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Unit 3 不定式(The infinitive) 語(yǔ)法講義
2024-2025學(xué)年人教版高二英語(yǔ)選擇性必修第四冊(cè)
英語(yǔ)24字整體教學(xué) 整體掌握 學(xué)生版 7-3-3
目 錄
不定式(The infinitive)
思維導(dǎo)圖 整體掌握
語(yǔ)法精講 規(guī)律探析
基礎(chǔ)鞏固 透析語(yǔ)法
能力提升 突破考點(diǎn)
不定式(The infinitive)
思維導(dǎo)圖 整體掌握
語(yǔ)法精講 規(guī)律探析
概念
動(dòng)詞不定式的基本構(gòu)成是“to＋動(dòng)詞原形”。to是不定式符號(hào)，無(wú)詞義。動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞的特征，它可以在句中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的各種句子成分。
動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
I plan to withdraw from the club.
我打算退出這個(gè)俱樂(lè)部。(withdraw的動(dòng)作在plan之后發(fā)生)
It’s a great honour for me to be invited.
我能被邀請(qǐng)，甚是榮幸。(me是invite動(dòng)作的承受者)
They are reported to be working hard.
據(jù)報(bào)道他們正努力地工作。(be reported與work同時(shí)發(fā)生)
The merchant is considered to have negotiated with that factory.
這個(gè)商人被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)和那家工廠協(xié)商過(guò)了。(negotiate發(fā)生在be considered之前)
The teacher seems to have been told the good news.
老師似乎已被告知了這個(gè)好消息。(teacher是tell的承受者且tell發(fā)生在seem之前)
[總結(jié)]
項(xiàng)目 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 意義
一般式 to do to be done 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生
進(jìn)行式 to be doing 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行
完成式 to have done to have been done 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生
[注意1]　 不定式“主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)”
例句 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)
We have masses of work to do today. Hurry up！ 今天，我們有很多工作要做?？禳c(diǎn)兒！ 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)與被修飾詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，同時(shí)與句中另一名詞或代詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。
I am easy to get along with. 我容易相處。 在“主語(yǔ)＋be＋性質(zhì)形容詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
What to do next hasn’t been decided. 下一步該做什么還沒(méi)有決定。 動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問(wèn)代詞連用時(shí)。
I felt I was to blame for this bicycle accident. 我覺(jué)得這次自行車事故怪我。 在“be to blame”中常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
The maths problem is too difficult to solve. 這個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)題太難而不能解決。 在 “too. . . to. . . ”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
There is nothing to worry/to be worried about. 沒(méi)什么可擔(dān)心的。 在there be句型中，作主語(yǔ)的名詞后可接動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，不定式用主動(dòng)式或被動(dòng)式均可，一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
[注意2]　不定式的否定形式
例句 不定式的否定形式
The doctor advised my father not to smoke. 醫(yī)生建議我爸爸不要吸煙。 He promised never to skip school. 他保證絕不逃課。 not/never to do
【即學(xué)活用】 語(yǔ)法填空
(1)The world will be different, and we will have to ____________________(prepare)to adapt to the change.
(2)She pretended to____________________ (sleep)when her mother came in.
(3)He is said to____________________ (work)in this factory for more than twenty years.
【答案】
be prepared
be sleeping
have been working
動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能
1. 作主語(yǔ)
To err is human.
金無(wú)足赤，人無(wú)完人。/人非圣賢，孰能無(wú)過(guò)。
To finish this job in one day is impossible.
要在一天之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。
To blame the worker will not make up for the loss.
責(zé)備那個(gè)工作人員彌補(bǔ)不了損失。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)特定的某一次的具體動(dòng)作，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
[注意3]　若動(dòng)詞不定式太長(zhǎng)，則往往用it代替動(dòng)詞不定式作形式主語(yǔ)，不定式移至句末，常用句式為：it ＋be＋adj. ＋of/for sb. to do sth. 。當(dāng)形容詞表達(dá)事物的特征時(shí)，用for sb. ；當(dāng)形容詞表達(dá)人的特征或品質(zhì)時(shí)，用of sb. 。
It is important for us students to work out on a regular basis.
經(jīng)常鍛煉身體對(duì)我們學(xué)生很重要。
It is kind of you to help me out of the difficulty.
幫我擺脫困難，你真好。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)It is common ____________________ (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in people’s homes.
(2)If you live in a cold climate, it will be important ____________________ (know) your dog’s limits and how you can keep it safe and warm.
(3)It is an honor for me ____________________ (invite) to attend the meeting.
【答案】
to find
to know
to be invited
2. 作表語(yǔ)
His dream is to become an astronaut.
他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名宇航員。
My main task is to get this company running smoothly. 我的主要任務(wù)是使這家公司運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)順利。
She seems to get along well with her new classmates.
她似乎和她的新同學(xué)相處得很好。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)需放在系動(dòng)詞后面，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或起解釋說(shuō)明的作用。系動(dòng)詞主要是be類動(dòng)詞(am，is，are，was，were，been等)和表象類動(dòng)詞(seem，appear等)；主語(yǔ)常常是dream，wish，idea，plan，task，purpose，aim，duty，job等表示意向、打算、職責(zé)等意義的詞。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)It is important to remember when you’re trying to get along with people who are very difficult or seem ____________________ (ignore) you, everyone is just doing the best that they can.
(2)He is children’s books editor, whose job is ____________________ (sort)through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in The Times.
(3)The goal of this activity is ____________________ (meet) the needs of common people.
【答案】
to be ignoring
to sort
to meet
3. 作賓語(yǔ)
I promise to keep you company at night.
我保證晚上陪你。
The chairwoman demanded to know the truth.
女主席要求知道真相。
Tina’s decided to go to Rome for her holidays.
蒂娜已決定去羅馬度假。
He pretended to be reading when his mother entered the room.
當(dāng)媽媽進(jìn)入房間時(shí)，他假裝在讀書(shū)。
I find it pleasant to work with him.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)跟他一塊兒工作令人愉快。
I think it my duty to organize various meaningful activities. 我認(rèn)為組織各種各樣的有意義的活動(dòng)是我的職責(zé)。
[總結(jié)]
常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 三個(gè)希望兩答應(yīng)：hope，wish，want，agree，promise
兩個(gè)要求莫拒絕：demand，ask，refuse
設(shè)法學(xué)會(huì)做決定：manage，learn，decide
不要假裝在選擇：pretend，choose
“動(dòng)詞＋it＋adj. /n. ＋動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu) it為形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式為真正的賓語(yǔ)。用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有feel，find，think，believe，consider，make等。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)He pretended ____________________ (read) the text when I came in.
(2)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____________________ (stop) until we reached the next stop.
(3)I think it necessary ____________________ (send) for an expert.
(4)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ____________________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
【答案】
to be reading
to stop
to send
to prove
4. 作定語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。
例句 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)的幾種情況
He is the best man to do the job. 他是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)，最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)。 序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或 the last/the only/the next 等后或被這些詞修飾的名詞后常用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。
Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand，even more so. 對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)說(shuō)，興趣同理解能力一樣重要，甚至更重要。 He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. 他許諾明天按時(shí)來(lái)這兒。 抽象名詞time，way，reason，chance，opportunity，ability，promise，attempt等后常用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。
Do you have anything to say？ 你有什么要說(shuō)的嗎？ something，nothing，anything等不定代詞后常用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 在我們準(zhǔn)備好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間停留在月球上之前，還有許多問(wèn)題要解決。 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)可表示將來(lái)的、還沒(méi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)The best way ____________________ (set) yourself up for success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely.
(2)We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ____________________ (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
(3)Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ____________________ (stay) away.
(4)Volunteering gives you a chance ____________________ (change) lives, including your own.
