資源簡介

虛擬語氣
概念：虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，而不表示客觀存在的事實，所說的是一個條件，不一定是事實，或與事實相反。虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示。
應用條件：在表示虛假的、與事實相反的或難以實現的情況時用虛擬語氣，表示主觀愿望或某種強烈情感時，也用虛擬語氣。即當一個人說話時欲強調其所說的話是基于自己的主觀想法、愿望、假想、猜測、懷疑或建議，而不是根據客觀實際，就用虛擬語氣。
條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣
　　條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實條件句，一類為非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設或實際可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。如：
　　If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快點，他將錯過巴士。（真實）
　　If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空閑的，他會要求我講故事。（真實）
　　If I were you, I would go at once. 如果我是你，我馬上就會去。（我不是你。非真實，虛擬語氣）
If there were no air, people would die. 如果沒有空氣，人就會死亡。（不可能沒有空氣。非真實，虛擬語氣）
動詞形式及用法：
1. 條件句中虛擬語氣的形式
從句中提出一種與客觀現實不相符或根本不可能存在的條件，主句會產生的一種不可能獲得的結果。條件句中的虛擬語氣根據不同的時間有三種不同的形式：
時間 從句謂語形式 主句謂語形式
將來 動詞過去式(be用were) should + 動詞原形 were to + 動詞原形 would/should/might/could+動詞原形
現在 動詞過去式(be用were) would/should/might/could+動詞原形
過去 had +動詞過去分詞 would/should/might/could have+動詞過去分詞
2. 條件句中的虛擬語氣的舉例：
(1) 將來時的條件句中的虛擬語氣，表示對將來情況的主觀推測。如：
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我們就不能去滑冰了。
If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清華大學的話，他就會充分利用他的時間了。
If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要來的話，他會通知我們一聲。
(2) 現在時的條件句中的虛擬語氣，表示與現在事實相反的情況。如：
If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的話，他會幫助我們的。
If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在這所學校學習的話，它會對你很熟悉。
(3) 過去時的條件句中的虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反的情況。如：
If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看過這場電影，我會把電影內容告訴你了。
If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早點到那兒，我就會會到了李先生。
3. 運用條件句中的虛擬語氣時，須注意的幾個問題：
(1) 當從句的主語為第三人稱單數時，謂語動詞若是系動詞be時，可用was代替were。但在倒裝虛擬結構及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：
Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我還年輕十歲的話，我會去國外學習。
If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的話，我要盡力抓住這次機會。
(2) 有時，虛擬條件句中，主、從句的動作若不是同時發生時，須區別對待，虛擬語氣的形式應作相應的調整。這種條件句叫錯綜條件句。
①從句的動作與過去事實相反，而主句的動作與現在或現在正在發生的事實不符。如：
If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在學校學習刻苦的話，我現在也會使工程師了
If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他們通知過我們的話，我們現在就不會來這里了。
②從句的動作與現在事實相反，而主句的動作與過去事實不符。如：
If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的話，我們會已經派他去北京了。
If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他認識她的話，他肯定會去問候她了。
③從句的動作與過去發生的情況相反，而主句的動作與現在正在發生的情況相反。如：
If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊家會長得更好。
If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的話，他現在已進了辦公室了。
(3) 當虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were, should, had時，if可省略，而將were, should, had等詞置于句首。如：
Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答應去的話，我們就派他去。
Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在這兒的話，她會同意我們的。
Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些電腦知識的話，我們會已經聘用他來這里工作了。
(4) 有時，句子沒有直接給出假設情況的條件，而須通過上下文或其他方式來判斷。如：
I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本該來看你了，然而我太忙了。
But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的幫助，我們還會在工作呢。
Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導，我不會取得如此大的進步。
(5) 有時，虛擬條件句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個，來表示說話人的一種強烈的感情。
①省略從句
He would have finished it. 他本該完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你應該會通過這次考試了。
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我現在在家里該多好啊。
If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了該多好啊。

其他狀語從句的虛擬語氣
1. 目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引導的目的狀語從句中，若用虛擬語氣時，從句謂語為： should + 動詞原形，并且 should不能省略。
She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進入。
He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出發了以防遲到。
(2) 在so that, in order that所引導的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為： can/may/could/might/will/would/should+動詞原形。如：
He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近說話的人以便能挺得更清楚。
He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信讀得很仔細以便不漏掉一個單詞。
2. 讓步狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
(1) 在even if, even though 所引導的讓步狀語從句中，可用虛擬語氣，主句、從句的結構與if所引導的條件從句結構相同。如：
Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦。
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使華佗在世也救不了他。
