,孩子們的看法體現(xiàn)了他們堅持相互承認(rèn)和尊重。故選C項(xiàng)。
14.A.limitations B.requirements
C.theories D.findings
答案 D
解析 根據(jù)上文“We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”可知,此處指實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究結(jié)果。故選D項(xiàng)。
15.A.tentative B.impressive
C.creative D.effective
答案 D
解析 根據(jù)上文“They simply 　　　mutual(相互的) recognition and regard.”可知,孩子們堅持相互承認(rèn)和尊重,所以當(dāng)其他人使用這種方法時,孩子會認(rèn)為它是有效的。故選D項(xiàng)。
技法點(diǎn)撥
技法1 利用破解長難句解題
[典例]For a long time,this ineffective hiding method was 　4　 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric”(自我中心的) creatures.But our surprising research results in child developmental psychology 5.contradicted that idea.
4.A.supported　　 B.guaranteed
C.imagined D.interpreted
分析
利用破解長難句解題。as evidence that children are hopelessly ‘egocentric’(自我中心的) creatures”中that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句,說明evidence的內(nèi)容,表示這種無效的隱藏方法被解釋為一種證據(jù),證明兒童是以自我為中心的。
[自主解答]　 　
【點(diǎn)撥】說明文完形填空中會出現(xiàn)一些長句或難句,而它們往往會影響一些答案的選擇。這時就要在理解上下文邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上有針對性地對句子結(jié)構(gòu)、句子特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析,準(zhǔn)確理解句意,明確所填選項(xiàng)在句中的語法功能,從而做出正確判斷。
D
[真題體驗(yàn)](2023新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷)
George,the husband,was trying to be calm,but I could tell this was 　48　 for him,having to leave his dog to a 　49　 and trust that everything would
　50　.
48.A.hard　　　　 B.fine
C.common D.lucky
答案 A
解析 本句句式較為復(fù)雜,“but”連接轉(zhuǎn)折并列句,“having to leave...”為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作原因狀語。根據(jù)上文“was trying to be calm”以及下文“having to leave his dog to a 　　　and trust that everything would 　　　”可推知,此處指把狗留給一個陌生人對主人來說很難。故選A項(xiàng)。
49.A.co-worker B.passenger
C.stranger D.neighbor
答案 C
解析 根據(jù)“George,the husband,was trying to be calm,but I could tell this was 　　　for him”可知,此處指把狗留給一個陌生人。故選C項(xiàng)。
50.A.speed up B.work out
C.come back D.take off
答案 B
解析 speed up加速;work out解決;come back回來;take off起飛。根據(jù)上文可知,讓狗的主人George把狗留給一個陌生人并相信一切都會解決好,對他來說很難。故選B項(xiàng)。
技法2 利用首尾呼應(yīng)關(guān)系解題
[典例]We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC...
...Our 　14　 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it’s not a result of egocentrism.
14.A.limitations　　 B.requirements
C.theories D.findings
分析
根據(jù)上文“We brought children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC...”可知,此處指實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究結(jié)果。
[自主解答]　 　
D
【點(diǎn)撥】語篇層次題是完形填空中難度最高的試題,也是學(xué)生的拉分題。此類試題需要閱讀全篇,站在整個語篇的角度才能選出正確答案。
課堂應(yīng)用
(2024河南開封三模)
Money doesn’t grow on trees,as the saying goes,and learning how to spend money wisely is a valuable lesson we should all learn when we are young.In China,a growing number of young individuals are embracing this
　1　 and finding that being frugal(節(jié)儉的) can be both rewarding and 　2　.
Young individuals in China are actively engaging with 　3　 responsibility by sharing their budget-friendly strategies and smart shopping advice across various digital platforms.Known as “koukouzu” or the “Frugal Tribe”,they 　4　 against impulsive(沖動的) spending on luxury brands or frequent 　5　 of trendy bubble tea.They would rather save up for good quality clothes that will last a long time,instead of some cheaply made fast-fashion 　6　.To resist the temptation of impulse buying,some have chosen to
　7　 applications like Taobao and Meituan from their devices.These frugal
　8　 have also banded together to form online communities,with one Douban group boasting a membership of 600,000,where members 　9　 ideas and support each other in their journey towards financial freedom.
Saving cash through the purchase of used goods is a strategy adopted by many who 　10　 that second hand does not always mean second rate.　11　, I once bought a pair of 　12　 worn Crockett Jones shoes,a British brand with a regular price tag of $1,200,for a mere $100.What a 　13　!Moreover, choosing second-hand items supports environmental conservation by giving new life to objects that would otherwise 　14　 in landfills,reducing waste and promoting reuse.
Frugality,　15　 in Chinese culture since Confucius,is a virtue.Yet,the joy of bargain hunting adds a modern twist to this ancient wisdom.