【答案】
to set
to be made
to stay
to change
5. 作狀語(yǔ)
(1)作目的狀語(yǔ)
I came here to say goodbye to you.
我來(lái)這兒是為了向你告別。
He ran fast all the way so as to/in order to catch the first bus.
他一路快速奔跑以便趕上第一班公共汽車。
In order to pass the exam，he studied hard till midnight.
為了通過(guò)考試，他努力學(xué)習(xí)到半夜。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，一般放在句子后面，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可位于句首；其前可加in order或so as，但加so as時(shí)不能放在句首。
(2)作原因狀語(yǔ)
We’re quite glad to meet you here.
我們很高興在這兒見(jiàn)到你。
They were very surprised to be informed of the news. 被告知這個(gè)消息他們很吃驚。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式常跟在作表語(yǔ)的形容詞和過(guò)去分詞之后，用來(lái)說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生某種情緒或作出某種評(píng)價(jià)的原因。此類詞有happy，lucky，surprised，sorry，glad，delighted，eager，anxious，ready，foolish，interested，careless等。
(3)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
他到了車站，卻被告知火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。
He is old enough to solve the problem on his own.
他已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了，可以獨(dú)立解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
He is too stubborn to change his mind.
他太固執(zhí)而不會(huì)改變主意。
The old woman was so angry as to shake.
那個(gè)老婦人氣得發(fā)抖。
It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house.
噪音這么大，吵醒了屋子里的每個(gè)人。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常放在句尾，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。常用only to do，enough to do，too. . . to. . . ，so/such. . . as to do等形式。
[注意4]　現(xiàn)在分詞(短語(yǔ))作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)多表示自然而然的結(jié)果，即句子和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)之間有一定的因果關(guān)系。
Jack has made great progress，making his parents very happy.
杰克取得了巨大的進(jìn)步，這讓他的父母很高興。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)____________________ (liberate) our country, they devoted their lives.
(2)____________________ (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
(3)Mary rushed home immediately she heard the news, only ____________________ (find) that her husband was gone.
(4)You will never know how happy I was ____________________ (see) her yesterday.
【答案】
To liberate
To learn
to find
to see
6. 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
(1)She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.
她要求我在她不在的時(shí)候接電話。
My teacher encouraged me to study hard.
我的老師鼓勵(lì)我努力學(xué)習(xí)。
Her parents don’t allow her to go out at night.
她的父母不允許她晚上出去。
[總結(jié)]　ask，tell，invite，get，advise，allow，want，permit，warn，order，encourage，prefer，expect，force，wish，beg等表示命令、教導(dǎo)、要求、意向、允許、警告等意義的動(dòng)詞后可接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
(2)She’s proved herself to be a very reliable worker.
她證明了自己是一名可靠的員工。
I believe him to be honest.
我相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。
[總結(jié)]　believe，consider，declare，find，prove，suppose，think等表示意見(jiàn)、認(rèn)可、判斷、料想、聲明等意義的動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常是“to be”形式。
(3)I felt the earth shake at that moment.
那時(shí)，我感到地面在晃動(dòng)。
I often hear him sing the song.
我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他唱這首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.
經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他唱這首歌。
[總結(jié)]　在feel(一感)，hear/listen to(二聽(tīng))，make/let/have(三讓)，see/watch/notice/observe(四看)等使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后，動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)常省略to。這些詞在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，to不能省略，此時(shí)不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(一感二聽(tīng)三讓四看半幫助，主動(dòng)不to 被動(dòng)to)
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)What caused him ____________________ (change) his mind
(2)He didn’t allow the students ____________________ (go) there.
(3)The teacher got some students ____________________ (stay) in the classroom after school.
(4)He was made ____________________ (work) day and night.
【答案】
to change
to go
to stay
to work
基礎(chǔ)鞏固 透析語(yǔ)法
語(yǔ)法填空
1. So it can help reduce the tiredness out of the immune system and allow people ____________________ (feel)more energetic.
2. It took Janet three hours ____________________ (finish) reading this interesting story.
3. She pretended ____________________ (listen) to the manager, but actually she was thinking about something else.
4. In many homes in the UK, the first person ____________________ (wake) up has to make tea for the family.
5. Don’t try to hide anything from your mother. She appears ____________________ (tell) everything.
6. ____________________ (admit) to a university in the UK, international students must display a strong ability in spoken and written English.
7. The new phone is very easy ____________________ (operate). Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
8. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ____________________ (break) into small pieces.
9. It can be disheartening to spend a lot of time preparing a meal only ____________________ (find) your kids turning their nose up at it.
10. Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ____________________ (save) their valuable time.
【答案】
to feel
to finish
to be listening
to wake
to have been told
To be admitted
to operate
to break
to find
to save
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. ______________________________________________, you’d better keep this card at hand.
為了更容易與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系, 你最好把這張卡片放在手邊。
2. I remember I told my mom more than once that I hoped ______________________________.
我記得我不止一次告訴我媽媽我希望將來(lái)追求演藝事業(yè)。
3. The old man sits in front of the television every evening, happy ________________________.
老人每天晚上坐在電視機(jī)前, 高興地看電視上碰巧播放的任何內(nèi)容。
4. The airport ______________________________________________ will help promote tourism in this area.
明年竣工的機(jī)場(chǎng)將會(huì)幫助推動(dòng)該地區(qū)的旅游業(yè)發(fā)展。
5. I will be surprised if you can get Calvin, who is a close-fisted man, ____________________.
如果你能讓加爾文, 一個(gè)吝嗇的男人, 從你那里買這些捐款抽獎(jiǎng)票, 我會(huì)很驚訝。
6. He has a heart trouble and ______________________________________________.
他有心臟病, 醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)很難治療。
7. ______________________________________________, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
為了享受數(shù)字支付的方便, 很多老年市民開(kāi)始使用智能手機(jī)。
8. The man opened his eyes, ______________________________________________.
那人睜開(kāi)眼睛, 卻發(fā)現(xiàn)房間里只剩下他一個(gè)人。
9. They lived a hard life and ______________________________________ for over 10 hours a day.
他們生活很艱苦, 經(jīng)常被迫在一天內(nèi)工作十個(gè)多小時(shí)。
10. I wanted to travel to America instead of France, but ___________________________________.
我想要去美國(guó)旅行, 代替之前的法國(guó), 但是他勸我不要改變我的主意。
【答案】
To make it easier to get in touch with us/To get in touch with us more easily
to pursue an acting career in the future
to watch anything that happened to be on
to be completed next year
to buy these donation draw tickets from you
the doctor finds it difficult to treat
To enjoy the convenience of digital payment
only to find himself left alone in the room
were often made to work
he persuaded me not to change my mind
Ⅲ. 短文語(yǔ)法填空
Research has become both simpler and more complex. It's simpler because，if you have a computer，you can find information you need by 1. ______________(search) the Internet. For all your information，you don't have to go to the library 2. ______________ (find) the relevant resources and 3. ______________(take) notes on it. Instead，you can find some sources from the Internet and print the copies 4. ______________ (need). Remember，however，that you should usually consult different types of sources. That is，you shouldn't always rely just on the Internet for your research.
While 5. ______________ (find) information is easier than ever，at the same time，6. ______________ (research) has become more complex. There is a lot more material available，which means you may be 7. ______________ (overwhelm) with the amount of information. You need to learn how 8. ______________ (sort) through and 9. ______________ (find) the relevant information for your particular project. Also，you need 10. ______________ (check).
【答案】
searching
to find
take
needed
finding
researching
overwhelmed
to sort
find
to check
IV. 使用本單元所學(xué)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)補(bǔ)全下面語(yǔ)段
The scientists 1. ____________________________(決定探索) the deep ocean in order to find out what exists at the floor of the sea. Their first step 2. ____________________________(實(shí)施這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃) is 3. ____________________________(派一臺(tái)深水機(jī)器) designed specially for the research. 4. ____________________________(由科學(xué)家們遠(yuǎn)程控制的機(jī)器) at the surface of the sea is in a shape of an egg. They will watch the machine 5. ____________________________(潛入大海深處). 6. ____________________________(進(jìn)行這樣的研究) is a long project that scientists have prepared for several months.
