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Unit 1 被動語態(Passive Voice) 語法講義
2024-2025學年人教版高二英語選擇性必修第四冊
英語24字整體教學 整體掌握 教師版 7-1-3
目 錄
被動語態(Passive Voice)
思維導圖 整體掌握
語法精講 規律探析
基礎鞏固 透析語法
能力提升 突破考點
被動語態(Passive Voice)
思維導圖 整體掌握
語法精講 規律探析
被動語態的概念
英語動詞有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示句子主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示句子主語是動作的承受者。被動語態的句子謂語動詞的形式是“be＋動詞的過去分詞”。一般來講，只有及物動詞才有被動語態。有時被動語態中動作的執行者用by短語表示出來。
被動語態的用法
1. 不知道或沒必要指出動作的執行者時。
The meeting has been put off for some reason.
會議已因故被推遲了。
2. 強調動作的承受者時，需要說出動作的執行者，用by短語表示出來。
A special class to help poor readers was set up by an expert in the school.
學校的一位專家開辦了一個幫助閱讀困難者的特色班。
各種時態的被動語態
1. These electric devices are examined and fixed on a monthly basis.
這些電器每月都被檢修。
2. The science fiction was published in 2016.
這部科幻小說于2016年出版。
3. The new type of robot will be tested out by some restaurants near the company.
這種新型機器人將會被公司附近的一些餐館測試。
4. Many animals are being killed and their habitats are being damaged.
許多動物正在被殺害，而且它們的棲息地正在遭到破壞。
5. When I arrived at the garage，my car was still being repaired.
當我到達修理廠的時候，我的汽車仍在修理中。
6. The manager said Tom would be dismissed.
經理說湯姆會被解雇。
7. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973.
這本書自1973年上市以來已被譯成30種語言。
8. The chairwoman said she had been invited to the party.
女主席說她已經受邀參加晚會了。
9. The project will have been finished by the end of next month.
到下個月末，這項工程將被完成。
[總結]
時態 被動語態的構成
一般現在時 be(am/is/are) done
一般過去時 be(was/were) done
一般將來時 shall/will be done
現在進行時 be(am/is/are) being done
過去進行時 be(was/were) being done
過去將來時 should/would be done
現在完成時 have/has been done
過去完成時 had been done
將來完成時 will have been done
　【即學活用】
(1)My English name is Walter. It ___________________________ when I was at the university.
我的英文名是Walter, 它是我上大學時我的英語教授取的。
(2)Her money ___________________________ and her patience is also running out.
她的錢已經用完了, 她的耐心也要耗盡了。
(3)___________________________ by the moving movie.
我被這部感人的電影弄哭了。
【答案】
was given by my English professor
has been run out of
I was made to cry
各種時態的被動語態的特殊情況
1. 否定詞not的位置：在第一個助動詞或情態動詞之后。
The boy breathed a sigh of relief when hearing that he wouldn’t be dismissed.
當聽說他不會被開除時，這個男孩松了口氣。
2. 主動句的謂語動詞帶有復合賓語時，變被動句時應將賓語變成被動句的主語，而將賓語補足語保留不動(這時的賓語補足語變為主語補足語)。
(1)We saw him sitting there without doing anything.
→He was seen sitting there without doing anything by us.
我們看見他坐在那兒，什么也沒做。
(2)His words made me throw up.
→I was made to throw up by his words.
他的話令我作嘔。
[名師點津]　在主動語態中，make，hear，see等詞后接不定式作賓補時要省略to，但轉換為被動語態時，則不能省略to。
3. 帶雙賓語的動詞作謂語的主動句轉換為被動句時，可將表示物的(直接)賓語變為主語，用for或to引出表示人的(間接)賓語，或將表示人的(間接)賓語變為主語。
My father is telling me an interesting story now.
→An interesting story is being told to me by my father now.
→I’m being told an interesting story by my father now.
爸爸正在給我講一個有趣的故事。
4. 動詞短語是一個整體，在主動語態或被動語態中都不可去掉后面的介詞或副詞。
Kids in the kindergarten are being taken good care of. 幼兒園的孩子們被照顧得很好。
5. 主動形式表示被動意義
(1)連系動詞(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，appear，prove等)后接表語時，一般用主動形式表示被動意義。
The idea sounds great.
這個主意聽起來棒極了。
The popcorn they made looked wonderful and tasted delicious.
他們做的爆米花看起來棒極了，吃起來也很美味。
(2)當wash，write，sell，open，close，shut，lock，cook等不及物動詞后加副詞(easily，well等)時，通常用主動形式表示被動意義。
This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long.
這種布料很容易洗，并且耐穿。
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.
父親給我作為生日禮物的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。
(3)need，want，require，deserve等＋doing用主動形式表示被動意義。
His hair needs cutting.
→His hair needs to be cut.
他的頭發需要剪了。
(4)be worth doing→be worthy to be done主動形式表示被動意義。
The novel is worth reading again.
→The novel is worthy to be read again.
這部小說值得再讀一次。
動詞不定式的被動語態
1. I am very happy to be thus praised.
受到如此褒獎我非常高興。
The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the library.
這些雜志不允許帶出圖書館。
The room seems to have been broken into.
似乎有人闖進過這個房間。
I am proud to have been admitted to Peking University.