【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇說明文。學(xué)習(xí)如何明智地花錢是我們年輕時都應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的寶貴一課。在中國,越來越多的年輕人正在接受這一原則,并發(fā)現(xiàn)節(jié)儉既有益又令人愉快。
1.A.version　　　 B.restriction
C.principle D.presentation
答案 C
解析 上文“Money doesn’t grow on trees”以及“l(fā)earning how to spend money wisely is a valuable lesson we should all learn when we are young”提到,如何明智地花錢是我們年輕時都應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的寶貴一課,由此可知,此處應(yīng)表示越來越多的年輕人正在接受這一原則。
2.A.available B.enjoyable
C.demanding D.incredible
答案 B
解析 根據(jù)句意以及上文的“can be both rewarding”可知,此處應(yīng)表示節(jié)儉既有益又令人愉快。故選B項(xiàng)。
3.A.invisible B.valuable
C.friendly D.financial
答案 D
解析 根據(jù)上文提到的如何明智地花錢是我們年輕時都應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的寶貴一課,以及下文的“by sharing their budget-friendly strategies”可知,此處應(yīng)表示中國的年輕人應(yīng)該積極承擔(dān)起財務(wù)責(zé)任。
4.A.advocate B.intend
C.indicate D.pretend
答案 A
解析 下文“...against impulsive spending on luxury brands”提到,反對沖動消費(fèi)奢侈品牌,由此可知,此處應(yīng)表示他們并不倡導(dǎo)沖動消費(fèi)。故選A項(xiàng)。
5.A.visits B.creations
C.purchases D.celebrations
答案 C
解析 根據(jù)上文提到的反對沖動消費(fèi)奢侈品牌,以及下文的“trendy bubble tea”可知,此處應(yīng)表示反對頻繁購買時尚的珍珠奶茶。
6.A.items B.shoes
C.pants D.hats
答案 A
解析 上文“They would rather save up for good quality clothes”提到,他們寧愿存錢買經(jīng)久耐用的高質(zhì)量衣服,由此可知,此處應(yīng)表示不愿買廉價的快時尚物品。
7.A.download B.remove
C.advertise D.update
答案 B
解析 上文“To resist the temptation of impulse buying”提到抵制沖動購物的誘惑,再根據(jù)下文的“applications like Taobao and Meituan”可知,此處應(yīng)表示一些人選擇從他們的設(shè)備中刪除淘寶和美團(tuán)等應(yīng)用程序。
8.A.assistants B.operators
C.pessimists D.enthusiasts
答案 D
解析 根據(jù)句意以及下文的“have also banded together to form online communities”可知,此處應(yīng)表示這些節(jié)儉愛好者還聯(lián)合起來組成了網(wǎng)絡(luò)社區(qū)。
9.A.exchange B.perform
C.polish D.presume
答案 A
解析 根據(jù)下文的“and support each other in their journey towards financial freedom”可知,此處應(yīng)表示在那里,成員們在走向財務(wù)自由的道路上交換意見,相互支持。
10.A.mean B.forbid
C.resume D.recognize
答案 D
解析 下文的“that second hand does not always mean second rate”提到,二手不意味著次品,由此可知,此處應(yīng)表示他們認(rèn)識到二手并不總是意味著次品。
11.A.Above all B.For instance
C.In turn D.On average
答案 B
解析 根據(jù)下文“I once bought a pair of 　　　worn Crockett Jones shoes”可知,此處應(yīng)為列舉出的例子。
12.A.barely B.badly
C.deadly D.totally
答案 A
解析 根據(jù)上文提到的他們認(rèn)識到二手并不總是意味著次品,以及下文的“a British brand with a regular price tag of $1,200,for a mere $100”可知,此處應(yīng)表示花了100美元買了一雙幾乎沒有穿過的Crockett Jones鞋,這是一個標(biāo)價1200美元的英國品牌。
13.A.day B.bargain
C.pity D.shame
答案 B
解析 根據(jù)上文“a British brand with a regular price tag of $1,200,for a mere $100”提到,花了100美元買了一雙幾乎沒有穿過的Crockett Jones鞋,這是一個標(biāo)價1200美元的英國品牌。由此可知,此處應(yīng)表示這是非常便宜的商品。
14.A.make up B.turn up
C.bring up D.end up
答案 D
解析 根據(jù)句意以及下文的“in landfills”可知,此處應(yīng)表示它給那些最終會被扔進(jìn)垃圾填埋場的物品賦予了新的生命。
15.A.rooted B.originated
C.lived D.spotted
答案 A
解析 根據(jù)句意以及下文的“in Chinese culture since Confucius”可知,此處應(yīng)表示節(jié)儉是一種美德,自孔子以來就植根于中國文化。

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