【答案】
decided to explore
to carry out the plan
to send a deepwater machine
The machine to be controlled remotely by scientists
dive deep into the sea
To conduct such a research
能力提升 突破考點(diǎn)
Ⅰ. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換(每空只能填一詞)
1. It is impossible that a child can lift such a heavy box.
→It is impossible ______________________ such a heavy box.
2. It happened that we had known each other before.
→We happened ______________________ each other before.
3. The progress which will be made soon is of great importance.
→The progress ______________________soon is of great importance.
4. The boss made the workers work all night.
→The workers ______________________ all night.
5. When we should hold the meeting is still to be discussed.
→When ______________________ the meeting is still to be discussed.
6. It seemed that they were writing something for somebody.
→They seemed ______________________ something for somebody.
7. I find that it is difficult to speak English well.
→I find ______________________ English well.
8. I hope that I will be an astronaut some day.
→I hope ______________________an astronaut some day.
9. The girl got up earlier so that she might not be late again.
→The girl got up earlier ______________________ be late again.
10. They suppose that he is a manager.
→They suppose ______________________ a manager.
【答案】
for a child to lift
to have known
to be made
were made to work
to hold
to be writing
it difficult to speak
to be
so as not to/in order not to
him to be
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. 上初三時(shí)，我的目標(biāo)是做全班最好的。
When I was a junior three student，my aim was ______________________.
2. 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，我決定像我的同桌一樣每天熬到半夜。
______________________，I decided ______________________ until midnight like my deskmate.
3. 我努力最后一個(gè)走，第一個(gè)到，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)我上課時(shí)總是發(fā)困。
I tried ______________________，______________________ always sleepy in class.
4. 我的老師說(shuō)保持充足的睡眠是很重要的。
My teacher said it was very important ______________________.
5. 他建議我制定一個(gè)適合我自己的計(jì)劃。
He advised me ______________________ that/which is suitable for myself.
6. 他很高興被那所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)錄取了。
He was glad ______________________ that key university.
7. 經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到這個(gè)年輕人唱最近流行的歌曲。
The young man ______________________ which are popular these days.
8. 孩子們?cè)诓妥郎洗舐曊f(shuō)話，我不得不努力讓自己被聽(tīng)到。
The children talked so loudly at dinner table that ______________________.
【答案】
to be the best in my class
To achieve this goal；to stay up
to be the last to leave and the first to arrive；only to find myself
to have enough sleep
to make a plan
to have been admitted to
is often heard to sing the songs
I had to struggle to be heard
Ⅲ. 閱讀理解
In elementary school，I earned my Girl Scout Bronze Award by planting a butterfly garden. When I got a little older，I earned my Girl Scout Silver Award by bringing an art program to struggling refugees(難民). But when it was time for me to go for my Girl Scout Gold Award，there was something even bigger affecting us all that I had to focus on.
People talk about damage to our environment and argue about who’s to blame，but the thing is，we don’t have time for all that. The Earth is in danger，and that means all of us are in danger. That’s why I founded Project ReefLove，an awareness and educational campaign(活動(dòng)) that teaches kids one super simple and easy way we can help protect coral reefs，which are the rainforests of the sea.
Lots of creatures，from sea turtles to sharks to starfish，depend on coral for survival，and the reefs help prevent beach erosion. Coral is really important—but the chemical sunscreens a lot of people wear are poisoning it and threatening the whole ecosystem. Saving coral can seem like a huge undertaking，but once you know how big a difference something simple like switching to a mineral sunscreen or wearing a rash guard instead of using chemical SPF makes，you’ll realize it is not so hard after all.
The first step，I knew，had to be education. So I went to the source: kids. From my own experience growing up in Girl Scouts，I know there’s nothing stronger than the passion of young people. If you get a little kid excited about saving the environment，their parents，grandparents，teachers，and others in earshot are going to hear about it，too!
So far，the Project ReefLove message has directly reached more than 11,000 people—and I’ve been excited to see lawmakers take action to do their part，too. Hawaii just outlawed sunscreens that are toxic(有毒的) to reefs，and I’m hoping other states will follow its lead.
語(yǔ)篇解讀　本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者為了保護(hù)珊瑚礁而創(chuàng)立了ReefLove項(xiàng)目的事跡。
1. What did the author plan to do for her Girl Scout Gold Award
A. Save kids in danger.
B. Build a butterfly garden.
C. Help refugees to make a living.
D. Teach kids how to protect coral reefs.
答案　D
解析　推理判斷題。由第一段最后一句和第二段最后一句可知，作者打算競(jìng)爭(zhēng)女童子軍金獎(jiǎng)時(shí)做一些更有影響力的事，即：教孩子如何保護(hù)珊瑚礁。故選D。
2. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Saving coral.
B. Using chemicals.
C. Giving up sunscreens.
D. Protecting sea creatures.
答案　A
解析　代詞指代題。由第三段畫(huà)線詞所在句“拯救珊瑚似乎是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)，但一旦你知道像使用礦物防曬霜或使用防皮疹產(chǎn)品而不是化學(xué)防曬產(chǎn)品這樣簡(jiǎn)單的事情會(huì)造成多大的影響，你就會(huì)意識(shí)到這其實(shí)并不難”可知，it指代上文，上文講到保護(hù)珊瑚礁，作者列舉了保護(hù)珊瑚礁的方法，可得出it指“保護(hù)珊瑚礁”。故選A。
3. What does Paragraph 4 mainly deal with
A. The influence of Girl Scouts.
B. How family education affects kids.
C. The importance of protecting the environment.
D. Why the Project ReefLove focuses on kids’ education.
答案　D
解析　段落大意題。由第四段可知，如果孩子對(duì)保護(hù)環(huán)境感到興奮，那么他們的父母、祖父母、老師和其他聽(tīng)力范圍內(nèi)的人也會(huì)聽(tīng)到，因此第四段主要講為什么該項(xiàng)目將重點(diǎn)放在兒童教育上。故選D。
4. Why does the author write this text
A. To encourage more kids to join Girl Scouts.
B. To tell readers how she’s saving coral reefs.
C. To show that the Project ReefLove is powerful.
D. To ask lawmakers to pay attention to coral reefs.
答案　B
解析　寫(xiě)作意圖題。結(jié)合全文可知，文章講述了作者為保護(hù)珊瑚礁而創(chuàng)立了ReefLove項(xiàng)目的事跡，寫(xiě)這篇文章是為了記敘自己拯救珊瑚礁的歷程。故選B。
Ⅳ. 完形填空
(2022·山東名校聯(lián)盟高二質(zhì)檢)
Riding a wave is an experience that kids with disabilities might think impossible. That’s why Ride a Wave(RAW) was 1 . The nonprofit organization gives kids with 2 a chance to feel the excitement of surfing.
Every year from April through June，RAW provides 8-day camps. Physically and developmentally 3 young people come from miles away to participate. So far，the organization has 4 over 2,500 kids to have a life-changing day at the beach.
At 5 ，families help their children check in. You can see the excitement on the kids’ faces as they see the beach in the first ray of sunshine. After 6 life jackets，the kids are ready to ride the 7 . To the front of the surfboard is a seat specially designed for children with physical 8 . A RAW volunteer 9 the board safely. Being in the water allows children to 10 confidence. It lets them know they can do something that seems impossible.