我很自豪已被北京大學錄取。
[總結]　動詞不定式的被動語態由“to＋be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構成，當動詞不定式所表示的動作與其邏輯主語之間是被動關系時，要用動詞不定式的被動式。動詞不定式的被動式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式(to have been done)。
2. 動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義的情況
情況 例句
sb. have sth. to do/There be sth. to do 句型中 Before the end of the meeting，I have something important to declare. 會議結束之前，我有很重要的事情要宣布。 There is so much homework to do every day，which almost drives me mad. 每天有那么多家庭作業要做，這幾乎讓我發瘋。
動詞不定式跟在性質形容詞(difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，good等)后，與句子主語之間構成邏輯上的動賓關系時(構成sb. /sth. be＋adj. ＋to do) Our headmaster looks hard to get close to，but in fact he is easy to get along with. 我們校長看起來很難接近，但實際上他很容易相處。
動詞不定式與疑問詞連用時 With so many books at hand，Tom had no idea which to read first. 手頭有那么多的書，湯姆不知道先讀哪一本。
被動語態和過去分詞作表語
1. 意義差別
The window is broken. 窗子破了。
The window is broken by him. 窗子被他打破了。
[總結]　被動語態強調動作；過去分詞作表語描寫人或事物的特征及狀態。
2. 用法差別
He was very interested in science. (系表結構)
他對科學非常有興趣。
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do. (被動語態)
我被那種場面搞得大吃一驚，不知所措。
[總結]　過去分詞作表語時接近形容詞的特征，可以被 so，very，too等程度副詞修飾，而被動語態則不能用so，very，too修飾，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修飾。
　【即學活用】語法填空
(1)I was pleased __________ (hear)you’ve been promoted.
(2)He was pleased __________ his teacher’s praise.
(3)I was quite surprised __________ the significance of the findings.
(4)Everyone was surprised __________ the speed with which the dispute was settled.
【答案】
to hear
by
with
by
VII. 常見主動表被動的情況
1. 有些動詞(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主動形式表被動。如:
*This pen writes smoothly.
這支鋼筆寫起來很流暢。
*This car sells well.
這車很暢銷。
2. 在某些形容詞(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主動形式表被動。如:
*English is easy to learn.
英語很容易學。
*The box is heavy to carry.
這箱子重得搬不動。
3. “半系動詞+形容詞”結構, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。如:
*The food in this restaurant tastes good.
這家餐館的飯菜味道很好。
*The news turned out (to be) true.
這消息原來是真的。
4. need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接動詞的-ing形式, 主動表被動。
*The novel is worth reading. 這本小說值得一讀。
*The old house requires repairing. 這所舊房子需要修理。
　【即學活用】語法填空
(1)This kind of knife __________ (cut)well.
(2)Your writing is really difficult __________(read).
(3)That __________ (sound)great. Deal me in!
(4)All the old carpets need __________ (replace).
【答案】
cuts
to read
sounds
replacing /to be replaced
VIII. 有些及物動詞或短語不用于被動語態。如: fit, have, marry, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
　【即學活用】完成句子
(1)A person who is truly honest ________________ a straight arrow.
直言不諱的人才是真正誠實的人。
(2)You ________________ a lot of strange questions by them.
他們將問你許多怪題。
(3)By last December three ships ________________ by them.
到去年年底他們已建造了三艘船。
(4)I have some clothes ________________.
我有一些衣服要洗。
(5)Your idea ________________ wrong.
你的想法證實是錯的。
(6)The book ________________ quickly.
書銷售得快。
(7)Will more gas ________________
需要更多的煤氣嗎
(8)The music isn’t pleasant ________________.
這音樂不好聽。
【答案】
is called
will be asked
had been built
to wash
proved to be
sells
be needed
to listen to
基礎鞏固 透析語法
Ⅰ. 用所給詞的適當形式填空
1. They are going ________________(send)to work in Tibet for two years.
2. —Do you have any problems if you ________________(offer)this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary.
3. Though we don’t know what was being discussed, yet we can feel the topic ________________(change).
4. Much progress ________________(make)in China with the help of the people’s hard work.
5. Nowadays, more new technologies ________________(apply)in the field of IT.
6. The shop assistant was dismissed as she ________________(accuse)of cheating customers.
7. You are not allowed to go into the meeting room. A secret plan ________________(discuss)there.
8. The surface of this table feels so smooth. I think it is well worth ________________(buy).
9. The manager was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ________________(book).
10. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________________(decide).
【答案】
to be sent
are offered
has been changed
is being made
are being applied
was accused
is being discussed
buying
had been booked
has been decided
Ⅱ. 將下列句子改寫為被動語態
1. We have studied English for 3 years at the spare-time school.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
3. They have warned us to be careful of rats.
→_________________________________________________________________________________
4. We must keep this in mind.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. We shall not use the washing machine again.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. He showed me a ticket.
→______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. The nurse is taking care of the sick people.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
English has been studied by us for 3 years at the spare-time school.
100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.
We have been warned to be careful of rats by them.
This must be kept in mind.
The washing machine will not be used again.
My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
A ticket was shown to me by him；I was shown a ticket by him.
The sick people are being taken care of by the nurse.