(2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh-word 等引導的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結構為：
① may +動詞原形(指現在或將來)。如：
We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管發生什么事，我們都要按時完成。
We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他來的多么晚，我都會等他。
② may +完成式(指過去) ，主句結構不限。如：
You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進步，你也不能驕傲。
We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻過什么錯誤，我們必須尊敬他。
(3) 在though, although等引導的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結構為 should+動詞原形，主句結構不限。如：
Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 盡管他經常遲到，他還是個好學生。
Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 盡管他是書記，他也必須遵守規定。
3. 方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
as if, as though引導的方式狀語從句常用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的結構為：
表示所發生的時間 虛擬語氣結構
發生在主句動作之前 had + 過去分詞
與主句動作同時發生 過去時(be 用were )
發生在主句動作之后 would / could / might / should+原形動詞
例如：
They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他們開始熱烈的談論起來就好像他們已相互認識很久了。
He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽兩聲就好像有人要來了。
4. 原因狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為：
① should + 原形動詞(指現在或將來)。如：
He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生氣，你竟然對他直呼其名。
I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很驚訝他竟答不出如此簡單的問題。
② should + 完成式, 指過去。如：
I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遺憾，你這次考試竟然失敗了。
I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃驚，父親竟指導我昨天所作的事情。
賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
1. 英語中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(堅決要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建議) 等表示請求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動詞所接的賓語從句一般用虛擬語氣，即歸納為“一個堅持(insist)、兩個命令(order, command)、三個建議(advise, suggest, propose)、四個要求(demand, require, request, ask)”，其虛擬語氣的結構為：(should) + 原形動詞。如：
The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老師勸我們要好好地利用在這兒的每一分鐘。
The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 黨要求我們要全心全意地為人民服務。
【注】當insist的意思為：堅決認為，堅持說；suggest的意思為：表明，暗含，暗示等時，賓語從句一般不用虛擬語氣。如：
Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. 湯姆堅持說他沒有偷那塊手表。
His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考試中成功了。
2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等動詞的否定句或疑問句中的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為： should + 原形動詞。如：
Can you believe that he should kill a tiger 你能相信他竟殺死了一只老虎？
Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest 你能想象得到他在跳遠比賽中竟獲得了第一名？
3. 英語中，wish之后的賓語從句，表示一種沒有實現或根本不可能實現的愿望，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為：
表示所發生的時間 虛擬語氣結構
發生在主句動作之前 (1)had + 過去分詞； (2)would / could / might / should + have + 過去分詞
與主句動作同時發生 過去時(be 用were )
發生在主句動作之后 would / could / might / should + 原形動詞
例如：
I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已學好了英語。
I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他們一起在那兒。
He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我們能去跟他做游戲。
4. 英語中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為：
表示所發生的時間 虛擬語氣結構
過去 had + 過去分詞；
現在 過去時(be 用were )
將來 過去時(be 用were )
例如：
I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。
I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你現在在這兒。
We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那兒。
主語從句中的虛擬語氣
在表達驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應如此等意義的主語從句中常使用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語其的結構為： should + 動詞原形，主句中的謂語動詞形式不限。
句型：
(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural …that…
(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder…. that…
(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /…. that …
(4) It worries me that…
如：
It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我們先把功課學好很重要。
It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟沒有來。
It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遺憾我們昨天晚上沒有見過面。
It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我們竟要受責備真讓人煩惱。
表語從句及同位語從句中虛擬語氣
英語中，表示請求、要求、命令、建議等名詞advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充當句子的主語而后面接表語從句或它們后面接同位語時，表語及同位語從句都須用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為：(should) + 動詞原形。如：
We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我們接受了他的建議：我們應該請求老師的幫助。
He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告訴了我們他的想法：他想上大學。