Mariah Vash was a girl born with a rare speech disorder. 11 ，it can be difficult for others to know exactly what she wants to 12 . But the volunteers in RAW manage to understand her. “She deeply loves water. The ocean，lake， 13 or even a simple bath makes her 14 . She has been to RAW six times! She has taught me and my entire family how to love 15 and how to laugh as much as possible. It is selfless service that RAW is all about，” said Mariah’s father，Stuart Vash.
語(yǔ)篇解讀　這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一個(gè)非營(yíng)利組織RAW幫助殘疾的孩子們體驗(yàn)沖浪的樂(lè)趣。
1. A. ranked B. established
C. rewarded D. stopped
答案　B
解析　rank把……分等級(jí)；establish建立；reward獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；stop停止。根據(jù)“The nonprofit organization”可知，此處表示成立Ride a Wave (RAW)這個(gè)組織。
2. A. disabilities B. expressions
C. nationalities D. families
答案　A
解析　disability殘疾，缺陷；expression表達(dá)；nationality國(guó)籍；family家庭。根據(jù)上文“Riding a wave is an experience that kids with disabilities might think impossible. ”可知，此處是信息詞disabilities的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)。
3. A. decent B. harmonious
C. tired D. challenged
答案　D
解析　decent體面的，得體的；harmonious和諧的；tired勞累的；challenged有殘疾的。根據(jù)“The nonprofit organization gives kids with a chance”可知，此處表示身患?xì)埣驳哪贻p人們前來(lái)參加這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。
4. A. commanded B. criticised
C. assisted D. represented
答案　C
解析　command命令，指揮；criticise批判；assist幫助；represent代表，表現(xiàn)。根據(jù)“The nonprofit organization gives kids with a chance”可知，此處表示該組織已經(jīng)幫助了2 500多名兒童。
5. A. sunrise B. noon
C. sunset D. dusk
答案　A
解析　sunrise日出；noon中午；sunset日落；dusk黃昏。根據(jù)“as they see the beach in the first ray of sunshine”可知，此處表示在日出時(shí)，孩子們登記入住。
6. A. making up B. handing out
C. putting on D. throwing away
答案　C
解析　make up編造，組成；hand out分發(fā)；put on穿上；throw away扔掉。根據(jù)“l(fā)ife jackets”可知，此處表示穿上救生衣。
7. A. elevators B. waves
C. bikes D. horses
答案　B
解析　elevator電梯；wave海浪；bike自行車；horse馬。根據(jù)“Riding a wave”可知，此處是信息詞wave的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)。
8. A. exercise B. link
C. exams D. limitations
答案　D
解析　exercise鍛煉；link連接；exam考試；limitation限制。根據(jù)“kids with disabilities”可知，此處表示專門為身體有缺陷的兒童設(shè)計(jì)的座位。
9. A. controls B. drills
C. loosens D. displays
答案　A
解析　control控制；drill練習(xí)；loosen變松；display展示。根據(jù)“the board safely”可知，需要一名RAW志愿者安全地控制著沖浪板。
10. A. acknowledge B. gain
C. doubt D. lack
答案　B
解析　acknowledge承認(rèn)；gain獲得；doubt懷疑；lack缺乏。根據(jù)下文“It lets them know they can do something that seems impossible. ”可知，這讓他們知道，他們可以做一些看似不可能的事情，可以使孩子們獲得自信。
11. A. Curiously B. Fortunately
C. Consequently D. Alternatively
答案　C
解析　curiously好奇地；fortunately幸運(yùn)地；consequently因此，結(jié)果；alternatively或者。根據(jù)“Mariah Vash was a girl born with a rare speech disorder. ”可知，Mariah Vash生來(lái)就患有罕見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言障礙，因此別人很難知道她想表達(dá)什么。
12. A. serve B. check
C. bear D. express
答案　D
解析　serve服務(wù)；check檢查；bear忍受；express表達(dá)。根據(jù)“born with a rare speech disorder”可知，因?yàn)橛姓Z(yǔ)言障礙，別人很難確切地知道她想要表達(dá)什么。
13. A. camp B. pool
C. sunlight D. organization
答案　B
解析　camp營(yíng)地；pool游泳池，水塘；sunlight陽(yáng)光；organization組織。根據(jù)“ocean，lake”可知，此處需填和水有關(guān)的事物。
14. A. delighted B. calm
C. embarrassed D. emotional
答案　A
解析　delighted高興的；calm冷靜的；embarrassed尷尬的；emotional情感的。根據(jù)“She deeply loves water. ”可知，因?yàn)榉浅Ｏ矏?ài)水，所以海洋，湖泊，游泳池，甚至是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的浴缸都能使她高興。
15. A. incredibly B. selfishly
C. unconditionally D. slightly
答案　C
解析　incredibly難以置信地；selfishly自私地；unconditionally無(wú)條件地；slightly輕微地。根據(jù)“It is selfless service that RAW is all about”可知，此處表示“她教會(huì)了我和我的家人如何無(wú)條件地去愛(ài)”。
Ⅴ. 語(yǔ)法填空
(2022·福建三明高二期末質(zhì)檢)
It’s reported that China in 2021 1. (official) announced the first group of national parks—the Sanjiangyuan National Park，the Giant Panda National Park，the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park，the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park，and the Wuyishan National Park. The national parks refer to special areas put under protection with the aim of conserving the ecosystem and natural resources. The 2. (announce) is a practical move related with the drive to continuously promote the building of 3. ecological civilization.
Home to various key wildlife species in China，the Wuyishan National Park appeals 4. ________ tourists both at home and abroad. Located in east China’s Fujian and Jinagxi，it features rich diversity due to 5. (it) unique natural environment. Taking a bamboo raft tour is people’s favourite. With trees,6. (bush) and colourful flowers covering every corner of the park，it’s a natural system for providing clean water and producing oxygen,7. (make) it the green lungs of Fujian. There are many hiking routes for you to take. What’s more，there are several viewing platforms 8. you can stop to admire the breathtaking beauty of mountains，waterfalls，and lakes around. Words fail 9. (describe) its impressive beauty. Therefore，you 10. (recommend) to pay a visit by yourself.
語(yǔ)篇解讀　這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。2021年中國(guó)正式公布了首批國(guó)家公園——三江源國(guó)家公園、大熊貓國(guó)家公園、東北虎豹國(guó)家公園、海南熱帶雨林國(guó)家公園和武夷山國(guó)家公園。文章介紹了武夷山國(guó)家公園的情況。1. 答案　officially
解析　考查副詞。修飾后文動(dòng)詞announce應(yīng)用副詞形式officially，作狀語(yǔ)。
2. 答案　announcement
解析　考查名詞。此處作主語(yǔ)，表示“公告”應(yīng)用名詞announcement，此處為特指應(yīng)用單數(shù)。
3. 答案　an
解析　考查冠詞。civilization在此處表泛指，應(yīng)用不定冠詞，且ecological是發(fā)音以元音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞。
4. 答案　to
解析　考查介詞。結(jié)合句意表示“吸引”可知短語(yǔ)為appeal to。
5. 答案　its
解析　考查代詞。修飾后文名詞environment應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞its。
6. 答案　bushes
解析　考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。bush為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)上文trees可知應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
7. 答案　making
解析　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，make在句中應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，與邏輯主語(yǔ)
it’s a natural system for providing clean water and producing oxygen構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。
8. 答案　where
解析　考查定語(yǔ)從句。此處為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞platforms，先行詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。
9. 答案　to describe
解析　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。結(jié)合句意表示“無(wú)法……”短語(yǔ)為fail to do sth. 。
10. 答案　are recommended
解析　考查時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且陳述客觀事實(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)為you，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。Unit 3 不定式(The infinitive) 語(yǔ)法講義
2024-2025學(xué)年人教版高二英語(yǔ)選擇性必修第四冊(cè)
英語(yǔ)24字整體教學(xué) 整體掌握 教師版 7-3-3
目 錄
不定式(The infinitive)
思維導(dǎo)圖 整體掌握
語(yǔ)法精講 規(guī)律探析
基礎(chǔ)鞏固 透析語(yǔ)法
能力提升 突破考點(diǎn)
不定式(The infinitive)
思維導(dǎo)圖 整體掌握
語(yǔ)法精講 規(guī)律探析
概念
動(dòng)詞不定式的基本構(gòu)成是“to＋動(dòng)詞原形”。to是不定式符號(hào)，無(wú)詞義。動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞的特征，它可以在句中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的各種句子成分。
動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
I plan to withdraw from the club.