III. 請用被動語態介紹你喜歡的一部科幻小說。
1. 《弗蘭肯斯坦》(Frankenstein)是瑪麗·雪萊(Marry Shelley)寫的一篇科幻小說。
2. 這本小說被認為是英國文學史上最早的科幻小說之一。
3. 這本小說出版后, 受到廣泛關注。
4. 小說的故事基于科學、想象和自身經歷。
5. 這本小說已被翻譯成多種語言。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Frankenstein is a science fiction which was written by Marry Shelley. It is regarded as one of the earliest science fictions in English literature. After the novel was published, it drew wide attention. The story of the novel is based on science, imagination and personal experiences. The novel has been translated into many languages.
IV. 完成下列語段，盡可能多地使用被動語態
The Wandering Earth is a science fiction which 1. ___________________________(劉慈欣所寫). It 2. ___________________________(被認為是) one of the best science fiction stories. After the novel 3. ___________________________(被出版)，it drew wide attention. The story of the novel 4. ___________________________(基于科學)，imagination and personal experience. The novel 5. ___________________________(已被翻譯成許多語言). Now it 6. ___________________________(正被全世界的人們閱讀) and it 7. ___________________________(將被未來的幾代人珍惜).
【答案】
is written by Liu Cixin
is considered as
was published
is based on science
has been translated into many languages
is being read by people all over the world
will be treasured by future generations
能力提升 突破考點
Ⅰ. 句型轉換(變為被動語態)
1. We plant many trees every year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
2. We planted many trees in the northwest of China last year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
3. We will plant more trees there to improve the environment.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Cellphone games are damaging people’s eyesight.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Yesterday when I entered my son’s bedroom，he was playing a cellphone game.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Mr Xu had translated many poems into English by 2000.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Many young translators have translated pop songs into English in recent years.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
8. She said that she would finish the task in a day or two.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
Many trees are planted by us every year.
Many trees were planted by us in the northwest of China last year.
More trees will be planted by us there to improve the environment.
People’s eyesight is being damaged by cellphone games.
Yesterday when I entered my son’s bedroom，a cellphone game was being played by him.
Many poems had been translated into English by Mr Xu by 2000.
Pop songs have been translated into English by many young translators in recent years.
She said that the task would be finished in a day or two.
Ⅱ. 語法填空
In Alaska，the wolf almost 1. _______________(disappear) a few years ago，because hunters 2. _______________(kill) hundreds of them for sport. However，laws 3. _______________(establish) to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who caught the animals for their fur. So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they 4. _______________(destroy) their own food supply.
A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family. People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals 5. _______________(destroy) by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life. When the deer can’t find enough food，they 6. _______________(die).
If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(獵物) 7. _______________(disappear) some day. And the wolves will，too. So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology. If we 8. _______________(kill) more wolves，we would save them and protect their prey from dying out. We’d also save some farm animals.
In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem. They 9. _______________(belief) it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there 10. _______________(be) a small wolf population.
【答案】
disappeared
killed
were established
are destroying
have been destroyed
(will) die
will disappear
killed
believe
is
Ⅲ. 閱讀理解
(2022·河南焦作高二期末)
We’ve had weather forecasts for years. Forecasting our near-term health is far harder. Yet knowing early that we may be coming down with the flu could be greatly helpful. Wearable technology，such as smart watches，is beginning to provide just such early warnings.
A research team asked 49 volunteers to wear wristbands with sensors before and after they received a cold or flu virus. At least once per second，their wristbands recorded heart rates，body movements，skin temperatures and more. In nine out of every ten participants，these data showed signs of developing illness at least a day before symptoms(癥狀) appeared.
This early warning can help stop infections(傳染) in the beginning. It may head off serious symptoms that otherwise would send weak people into hospital，allowing them to get some rest，reduce their stress and perhaps take drugs. And knowing you’re sick before you have symptoms can warn you to lay low so you can reduce the chance of spreading your disease.
However，these systems aren’t yet ready for the real world. One challenge is that many viral infections have similar symptoms. In fact，many things other than viruses cause the same symptoms. Examples include food poisoning，asthma or seasonal allergies. Similarly，heart rates respond to things that have nothing to do with infections，such as exercise and scary movies. What’s more，in real life，we don’t know who was exposed to some virus and when，so that post-exposure time window won’t be known. Potentially infected people might be those whose data go beyond a certain value in any two-hour window. But the team has not yet tested how well the prediction model would work in this setting.
The study sounds exciting，but much work is left to do. Future systems will likely include other types of bodily changes that pinpoint developing illness. And researchers will be fine-tuning(微調) those systems by analyzing how well they predict effects in thousands of people.