His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建議就是我們的工作要更細心些。
Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他們的計劃就是在家鄉建一座新工廠。
定語從句中的虛擬語氣
英語中，表示：“早該做某事了”時，定語從句中的謂語動詞須用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結構為：It is (high / about) time that + 主語+ 動詞的過去式/ should + 動詞原形。如：
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我該去學校接我的女兒了。
It is high time you should go to work. 你早該上班了。
簡單句中的虛擬語氣
1. 說話時，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語常使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構形式常為：would / could / might / should + 原形動詞。如：
Would you mind my shutting the door 我把門關起來你介意嗎？
You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把這個教訓牢記于心。
I should agree with you. 我應該同意你的觀點。
2. 表示“祝愿”時，常用“may + 主語 + 動詞原形 + 其他”。如：
May you have a good journey! 祝你一路順風。
May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永駐。
3. 表示強烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”時，常用動詞原形。如：
Long live the Communist Party of China. 中國共產黨萬歲。
God bless us. 上帝保佑。
4. 習慣表達中常用的虛擬語氣。
(1) 提出請求或邀請。如：
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening 今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎？
Could I use your bike now 我可以用一下你的單車嗎？
(2) 陳述自己的觀點或看法。如：
I should glad to meet you. 見到你我會很高興。
I would try my best to help you. 我會盡力幫助你。
(3) 提出勸告或建議。如：
You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先問一問你的父親。
You should make a full investigation of it first. 你應該先全面調查一番。
(4) 提出問題。如：
Do you think he could get here on time 你認為他能按時來嗎？
Do you expect he would tell us the truth 你期望他會告訴我們真相嗎？
(5) 表示對過去情況的責備時，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為：“情態動詞 + have + 過去分詞”。如：
You should have got here earlier. 你應該早就到這里了。
You should have returned it to him. 你應該把他還給他了。
虛擬語氣典型考題
1. “I still haven’t thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.” “It’s time you _____.”
A. Do B. did C. had D. would
2. “I’ve told everyone about it.” “Oh, I’d rather you _____.”
A. Don’t B. hadn’t C. couldn’t D. wouldn’t
3. It has been raining for a day, but even though it hadn’t rained, we _____ there by tomorrow.
A. can’t get B. won’t get C. hadn’t got D. wouldn’t get
4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she _____ something she would regret later.
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _____ badly wounded and that he _____ at once.
A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be operated on
C. was; should be operated D. was; be operated on
6. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing
7. –Why didn’t you go to yesterday’s meeting
–I would have but I _____ too busy working on the important experiment.
A. had been B. was C. were D. am
8. –Don’t you think it necessary that he _____ to Miami but to New York
– I agree, but the problem is _____ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
9. The workers will go on strike if the demands they _____ put forward are turned down.
A. could B. would C. 不填 D. had
10. _____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
答案與解析:
1. B。It’s time you did 為 It’s time you thanked Aunt Lucy for her present 之略。按照英語語法，it’s time 后從句通常要用過去式。
2. B。I’d rather 后接從句時，從句謂語的時態規律是：用過去式表示現在或將來，用過去完成式表示過去。
3. A。we can’t get there by tomorrow 為客觀事實，故宜用陳述語氣。
4. D。otherwise 在此相當于 if she had not walked away from the discussion，即暗示一個與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句。
5. D。insisted 接第一個賓語從句，表示“堅持認為(是怎么回事)”，用陳述語氣；接第二個賓語從句，表示“堅決要求(做某事)”，用虛擬語氣。
6. B。根據上文的語境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個虛擬的條件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article（要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過這篇文章的話——但事實上忘了）。
7. B。易受前面虛擬語氣的影響而誤選A。實際上前面虛擬語氣的答語采用了省略形式。可補充為：I would have gone to yesterday’s meeting if I hadn’t been too busy. 所以be too busy是過去的一種實際情況，并不是虛擬的情況。故填空處用陳述語氣。
8. B。因為necessary后的從句要用“(should+)動詞原形”，排除選項A; 因he與send是被動關系，send要用被動式，排除選項D; 答句中的表語從句中不缺任何句子成分，用that。值得說明的是，refuse to后省略了be sent to New York。
9. C。they put forward為修飾名詞demands的定語從句，按英語語法，當demand用作動詞后接賓語從句，或用作名詞后接定語從句或同位語從句時，從句謂語習慣上要用should+動詞原形這樣的虛擬語氣，其中的should可以省略。
10. B。Should you be fired是由If you should be fired變來的，又如：Should you require (=If you should require) anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以給我打電話。

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