我打算退出這個(gè)俱樂(lè)部。(withdraw的動(dòng)作在plan之后發(fā)生)
It’s a great honour for me to be invited.
我能被邀請(qǐng)，甚是榮幸。(me是invite動(dòng)作的承受者)
They are reported to be working hard.
據(jù)報(bào)道他們正努力地工作。(be reported與work同時(shí)發(fā)生)
The merchant is considered to have negotiated with that factory.
這個(gè)商人被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)和那家工廠協(xié)商過(guò)了。(negotiate發(fā)生在be considered之前)
The teacher seems to have been told the good news.
老師似乎已被告知了這個(gè)好消息。(teacher是tell的承受者且tell發(fā)生在seem之前)
[總結(jié)]
項(xiàng)目 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 意義
一般式 to do to be done 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在其后發(fā)生
進(jìn)行式 to be doing 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行
完成式 to have done to have been done 在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生
[注意1]　 不定式“主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)”
例句 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)
We have masses of work to do today. Hurry up！ 今天，我們有很多工作要做?？禳c(diǎn)兒！ 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)與被修飾詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，同時(shí)與句中另一名詞或代詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。
I am easy to get along with. 我容易相處。 在“主語(yǔ)＋be＋性質(zhì)形容詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
What to do next hasn’t been decided. 下一步該做什么還沒(méi)有決定。 動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問(wèn)代詞連用時(shí)。
I felt I was to blame for this bicycle accident. 我覺(jué)得這次自行車事故怪我。 在“be to blame”中常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
The maths problem is too difficult to solve. 這個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)題太難而不能解決。 在 “too. . . to. . . ”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
There is nothing to worry/to be worried about. 沒(méi)什么可擔(dān)心的。 在there be句型中，作主語(yǔ)的名詞后可接動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，不定式用主動(dòng)式或被動(dòng)式均可，一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
[注意2]　不定式的否定形式
例句 不定式的否定形式
The doctor advised my father not to smoke. 醫(yī)生建議我爸爸不要吸煙。 He promised never to skip school. 他保證絕不逃課。 not/never to do
【即學(xué)活用】 語(yǔ)法填空
(1)The world will be different, and we will have to ____________________(prepare)to adapt to the change.
(2)She pretended to____________________ (sleep)when her mother came in.
(3)He is said to____________________ (work)in this factory for more than twenty years.
【答案】
be prepared
be sleeping
have been working
動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能
1. 作主語(yǔ)
To err is human.
金無(wú)足赤，人無(wú)完人。/人非圣賢，孰能無(wú)過(guò)。
To finish this job in one day is impossible.
要在一天之內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。
To blame the worker will not make up for the loss.
責(zé)備那個(gè)工作人員彌補(bǔ)不了損失。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)特定的某一次的具體動(dòng)作，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
[注意3]　若動(dòng)詞不定式太長(zhǎng)，則往往用it代替動(dòng)詞不定式作形式主語(yǔ)，不定式移至句末，常用句式為：it ＋be＋adj. ＋of/for sb. to do sth. 。當(dāng)形容詞表達(dá)事物的特征時(shí)，用for sb. ；當(dāng)形容詞表達(dá)人的特征或品質(zhì)時(shí)，用of sb. 。
It is important for us students to work out on a regular basis.
經(jīng)常鍛煉身體對(duì)我們學(xué)生很重要。
It is kind of you to help me out of the difficulty.
幫我擺脫困難，你真好。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)It is common ____________________ (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in people’s homes.
(2)If you live in a cold climate, it will be important ____________________ (know) your dog’s limits and how you can keep it safe and warm.
(3)It is an honor for me ____________________ (invite) to attend the meeting.
【答案】
to find
to know
to be invited
2. 作表語(yǔ)
His dream is to become an astronaut.
他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名宇航員。
My main task is to get this company running smoothly. 我的主要任務(wù)是使這家公司運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)順利。
She seems to get along well with her new classmates.
她似乎和她的新同學(xué)相處得很好。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)需放在系動(dòng)詞后面，表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作或起解釋說(shuō)明的作用。系動(dòng)詞主要是be類動(dòng)詞(am，is，are，was，were，been等)和表象類動(dòng)詞(seem，appear等)；主語(yǔ)常常是dream，wish，idea，plan，task，purpose，aim，duty，job等表示意向、打算、職責(zé)等意義的詞。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)It is important to remember when you’re trying to get along with people who are very difficult or seem ____________________ (ignore) you, everyone is just doing the best that they can.
(2)He is children’s books editor, whose job is ____________________ (sort)through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in The Times.
(3)The goal of this activity is ____________________ (meet) the needs of common people.
【答案】
to be ignoring
to sort
to meet
3. 作賓語(yǔ)
I promise to keep you company at night.
我保證晚上陪你。
The chairwoman demanded to know the truth.
女主席要求知道真相。
Tina’s decided to go to Rome for her holidays.
蒂娜已決定去羅馬度假。
He pretended to be reading when his mother entered the room.
當(dāng)媽媽進(jìn)入房間時(shí)，他假裝在讀書(shū)。
I find it pleasant to work with him.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)跟他一塊兒工作令人愉快。
I think it my duty to organize various meaningful activities. 我認(rèn)為組織各種各樣的有意義的活動(dòng)是我的職責(zé)。
[總結(jié)]
常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 三個(gè)希望兩答應(yīng)：hope，wish，want，agree，promise
兩個(gè)要求莫拒絕：demand，ask，refuse
設(shè)法學(xué)會(huì)做決定：manage，learn，decide
不要假裝在選擇：pretend，choose
“動(dòng)詞＋it＋adj. /n. ＋動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu) it為形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式為真正的賓語(yǔ)。用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有feel，find，think，believe，consider，make等。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)He pretended ____________________ (read) the text when I came in.
(2)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____________________ (stop) until we reached the next stop.
(3)I think it necessary ____________________ (send) for an expert.
(4)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ____________________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
【答案】
to be reading
to stop
to send
to prove
4. 作定語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。
例句 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)的幾種情況
He is the best man to do the job. 他是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他總是第一個(gè)來(lái)，最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)。 序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或 the last/the only/the next 等后或被這些詞修飾的名詞后常用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。
Interest is as vital to learning as the ability to understand，even more so. 對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)說(shuō)，興趣同理解能力一樣重要，甚至更重要。 He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. 他許諾明天按時(shí)來(lái)這兒。 抽象名詞time，way，reason，chance，opportunity，ability，promise，attempt等后常用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。
Do you have anything to say？ 你有什么要說(shuō)的嗎？ something，nothing，anything等不定代詞后常用動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 在我們準(zhǔn)備好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間停留在月球上之前，還有許多問(wèn)題要解決。 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)可表示將來(lái)的、還沒(méi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)The best way ____________________ (set) yourself up for success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely.
(2)We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ____________________ (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company.
(3)Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ____________________ (stay) away.
(4)Volunteering gives you a chance ____________________ (change) lives, including your own.
【答案】
to set
to be made
to stay
to change
5. 作狀語(yǔ)
(1)作目的狀語(yǔ)
I came here to say goodbye to you.