1. What is wearable technology used for in the research
A. Confirming positions.
B. Predicting diseases.
C. Forecasting weather.
D. Refreshing the volunteers.
答案　B
解析　推理判斷題。根據第一段最后一句、第二段第一句和最后一句可知，可穿戴技術在研究中被用來預測疾病。故選B。
2. How does early warning benefit weak people
A. It greatly improves their physical condition.
B. It protects them from virus infections.
C. It reminds them to treat diseased earlier.
D. It can completely stop virus from spreading.
答案　C
解析　推理判斷題。根據第三段可知，這種早期預警可以阻止嚴重的癥狀，在出現癥狀之前就知道自己生病了，可以提醒他們早治療，多休息，減少病毒的傳播，故選C。
3. What is Paragraph 4 mainly talking about
A. The various responses to the warning systems.
B. The similar symptoms for viral infections.
C. The main purposes of the prediction model.
D. The limitations of the early warning systems.
答案　D
解析　段落大意題。根據第四段第一二句(然而，這些系統還沒有準備好進入現實世界。其中一個挑戰是，許多病毒感染都有類似的癥狀。)和第六七句(更重要的是，在現實生活中，我們不知道誰接觸了某些病毒以及什么時候接觸的，所以接觸后的時間窗口不會被知道。潛在的感染者可能是那些在任何兩小時窗口期內數據超過一定值的人。)可知，本段主要講述早期預警系統的局限性。故選D。
4. What does the underlined word “pinpoint” in the last paragraph mean
A. Show. B. Cure.
C. Research. D. Cause.
答案　A
解析　詞義猜測題。根據最后一段最后一句可知，這些系統可以預測結果，結合上文“these data showed signs of developing illness at least a day before symptoms”說明系統顯示患病跡象，因此推斷畫線句句意為：未來的系統可能會包括其他類型的顯示患病的身體變化。故畫線詞意為“顯示”。故選A。
Ⅳ. 完形填空
Randy happened to be watching the news on TV months ago. The reporter was interviewing a man，whose 1 appeared on the screen. Randy noticed they 2 the same last name Waites—a rather unusual one.
Randy found that 3 ，wondering if there could be any 4 . When Randy’s daughter took a closer look，she 5 a likeness between them. She did some sleuthing(調查) online and 6 Randy and Eddie have the same biological father!
It wasn’t long before Randy 7 Eddie，who lived over 500 kilometers away. Eddie was 8 that the unlikely story was true the moment he saw Randy’s pictures，noticing how much Randy looked like their father.
Randy never knew his father，who 9 his mother and him when he was a baby. Eddie，however，was 10 by his dad and enjoyed a great relationship with him. That fact could have caused problems for the two long lost brothers，but it did not! They reunited after 50 years of 11 .
Eddie 12 to Randy on behalf of their dead father，but Randy held no resentment(怨恨). He said，“I don’t 13 anyone. Eddie and I are both extremely grateful to have made this unexpected 14 and to have the years ahead to be brothers！” The two brothers have really provided a beautiful example of love and 15 for us.
語篇解讀　這是一篇記敘文。兩個同父異母的人偶然通過電視聯系到彼此，并互相接納成為好兄弟。
1. A. face B. family
C. name D. profession
答案　C
解析　face面部；family家庭；name名字；profession職業。根據后文“the same last name Waites”可知，此處是名字出現在了屏幕上。故選C。
2. A. mentioned B. offered
C. confirmed D. shared
答案　D
解析　mention提到；offer提供；confirm確定；share分享。根據空后“the same last name Waites”可知，他們的姓氏一樣，即共用一個姓氏。故選D。
3. A. curious B. familiar
C. natural D. complicated
答案　A
解析　curious稀奇的；familiar熟悉的；natural自然的； complicated復雜的。蘭迪在電視上看到一個陌生人與自己有相同的稀有姓氏，對此感到很好奇。故選A。
4. A. difference B. connection
C. alternative D. explanation
答案　B
解析　difference不同；connection聯系；alternative選擇；explanation解釋。根據上文的“the same last name Waites—a rather unusual one”可知，這個姓氏很少見，因此蘭迪想知道他們之間是否有什么聯系。故選B。
5. A. treasured B. suspected
C. detected D. appreciated
答案　B
解析　treasure珍愛；suspect懷疑；detect查明；appreciate欣賞。根據后文“She did some sleuthing (調查) online”可知，女兒是懷疑兩個人有相似之處，然后調查證實。故選B。
6. A. imagined B. determined
C. recalled D. responded
答案　B
解析　imagine想象；determine決定，查明；recall回想起；respond回應。由上文“She did some sleuthing (調查) online” 可知，此處指在網上查明了他們的關系。故選B。
7. A. made friends with B. took pity on
C. caught sight of D. reached out to
答案　D
解析　make friends with與……交朋友；take pity on同情；catch sight of看到；reach out to聯系，接觸。后文說到兩人相見，可知此處是指蘭迪聯系了埃迪。故選D。
8. A. proud B. convinced
C. upset D. concerned
答案　B
解析　proud驕傲的；convinced確信的；upset失望的；concerned擔憂的。后文說蘭迪長得很像他們的父親，所以此處埃迪相信了這個故事是真的。故選B。
9. A. left B. contacted
C. informed D. ignored
答案　A
解析　leave離開；contact聯系；inform通知；ignore忽略。蘭迪從不認識他的父親，可知是父親從小就離開了蘭迪和母親。故選A。
10. A. raised B. adopted
C. influenced D. comforted
答案　A
解析　raise舉起，撫養；adopt收養；influence影響；comfort使舒適。因為埃迪跟著父親，因此是被父親養大的。故選A。
11. A. absence B. separation
C. adventure D. expectation
答案　B
解析　absence缺席；separation分開；adventure冒險；expectation期待。根據前文reunited可知，是分開后重聚。故選B。