我來(lái)這兒是為了向你告別。
He ran fast all the way so as to/in order to catch the first bus.
他一路快速奔跑以便趕上第一班公共汽車。
In order to pass the exam，he studied hard till midnight.
為了通過(guò)考試，他努力學(xué)習(xí)到半夜。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，一般放在句子后面，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可位于句首；其前可加in order或so as，但加so as時(shí)不能放在句首。
(2)作原因狀語(yǔ)
We’re quite glad to meet you here.
我們很高興在這兒見(jiàn)到你。
They were very surprised to be informed of the news. 被告知這個(gè)消息他們很吃驚。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式常跟在作表語(yǔ)的形容詞和過(guò)去分詞之后，用來(lái)說(shuō)明產(chǎn)生某種情緒或作出某種評(píng)價(jià)的原因。此類詞有happy，lucky，surprised，sorry，glad，delighted，eager，anxious，ready，foolish，interested，careless等。
(3)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
他到了車站，卻被告知火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。
He is old enough to solve the problem on his own.
他已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了，可以獨(dú)立解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
He is too stubborn to change his mind.
他太固執(zhí)而不會(huì)改變主意。
The old woman was so angry as to shake.
那個(gè)老婦人氣得發(fā)抖。
It was such a loud noise as to wake everybody in the house.
噪音這么大，吵醒了屋子里的每個(gè)人。
[總結(jié)]　動(dòng)詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常放在句尾，表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。常用only to do，enough to do，too. . . to. . . ，so/such. . . as to do等形式。
[注意4]　現(xiàn)在分詞(短語(yǔ))作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)多表示自然而然的結(jié)果，即句子和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)之間有一定的因果關(guān)系。
Jack has made great progress，making his parents very happy.
杰克取得了巨大的進(jìn)步，這讓他的父母很高興。
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)____________________ (liberate) our country, they devoted their lives.
(2)____________________ (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.
(3)Mary rushed home immediately she heard the news, only ____________________ (find) that her husband was gone.
(4)You will never know how happy I was ____________________ (see) her yesterday.
【答案】
To liberate
To learn
to find
to see
6. 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
(1)She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.
她要求我在她不在的時(shí)候接電話。
My teacher encouraged me to study hard.
我的老師鼓勵(lì)我努力學(xué)習(xí)。
Her parents don’t allow her to go out at night.
她的父母不允許她晚上出去。
[總結(jié)]　ask，tell，invite，get，advise，allow，want，permit，warn，order，encourage，prefer，expect，force，wish，beg等表示命令、教導(dǎo)、要求、意向、允許、警告等意義的動(dòng)詞后可接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
(2)She’s proved herself to be a very reliable worker.
她證明了自己是一名可靠的員工。
I believe him to be honest.
我相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。
[總結(jié)]　believe，consider，declare，find，prove，suppose，think等表示意見(jiàn)、認(rèn)可、判斷、料想、聲明等意義的動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常是“to be”形式。
(3)I felt the earth shake at that moment.
那時(shí)，我感到地面在晃動(dòng)。
I often hear him sing the song.
我經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他唱這首歌。
He is often heard to sing the song.
經(jīng)常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他唱這首歌。
[總結(jié)]　在feel(一感)，hear/listen to(二聽(tīng))，make/let/have(三讓)，see/watch/notice/observe(四看)等使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))后，動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)常省略to。這些詞在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，to不能省略，此時(shí)不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(一感二聽(tīng)三讓四看半幫助，主動(dòng)不to 被動(dòng)to)
【即學(xué)活用】語(yǔ)法填空
(1)What caused him ____________________ (change) his mind
(2)He didn’t allow the students ____________________ (go) there.
(3)The teacher got some students ____________________ (stay) in the classroom after school.
(4)He was made ____________________ (work) day and night.
【答案】
to change
to go
to stay
to work
基礎(chǔ)鞏固 透析語(yǔ)法
語(yǔ)法填空
1. So it can help reduce the tiredness out of the immune system and allow people ____________________ (feel)more energetic.
2. It took Janet three hours ____________________ (finish) reading this interesting story.
3. She pretended ____________________ (listen) to the manager, but actually she was thinking about something else.
4. In many homes in the UK, the first person ____________________ (wake) up has to make tea for the family.
5. Don’t try to hide anything from your mother. She appears ____________________ (tell) everything.
6. ____________________ (admit) to a university in the UK, international students must display a strong ability in spoken and written English.
7. The new phone is very easy ____________________ (operate). Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
8. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ____________________ (break) into small pieces.
9. It can be disheartening to spend a lot of time preparing a meal only ____________________ (find) your kids turning their nose up at it.
10. Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ____________________ (save) their valuable time.
【答案】
to feel
to finish
to be listening
to wake
to have been told
To be admitted
to operate
to break
to find
to save
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. ______________________________________________, you’d better keep this card at hand.
為了更容易與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系, 你最好把這張卡片放在手邊。
2. I remember I told my mom more than once that I hoped ______________________________.
我記得我不止一次告訴我媽媽我希望將來(lái)追求演藝事業(yè)。
3. The old man sits in front of the television every evening, happy ________________________.
老人每天晚上坐在電視機(jī)前, 高興地看電視上碰巧播放的任何內(nèi)容。
4. The airport ______________________________________________ will help promote tourism in this area.
明年竣工的機(jī)場(chǎng)將會(huì)幫助推動(dòng)該地區(qū)的旅游業(yè)發(fā)展。
5. I will be surprised if you can get Calvin, who is a close-fisted man, ____________________.
如果你能讓加爾文, 一個(gè)吝嗇的男人, 從你那里買這些捐款抽獎(jiǎng)票, 我會(huì)很驚訝。
6. He has a heart trouble and ______________________________________________.
他有心臟病, 醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)很難治療。
7. ______________________________________________, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
為了享受數(shù)字支付的方便, 很多老年市民開(kāi)始使用智能手機(jī)。
8. The man opened his eyes, ______________________________________________.
那人睜開(kāi)眼睛, 卻發(fā)現(xiàn)房間里只剩下他一個(gè)人。
9. They lived a hard life and ______________________________________ for over 10 hours a day.
他們生活很艱苦, 經(jīng)常被迫在一天內(nèi)工作十個(gè)多小時(shí)。
10. I wanted to travel to America instead of France, but ___________________________________.
我想要去美國(guó)旅行, 代替之前的法國(guó), 但是他勸我不要改變我的主意。
【答案】
To make it easier to get in touch with us/To get in touch with us more easily
to pursue an acting career in the future
to watch anything that happened to be on
to be completed next year
to buy these donation draw tickets from you
the doctor finds it difficult to treat
To enjoy the convenience of digital payment
only to find himself left alone in the room
were often made to work
he persuaded me not to change my mind
Ⅲ. 短文語(yǔ)法填空
Research has become both simpler and more complex. It's simpler because，if you have a computer，you can find information you need by 1. ______________(search) the Internet. For all your information，you don't have to go to the library 2. ______________ (find) the relevant resources and 3. ______________(take) notes on it. Instead，you can find some sources from the Internet and print the copies 4. ______________ (need). Remember，however，that you should usually consult different types of sources. That is，you shouldn't always rely just on the Internet for your research.
While 5. ______________ (find) information is easier than ever，at the same time，6. ______________ (research) has become more complex. There is a lot more material available，which means you may be 7. ______________ (overwhelm) with the amount of information. You need to learn how 8. ______________ (sort) through and 9. ______________ (find) the relevant information for your particular project. Also，you need 10. ______________ (check).