12. A. talked B. admitted
C. apologized D. promised
答案　C
解析　talk談論；admit承認；apologize道歉；promise承諾。根據后文的“resentment(怨恨)”可知，埃迪怕蘭迪怨恨父親而道歉。故選C。
13. A. trust B. blame
C. forgive D. punish
答案　B
解析　trust信任；blame責怪；forgive原諒；punish懲罰。前文說蘭迪不怨恨，所以這里是不責怪任何人。故選B。
14. A. discovery B. encounter
C. achievement D. comparison
答案　B
解析　discovery發現；encounter遇見；achievement成就；comparison比較。兩兄弟多年后聯系到彼此，是一場相遇。故選B。
15. A. responsibility B. cooperation
C. acceptance D. sympathy
答案　C
解析　responsibility責任；cooperation合作；acceptance接受；sympathy同情。兩兄弟多年之后互相聯系，這是一種接納。故選C。
Ⅴ. 語法填空
(2022·河南許昌高二期末質檢)
Would you like to be able to see in the dark？One day this might be possible. So far，scientists 1. (perform) experiments on mice. They have given them the ability to see near-infrared(近紅外的)light，2. is a kind of light wave mice and humans cannot 3. (common) see. Research teams changed the vision(視力) of the test mice. They injected(注射) special nanoparticles into their eyes. These tiny particles(微粒) let the mice see 4. (well) in the dark than before. The effect of the injections lasted for around ten weeks. The scientists said it would not do harm 5. the eyesight of the mice and the eyes did not suffer from any 6. __________ (harm) side effects.
The research is now published，and the researchers say they hope the same tests could 7. _______ (do) with humans. A researcher explained 8. he hopes for the future. He said，“Human beings have been trying to develop new technology to enable abilities that are beyond our natural abilities. ”He said future tests could let humans see 9. (thing) in the dark that they cannot see now. And this technology wouldn’t require a person 10. (wear) heavy equipment，such as night-vision goggles.
語篇解讀　這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一項能讓人們在黑暗中也能看清東西的技術，該技術現在已經在小白鼠身上被證明是可行的。
1. 答案　have performed
解析　考查時態。空處為句子謂語動詞，結合語境和時間狀語so far判斷為現在完成時，主語scientists是復數，助動詞用have。故填have performed。
2. 答案　which
解析　考查定語從句。空處引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞light，指物，在從句中作主語，應用關系代詞which。
3. 答案　commonly
解析　考查副詞。修飾動詞see應用副詞。
4. 答案　better
解析　考查副詞比較級。根據介詞than可知，空處應用副詞well的比較級better修飾動詞see。
5. 答案　to
解析　考查介詞。結合句意表達“對……有害”用do harm to。
6. 答案　harmful
解析　考查形容詞。修飾名詞詞組side effects應用形容詞。
7. 答案　be done
解析　考查被動語態。主語tests和do之間為被動關系，且位于情態動詞could之后，應用be done表被動。
8. 答案　what
解析　考查賓語從句。空處引導賓語從句，從句缺少賓語，且指代事物，應用連接代詞what。
9. 答案　things
解析　考查名詞的數。thing“事物”為可數名詞，結合語境可知，看到的事物不止一個，應用復數形式。
10. 答案　to wear
解析　考查固定短語。結合句意表達“要求某人做某事”為require sb. to do sth. ，不定式作賓補。Unit 1 被動語態(Passive Voice) 語法講義
2024-2025學年人教版高二英語選擇性必修第四冊
英語24字整體教學 整體掌握 學生版 7-1-3
目 錄
被動語態(Passive Voice)
思維導圖 整體掌握
語法精講 規律探析
基礎鞏固 透析語法
能力提升 突破考點
被動語態(Passive Voice)
思維導圖 整體掌握
語法精講 規律探析
被動語態的概念
英語動詞有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示句子主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示句子主語是動作的承受者。被動語態的句子謂語動詞的形式是“be＋動詞的過去分詞”。一般來講，只有及物動詞才有被動語態。有時被動語態中動作的執行者用by短語表示出來。
被動語態的用法
1. 不知道或沒必要指出動作的執行者時。
The meeting has been put off for some reason.
會議已因故被推遲了。
2. 強調動作的承受者時，需要說出動作的執行者，用by短語表示出來。
A special class to help poor readers was set up by an expert in the school.
學校的一位專家開辦了一個幫助閱讀困難者的特色班。
各種時態的被動語態
1. These electric devices are examined and fixed on a monthly basis.
這些電器每月都被檢修。
2. The science fiction was published in 2016.
這部科幻小說于2016年出版。
3. The new type of robot will be tested out by some restaurants near the company.
這種新型機器人將會被公司附近的一些餐館測試。
4. Many animals are being killed and their habitats are being damaged.
許多動物正在被殺害，而且它們的棲息地正在遭到破壞。
5. When I arrived at the garage，my car was still being repaired.
當我到達修理廠的時候，我的汽車仍在修理中。
6. The manager said Tom would be dismissed.
經理說湯姆會被解雇。
7. The book has been translated into thirty languages since it came on the market in 1973.
這本書自1973年上市以來已被譯成30種語言。
8. The chairwoman said she had been invited to the party.
女主席說她已經受邀參加晚會了。
9. The project will have been finished by the end of next month.
到下個月末，這項工程將被完成。
[總結]
時態 被動語態的構成
一般現在時 be(am/is/are) done
一般過去時 be(was/were) done
一般將來時 shall/will be done
現在進行時 be(am/is/are) being done
過去進行時 be(was/were) being done
過去將來時 should/would be done
現在完成時 have/has been done
過去完成時 had been done
將來完成時 will have been done
　【即學活用】
(1)My English name is Walter. It ___________________________ when I was at the university.
我的英文名是Walter, 它是我上大學時我的英語教授取的。
(2)Her money ___________________________ and her patience is also running out.
她的錢已經用完了, 她的耐心也要耗盡了。
(3)___________________________ by the moving movie.
我被這部感人的電影弄哭了。
各種時態的被動語態的特殊情況
1. 否定詞not的位置：在第一個助動詞或情態動詞之后。
The boy breathed a sigh of relief when hearing that he wouldn’t be dismissed.
當聽說他不會被開除時，這個男孩松了口氣。
2. 主動句的謂語動詞帶有復合賓語時，變被動句時應將賓語變成被動句的主語，而將賓語補足語保留不動(這時的賓語補足語變為主語補足語)。
(1)We saw him sitting there without doing anything.
→He was seen sitting there without doing anything by us.
我們看見他坐在那兒，什么也沒做。
(2)His words made me throw up.
→I was made to throw up by his words.
他的話令我作嘔。
[名師點津]　在主動語態中，make，hear，see等詞后接不定式作賓補時要省略to，但轉換為被動語態時，則不能省略to。
3. 帶雙賓語的動詞作謂語的主動句轉換為被動句時，可將表示物的(直接)賓語變為主語，用for或to引出表示人的(間接)賓語，或將表示人的(間接)賓語變為主語。
My father is telling me an interesting story now.
→An interesting story is being told to me by my father now.
→I’m being told an interesting story by my father now.
爸爸正在給我講一個有趣的故事。
4. 動詞短語是一個整體，在主動語態或被動語態中都不可去掉后面的介詞或副詞。
Kids in the kindergarten are being taken good care of. 幼兒園的孩子們被照顧得很好。
5. 主動形式表示被動意義
(1)連系動詞(如look，sound，smell，feel，taste，remain，seem，appear，prove等)后接表語時，一般用主動形式表示被動意義。
The idea sounds great.
這個主意聽起來棒極了。
The popcorn they made looked wonderful and tasted delicious.
他們做的爆米花看起來棒極了，吃起來也很美味。
(2)當wash，write，sell，open，close，shut，lock，cook等不及物動詞后加副詞(easily，well等)時，通常用主動形式表示被動意義。
This kind of cloth washes easily and lasts long.
這種布料很容易洗，并且耐穿。
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.
父親給我作為生日禮物的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。
(3)need，want，require，deserve等＋doing用主動形式表示被動意義。
His hair needs cutting.
→His hair needs to be cut.
他的頭發需要剪了。
(4)be worth doing→be worthy to be done主動形式表示被動意義。
The novel is worth reading again.
→The novel is worthy to be read again.
這部小說值得再讀一次。
動詞不定式的被動語態
1. I am very happy to be thus praised.
受到如此褒獎我非常高興。
The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the library.
這些雜志不允許帶出圖書館。
The room seems to have been broken into.
似乎有人闖進過這個房間。
I am proud to have been admitted to Peking University.
我很自豪已被北京大學錄取。
[總結]　動詞不定式的被動語態由“to＋be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構成，當動詞不定式所表示的動作與其邏輯主語之間是被動關系時，要用動詞不定式的被動式。動詞不定式的被動式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式(to have been done)。
2. 動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義的情況
情況 例句
sb. have sth. to do/There be sth. to do 句型中 Before the end of the meeting，I have something important to declare. 會議結束之前，我有很重要的事情要宣布。 There is so much homework to do every day，which almost drives me mad. 每天有那么多家庭作業要做，這幾乎讓我發瘋。
動詞不定式跟在性質形容詞(difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，good等)后，與句子主語之間構成邏輯上的動賓關系時(構成sb. /sth. be＋adj. ＋to do) Our headmaster looks hard to get close to，but in fact he is easy to get along with. 我們校長看起來很難接近，但實際上他很容易相處。
動詞不定式與疑問詞連用時 With so many books at hand，Tom had no idea which to read first. 手頭有那么多的書，湯姆不知道先讀哪一本。
被動語態和過去分詞作表語
1. 意義差別
The window is broken. 窗子破了。
The window is broken by him. 窗子被他打破了。
[總結]　被動語態強調動作；過去分詞作表語描寫人或事物的特征及狀態。
2. 用法差別
He was very interested in science. (系表結構)
他對科學非常有興趣。
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn’t know what to do. (被動語態)
我被那種場面搞得大吃一驚，不知所措。
[總結]　過去分詞作表語時接近形容詞的特征，可以被 so，very，too等程度副詞修飾，而被動語態則不能用so，very，too修飾，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修飾。
　【即學活用】語法填空
(1)I was pleased __________ (hear)you’ve been promoted.
(2)He was pleased __________ his teacher’s praise.