【答案】
searching
to find
take
needed
finding
researching
overwhelmed
to sort
find
to check
IV. 使用本單元所學(xué)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)補(bǔ)全下面語(yǔ)段
The scientists 1. ____________________________(決定探索) the deep ocean in order to find out what exists at the floor of the sea. Their first step 2. ____________________________(實(shí)施這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃) is 3. ____________________________(派一臺(tái)深水機(jī)器) designed specially for the research. 4. ____________________________(由科學(xué)家們遠(yuǎn)程控制的機(jī)器) at the surface of the sea is in a shape of an egg. They will watch the machine 5. ____________________________(潛入大海深處). 6. ____________________________(進(jìn)行這樣的研究) is a long project that scientists have prepared for several months.
【答案】
decided to explore
to carry out the plan
to send a deepwater machine
The machine to be controlled remotely by scientists
dive deep into the sea
To conduct such a research
能力提升 突破考點(diǎn)
Ⅰ. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換(每空只能填一詞)
1. It is impossible that a child can lift such a heavy box.
→It is impossible ______________________ such a heavy box.
2. It happened that we had known each other before.
→We happened ______________________ each other before.
3. The progress which will be made soon is of great importance.
→The progress ______________________soon is of great importance.
4. The boss made the workers work all night.
→The workers ______________________ all night.
5. When we should hold the meeting is still to be discussed.
→When ______________________ the meeting is still to be discussed.
6. It seemed that they were writing something for somebody.
→They seemed ______________________ something for somebody.
7. I find that it is difficult to speak English well.
→I find ______________________ English well.
8. I hope that I will be an astronaut some day.
→I hope ______________________an astronaut some day.
9. The girl got up earlier so that she might not be late again.
→The girl got up earlier ______________________ be late again.
10. They suppose that he is a manager.
→They suppose ______________________ a manager.
【答案】
for a child to lift
to have known
to be made
were made to work
to hold
to be writing
it difficult to speak
to be
so as not to/in order not to
him to be
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. 上初三時(shí)，我的目標(biāo)是做全班最好的。
When I was a junior three student，my aim was ______________________.
2. 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，我決定像我的同桌一樣每天熬到半夜。
______________________，I decided ______________________ until midnight like my deskmate.
3. 我努力最后一個(gè)走，第一個(gè)到，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)我上課時(shí)總是發(fā)困。
I tried ______________________，______________________ always sleepy in class.
4. 我的老師說(shuō)保持充足的睡眠是很重要的。
My teacher said it was very important ______________________.
5. 他建議我制定一個(gè)適合我自己的計(jì)劃。
He advised me ______________________ that/which is suitable for myself.
6. 他很高興被那所重點(diǎn)大學(xué)錄取了。
He was glad ______________________ that key university.
7. 經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到這個(gè)年輕人唱最近流行的歌曲。
The young man ______________________ which are popular these days.
8. 孩子們?cè)诓妥郎洗舐曊f(shuō)話，我不得不努力讓自己被聽(tīng)到。
The children talked so loudly at dinner table that ______________________.
【答案】
to be the best in my class
To achieve this goal；to stay up
to be the last to leave and the first to arrive；only to find myself
to have enough sleep
to make a plan
to have been admitted to
is often heard to sing the songs
I had to struggle to be heard
Ⅲ. 閱讀理解
In elementary school，I earned my Girl Scout Bronze Award by planting a butterfly garden. When I got a little older，I earned my Girl Scout Silver Award by bringing an art program to struggling refugees(難民). But when it was time for me to go for my Girl Scout Gold Award，there was something even bigger affecting us all that I had to focus on.
People talk about damage to our environment and argue about who’s to blame，but the thing is，we don’t have time for all that. The Earth is in danger，and that means all of us are in danger. That’s why I founded Project ReefLove，an awareness and educational campaign(活動(dòng)) that teaches kids one super simple and easy way we can help protect coral reefs，which are the rainforests of the sea.
Lots of creatures，from sea turtles to sharks to starfish，depend on coral for survival，and the reefs help prevent beach erosion. Coral is really important—but the chemical sunscreens a lot of people wear are poisoning it and threatening the whole ecosystem. Saving coral can seem like a huge undertaking，but once you know how big a difference something simple like switching to a mineral sunscreen or wearing a rash guard instead of using chemical SPF makes，you’ll realize it is not so hard after all.
The first step，I knew，had to be education. So I went to the source: kids. From my own experience growing up in Girl Scouts，I know there’s nothing stronger than the passion of young people. If you get a little kid excited about saving the environment，their parents，grandparents，teachers，and others in earshot are going to hear about it，too!
So far，the Project ReefLove message has directly reached more than 11,000 people—and I’ve been excited to see lawmakers take action to do their part，too. Hawaii just outlawed sunscreens that are toxic(有毒的) to reefs，and I’m hoping other states will follow its lead.
語(yǔ)篇解讀　本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了作者為了保護(hù)珊瑚礁而創(chuàng)立了ReefLove項(xiàng)目的事跡。
1. What did the author plan to do for her Girl Scout Gold Award
A. Save kids in danger.
B. Build a butterfly garden.
C. Help refugees to make a living.
D. Teach kids how to protect coral reefs.
答案　D
解析　推理判斷題。由第一段最后一句和第二段最后一句可知，作者打算競(jìng)爭(zhēng)女童子軍金獎(jiǎng)時(shí)做一些更有影響力的事，即：教孩子如何保護(hù)珊瑚礁。故選D。
2. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to
A. Saving coral.
B. Using chemicals.
C. Giving up sunscreens.
D. Protecting sea creatures.
答案　A
解析　代詞指代題。由第三段畫(huà)線詞所在句“拯救珊瑚似乎是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)，但一旦你知道像使用礦物防曬霜或使用防皮疹產(chǎn)品而不是化學(xué)防曬產(chǎn)品這樣簡(jiǎn)單的事情會(huì)造成多大的影響，你就會(huì)意識(shí)到這其實(shí)并不難”可知，it指代上文，上文講到保護(hù)珊瑚礁，作者列舉了保護(hù)珊瑚礁的方法，可得出it指“保護(hù)珊瑚礁”。故選A。
3. What does Paragraph 4 mainly deal with
A. The influence of Girl Scouts.
B. How family education affects kids.
C. The importance of protecting the environment.
D. Why the Project ReefLove focuses on kids’ education.
答案　D
解析　段落大意題。由第四段可知，如果孩子對(duì)保護(hù)環(huán)境感到興奮，那么他們的父母、祖父母、老師和其他聽(tīng)力范圍內(nèi)的人也會(huì)聽(tīng)到，因此第四段主要講為什么該項(xiàng)目將重點(diǎn)放在兒童教育上。故選D。
4. Why does the author write this text
A. To encourage more kids to join Girl Scouts.
B. To tell readers how she’s saving coral reefs.
C. To show that the Project ReefLove is powerful.
D. To ask lawmakers to pay attention to coral reefs.
答案　B
解析　寫(xiě)作意圖題。結(jié)合全文可知，文章講述了作者為保護(hù)珊瑚礁而創(chuàng)立了ReefLove項(xiàng)目的事跡，寫(xiě)這篇文章是為了記敘自己拯救珊瑚礁的歷程。故選B。
Ⅳ. 完形填空
(2022·山東名校聯(lián)盟高二質(zhì)檢)
Riding a wave is an experience that kids with disabilities might think impossible. That’s why Ride a Wave(RAW) was 1 . The nonprofit organization gives kids with 2 a chance to feel the excitement of surfing.
Every year from April through June，RAW provides 8-day camps. Physically and developmentally 3 young people come from miles away to participate. So far，the organization has 4 over 2,500 kids to have a life-changing day at the beach.
At 5 ，families help their children check in. You can see the excitement on the kids’ faces as they see the beach in the first ray of sunshine. After 6 life jackets，the kids are ready to ride the 7 . To the front of the surfboard is a seat specially designed for children with physical 8 . A RAW volunteer 9 the board safely. Being in the water allows children to 10 confidence. It lets them know they can do something that seems impossible.