(3)I was quite surprised __________ the significance of the findings.
(4)Everyone was surprised __________ the speed with which the dispute was settled.
VII. 常見主動表被動的情況
1. 有些動詞(cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等)常用主動形式表被動。如:
This pen writes smoothly.
這支鋼筆寫起來很流暢。
This car sells well.
這車很暢銷。
2. 在某些形容詞(hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible, convenient, cheap, expensive等)后的不定式用主動形式表被動。如:
English is easy to learn.
英語很容易學。
The box is heavy to carry.
這箱子重得搬不動。
3. “半系動詞+形容詞”結構, look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。如:
The food in this restaurant tastes good.
這家餐館的飯菜味道很好。
The news turned out (to be) true.
這消息原來是真的。
4. need, want, require, deserve, be worth后面接動詞的-ing形式, 主動表被動。
The novel is worth reading. 這本小說值得一讀。
The old house requires repairing. 這所舊房子需要修理。
　【即學活用】語法填空
(1)This kind of knife __________ (cut)well.
(2)Your writing is really difficult __________(read).
(3)That __________ (sound)great. Deal me in!
(4)All the old carpets need __________ (replace).
VIII. 有些及物動詞或短語不用于被動語態。如: fit, have, marry, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
　【即學活用】完成句子
(1)A person who is truly honest ________________ a straight arrow.
直言不諱的人才是真正誠實的人。
(2)You ________________ a lot of strange questions by them.
他們將問你許多怪題。
(3)By last December three ships ________________ by them.
到去年年底他們已建造了三艘船。
(4)I have some clothes ________________.
我有一些衣服要洗。
(5)Your idea ________________ wrong.
你的想法證實是錯的。
(6)The book ________________ quickly.
書銷售得快。
(7)Will more gas ________________
需要更多的煤氣嗎
(8)The music isn’t pleasant ________________.
這音樂不好聽。
基礎鞏固 透析語法
Ⅰ. 用所給詞的適當形式填空
1. They are going ________________(send)to work in Tibet for two years.
2. —Do you have any problems if you ________________(offer)this job
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary.
3. Though we don’t know what was being discussed, yet we can feel the topic ________________(change).
4. Much progress ________________(make)in China with the help of the people’s hard work.
5. Nowadays, more new technologies ________________(apply)in the field of IT.
6. The shop assistant was dismissed as she ________________(accuse)of cheating customers.
7. You are not allowed to go into the meeting room. A secret plan ________________(discuss)there.
8. The surface of this table feels so smooth. I think it is well worth ________________(buy).
9. The manager was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets ________________(book).
10. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ________________(decide).
Ⅱ. 將下列句子改寫為被動語態
1. We have studied English for 3 years at the spare-time school.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
3. They have warned us to be careful of rats.
→_________________________________________________________________________________
4. We must keep this in mind.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. We shall not use the washing machine again.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. He showed me a ticket.
→______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. The nurse is taking care of the sick people.
→_________________________________________________________________________________________________
III. 請用被動語態介紹你喜歡的一部科幻小說。
1. 《弗蘭肯斯坦》(Frankenstein)是瑪麗·雪萊(Marry Shelley)寫的一篇科幻小說。
2. 這本小說被認為是英國文學史上最早的科幻小說之一。
3. 這本小說出版后, 受到廣泛關注。
4. 小說的故事基于科學、想象和自身經歷。
5. 這本小說已被翻譯成多種語言。
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IV. 完成下列語段，盡可能多地使用被動語態
The Wandering Earth is a science fiction which 1. ___________________________(劉慈欣所寫). It 2. ___________________________(被認為是) one of the best science fiction stories. After the novel 3. ___________________________(被出版)，it drew wide attention. The story of the novel 4. ___________________________(基于科學)，imagination and personal experience. The novel 5. ___________________________(已被翻譯成許多語言). Now it 6. ___________________________(正被全世界的人們閱讀) and it 7. ___________________________(將被未來的幾代人珍惜).
能力提升 突破考點
Ⅰ. 句型轉換(變為被動語態)
1. We plant many trees every year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
2. We planted many trees in the northwest of China last year.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
3. We will plant more trees there to improve the environment.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Cellphone games are damaging people’s eyesight.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Yesterday when I entered my son’s bedroom，he was playing a cellphone game.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Mr Xu had translated many poems into English by 2000.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
7. Many young translators have translated pop songs into English in recent years.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
8. She said that she would finish the task in a day or two.
→__________________________________________________________________________________
Ⅱ. 語法填空
In Alaska，the wolf almost 1. _______________(disappear) a few years ago，because hunters 2. _______________(kill) hundreds of them for sport. However，laws 3. _______________(establish) to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who caught the animals for their fur. So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they 4. _______________(destroy) their own food supply.
A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family. People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals 5. _______________(destroy) by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life. When the deer can’t find enough food，they 6. _______________(die).
If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer，their prey(獵物) 7. _______________(disappear) some day. And the wolves will，too. So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology. If we 8. _______________(kill) more wolves，we would save them and protect their prey from dying out. We’d also save some farm animals.
In another northern state，wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem. They 9. _______________(belief) it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there 10. _______________(be) a small wolf population.