Mariah Vash was a girl born with a rare speech disorder. 11 ，it can be difficult for others to know exactly what she wants to 12 . But the volunteers in RAW manage to understand her. “She deeply loves water. The ocean，lake， 13 or even a simple bath makes her 14 . She has been to RAW six times! She has taught me and my entire family how to love 15 and how to laugh as much as possible. It is selfless service that RAW is all about，” said Mariah’s father，Stuart Vash.
語(yǔ)篇解讀　這是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一個(gè)非營(yíng)利組織RAW幫助殘疾的孩子們體驗(yàn)沖浪的樂(lè)趣。
1. A. ranked B. established
C. rewarded D. stopped
答案　B
解析　rank把……分等級(jí)；establish建立；reward獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；stop停止。根據(jù)“The nonprofit organization”可知，此處表示成立Ride a Wave (RAW)這個(gè)組織。
2. A. disabilities B. expressions
C. nationalities D. families
答案　A
解析　disability殘疾，缺陷；expression表達(dá)；nationality國(guó)籍；family家庭。根據(jù)上文“Riding a wave is an experience that kids with disabilities might think impossible. ”可知，此處是信息詞disabilities的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)。
3. A. decent B. harmonious
C. tired D. challenged
答案　D
解析　decent體面的，得體的；harmonious和諧的；tired勞累的；challenged有殘疾的。根據(jù)“The nonprofit organization gives kids with a chance”可知，此處表示身患?xì)埣驳哪贻p人們前來(lái)參加這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。
4. A. commanded B. criticised
C. assisted D. represented
答案　C
解析　command命令，指揮；criticise批判；assist幫助；represent代表，表現(xiàn)。根據(jù)“The nonprofit organization gives kids with a chance”可知，此處表示該組織已經(jīng)幫助了2 500多名兒童。
5. A. sunrise B. noon
C. sunset D. dusk
答案　A
解析　sunrise日出；noon中午；sunset日落；dusk黃昏。根據(jù)“as they see the beach in the first ray of sunshine”可知，此處表示在日出時(shí)，孩子們登記入住。
6. A. making up B. handing out
C. putting on D. throwing away
答案　C
解析　make up編造，組成；hand out分發(fā)；put on穿上；throw away扔掉。根據(jù)“l(fā)ife jackets”可知，此處表示穿上救生衣。
7. A. elevators B. waves
C. bikes D. horses
答案　B
解析　elevator電梯；wave海浪；bike自行車；horse馬。根據(jù)“Riding a wave”可知，此處是信息詞wave的詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)。
8. A. exercise B. link
C. exams D. limitations
答案　D
解析　exercise鍛煉；link連接；exam考試；limitation限制。根據(jù)“kids with disabilities”可知，此處表示專門為身體有缺陷的兒童設(shè)計(jì)的座位。
9. A. controls B. drills
C. loosens D. displays
答案　A
解析　control控制；drill練習(xí)；loosen變松；display展示。根據(jù)“the board safely”可知，需要一名RAW志愿者安全地控制著沖浪板。
10. A. acknowledge B. gain
C. doubt D. lack
答案　B
解析　acknowledge承認(rèn)；gain獲得；doubt懷疑；lack缺乏。根據(jù)下文“It lets them know they can do something that seems impossible. ”可知，這讓他們知道，他們可以做一些看似不可能的事情，可以使孩子們獲得自信。
11. A. Curiously B. Fortunately
C. Consequently D. Alternatively
答案　C
解析　curiously好奇地；fortunately幸運(yùn)地；consequently因此，結(jié)果；alternatively或者。根據(jù)“Mariah Vash was a girl born with a rare speech disorder. ”可知，Mariah Vash生來(lái)就患有罕見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言障礙，因此別人很難知道她想表達(dá)什么。
12. A. serve B. check
C. bear D. express
答案　D
解析　serve服務(wù)；check檢查；bear忍受；express表達(dá)。根據(jù)“born with a rare speech disorder”可知，因?yàn)橛姓Z(yǔ)言障礙，別人很難確切地知道她想要表達(dá)什么。
13. A. camp B. pool
C. sunlight D. organization
答案　B
解析　camp營(yíng)地；pool游泳池，水塘；sunlight陽(yáng)光；organization組織。根據(jù)“ocean，lake”可知，此處需填和水有關(guān)的事物。
14. A. delighted B. calm
C. embarrassed D. emotional
答案　A
解析　delighted高興的；calm冷靜的；embarrassed尷尬的；emotional情感的。根據(jù)“She deeply loves water. ”可知，因?yàn)榉浅Ｏ矏?ài)水，所以海洋，湖泊，游泳池，甚至是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的浴缸都能使她高興。
15. A. incredibly B. selfishly
C. unconditionally D. slightly
答案　C
解析　incredibly難以置信地；selfishly自私地；unconditionally無(wú)條件地；slightly輕微地。根據(jù)“It is selfless service that RAW is all about”可知，此處表示“她教會(huì)了我和我的家人如何無(wú)條件地去愛(ài)”。
Ⅴ. 語(yǔ)法填空
(2022·福建三明高二期末質(zhì)檢)
It’s reported that China in 2021 1. (official) announced the first group of national parks—the Sanjiangyuan National Park，the Giant Panda National Park，the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park，the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park，and the Wuyishan National Park. The national parks refer to special areas put under protection with the aim of conserving the ecosystem and natural resources. The 2. (announce) is a practical move related with the drive to continuously promote the building of 3. ecological civilization.
Home to various key wildlife species in China，the Wuyishan National Park appeals 4. ________ tourists both at home and abroad. Located in east China’s Fujian and Jinagxi，it features rich diversity due to 5. (it) unique natural environment. Taking a bamboo raft tour is people’s favourite. With trees,6. (bush) and colourful flowers covering every corner of the park，it’s a natural system for providing clean water and producing oxygen,7. (make) it the green lungs of Fujian. There are many hiking routes for you to take. What’s more，there are several viewing platforms 8. you can stop to admire the breathtaking beauty of mountains，waterfalls，and lakes around. Words fail 9. (describe) its impressive beauty. Therefore，you 10. (recommend) to pay a visit by yourself.
語(yǔ)篇解讀　這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。2021年中國(guó)正式公布了首批國(guó)家公園——三江源國(guó)家公園、大熊貓國(guó)家公園、東北虎豹國(guó)家公園、海南熱帶雨林國(guó)家公園和武夷山國(guó)家公園。文章介紹了武夷山國(guó)家公園的情況。1. 答案　officially
解析　考查副詞。修飾后文動(dòng)詞announce應(yīng)用副詞形式officially，作狀語(yǔ)。
2. 答案　announcement
解析　考查名詞。此處作主語(yǔ)，表示“公告”應(yīng)用名詞announcement，此處為特指應(yīng)用單數(shù)。
3. 答案　an
解析　考查冠詞。civilization在此處表泛指，應(yīng)用不定冠詞，且ecological是發(fā)音以元音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞。
4. 答案　to
解析　考查介詞。結(jié)合句意表示“吸引”可知短語(yǔ)為appeal to。
5. 答案　its
解析　考查代詞。修飾后文名詞environment應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞its。
6. 答案　bushes
解析　考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。bush為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)上文trees可知應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
7. 答案　making
解析　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，make在句中應(yīng)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，與邏輯主語(yǔ)
it’s a natural system for providing clean water and producing oxygen構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。
8. 答案　where
解析　考查定語(yǔ)從句。此處為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞platforms，先行詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。
9. 答案　to describe
解析　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。結(jié)合句意表示“無(wú)法……”短語(yǔ)為fail to do sth. 。
10. 答案　are recommended
解析　考查時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致。主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且陳述客觀事實(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)為you，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。

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