Ⅲ. 閱讀理解
(2022·河南焦作高二期末)
We’ve had weather forecasts for years. Forecasting our near-term health is far harder. Yet knowing early that we may be coming down with the flu could be greatly helpful. Wearable technology，such as smart watches，is beginning to provide just such early warnings.
A research team asked 49 volunteers to wear wristbands with sensors before and after they received a cold or flu virus. At least once per second，their wristbands recorded heart rates，body movements，skin temperatures and more. In nine out of every ten participants，these data showed signs of developing illness at least a day before symptoms(癥狀) appeared.
This early warning can help stop infections(傳染) in the beginning. It may head off serious symptoms that otherwise would send weak people into hospital，allowing them to get some rest，reduce their stress and perhaps take drugs. And knowing you’re sick before you have symptoms can warn you to lay low so you can reduce the chance of spreading your disease.
However，these systems aren’t yet ready for the real world. One challenge is that many viral infections have similar symptoms. In fact，many things other than viruses cause the same symptoms. Examples include food poisoning，asthma or seasonal allergies. Similarly，heart rates respond to things that have nothing to do with infections，such as exercise and scary movies. What’s more，in real life，we don’t know who was exposed to some virus and when，so that post-exposure time window won’t be known. Potentially infected people might be those whose data go beyond a certain value in any two-hour window. But the team has not yet tested how well the prediction model would work in this setting.
The study sounds exciting，but much work is left to do. Future systems will likely include other types of bodily changes that pinpoint developing illness. And researchers will be fine-tuning(微調) those systems by analyzing how well they predict effects in thousands of people.
1. What is wearable technology used for in the research
A. Confirming positions.
B. Predicting diseases.
C. Forecasting weather.
D. Refreshing the volunteers.
2. How does early warning benefit weak people
A. It greatly improves their physical condition.
B. It protects them from virus infections.
C. It reminds them to treat diseased earlier.
D. It can completely stop virus from spreading.
3. What is Paragraph 4 mainly talking about
A. The various responses to the warning systems.
B. The similar symptoms for viral infections.
C. The main purposes of the prediction model.
D. The limitations of the early warning systems.
4. What does the underlined word “pinpoint” in the last paragraph mean
A. Show. B. Cure.
C. Research. D. Cause.
Ⅳ. 完形填空
Randy happened to be watching the news on TV months ago. The reporter was interviewing a man，whose 1 appeared on the screen. Randy noticed they 2 the same last name Waites—a rather unusual one.
Randy found that 3 ，wondering if there could be any 4 . When Randy’s daughter took a closer look，she 5 a likeness between them. She did some sleuthing(調查) online and 6 Randy and Eddie have the same biological father!
It wasn’t long before Randy 7 Eddie，who lived over 500 kilometers away. Eddie was 8 that the unlikely story was true the moment he saw Randy’s pictures，noticing how much Randy looked like their father.
Randy never knew his father，who 9 his mother and him when he was a baby. Eddie，however，was 10 by his dad and enjoyed a great relationship with him. That fact could have caused problems for the two long lost brothers，but it did not! They reunited after 50 years of 11 .
Eddie 12 to Randy on behalf of their dead father，but Randy held no resentment(怨恨). He said，“I don’t 13 anyone. Eddie and I are both extremely grateful to have made this unexpected 14 and to have the years ahead to be brothers！” The two brothers have really provided a beautiful example of love and 15 for us.
1. A. face B. family
C. name D. profession
2. A. mentioned B. offered
C. confirmed D. shared
3. A. curious B. familiar
C. natural D. complicated
4. A. difference B. connection
C. alternative D. explanation
5. A. treasured B. suspected
C. detected D. appreciated
6. A. imagined B. determined
C. recalled D. responded
7. A. made friends with B. took pity on
C. caught sight of D. reached out to
8. A. proud B. convinced
C. upset D. concerned
9. A. left B. contacted
C. informed D. ignored
10. A. raised B. adopted
C. influenced D. comforted
11. A. absence B. separation
C. adventure D. expectation
12. A. talked B. admitted
C. apologized D. promised
13. A. trust B. blame
C. forgive D. punish
14. A. discovery B. encounter
C. achievement D. comparison
15. A. responsibility B. cooperation
C. acceptance D. sympathy
Ⅴ. 語法填空
(2022·河南許昌高二期末質檢)
Would you like to be able to see in the dark？One day this might be possible. So far，scientists 1. (perform) experiments on mice. They have given them the ability to see near-infrared(近紅外的)light，2. is a kind of light wave mice and humans cannot 3. (common) see. Research teams changed the vision(視力) of the test mice. They injected(注射) special nanoparticles into their eyes. These tiny particles(微粒) let the mice see 4. (well) in the dark than before. The effect of the injections lasted for around ten weeks. The scientists said it would not do harm 5. the eyesight of the mice and the eyes did not suffer from any 6. __________ (harm) side effects.
The research is now published，and the researchers say they hope the same tests could 7. _______ (do) with humans. A researcher explained 8. he hopes for the future. He said，“Human beings have been trying to develop new technology to enable abilities that are beyond our natural abilities. ”He said future tests could let humans see 9. (thing) in the dark that they cannot see now. And this technology wouldn’t require a person 10. (wear) heavy equipment，such as night-vision goggles.

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