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2025年高考英語語法 定語從句(講義)

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2025年高考英語語法 定語從句(講義)

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2025年高考英語語法定語從句
定語含義:
修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。
(定語可以由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞)、副詞、不定式(短語)以及介詞短語等來充當(dāng),也可以由一個句子來充當(dāng)。)
定語從句含義:
修飾名詞或代詞的句子叫定語從句。
定語從句一般緊跟在所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫作先行詞。
定語從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用,同時在從句中充當(dāng)某種成分。
先行詞:
是被定語從句所修飾的詞 (通常是名詞或代詞)
關(guān)系詞
1.引導(dǎo)定語從句
2.在從句中替代先行詞,
3.在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分,
(關(guān)系代詞通常是充當(dāng)主語或賓語,作賓語時常可以省略。關(guān)系副詞通常是充當(dāng)?shù)攸c狀語、時間狀語、原因狀語)
關(guān)系詞 所修飾的先行詞 在從句中所作的成分
關(guān)系代詞 that 人/物 主語、賓語、表語
which 物/事 主語、賓語
who 人 主語、賓語
whom 人 賓語
whose 人/物 定語
as 人/物 主語、賓語、表語
關(guān)系副詞 when 時間名詞 時間狀語
where 地點名詞 地點狀語
why 原因名詞(the reason) 原因狀語
關(guān)系代詞具體用法:
關(guān)系代詞 用法 例子
that 先行詞是人或物,在從句中作主語或賓語。 ①This is the person that you are looking for. ②This is an old computer that works much slower.
which 先行詞是物,在從句中作主語或賓語。 ①M(fèi)ary likes music which is quiet and gentle. ②The film which we saw last night was very interesting.
who/whom 先行詞是人, who的先行詞在從句中作主語或賓語, whom的先行詞只在從句中作賓語。 ①Here comes the man who wants to see you. ②This is the boy who/whom you wants to find.
whose 先行詞是人或物,在從句中作定語,后面有名詞,表示“……的”。 ①This is the girl whose parents are very busy. ②I'd like a room whose windows are big.
注意:
先行詞指物,可用which,也可用that,但下面情況用 that 不用which。
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是 all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing, none, some等不定代詞時。
 He did everything that he could to help us.
 When I was younger, all that my dad said was doctrine.
(2)當(dāng)先行詞被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the right, the last, few, just等修飾時。
 The very air(that)I breathed was filled with sand!
 Many trees line the road, including some pine trees that were first planted during the Ming Dynasty.
(3)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時。
 She described in her diary the people and the places that impressed her most.
(4)當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。
The first thing that came into my mind was his words.
It was the most frightening and the most dangerous situation that I've ever been in.
(5)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在以who或which開頭的疑問句中時,為避免重復(fù),關(guān)系代詞用that。
Who is the boy that is talking to Tina in English
不可用that的情況:
關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時。
The garden in which a variety of flowers are planted attracts a great many visitors.
在非限制性定語從句中。
He failed in the match, which was a pity.
補(bǔ)充:
whose既可指人也可指物,在定語從句中作定語,表示所屬關(guān)系,意為“·····的”。
whose + n.=the + n. + of whom/which=of which/whom + the + n.
I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.
 = I live next door to a couple ___________________ often make a lot of noise.
 =I live next door to a couple_________________often make a lot of noise.
關(guān)系副詞具體用法:
關(guān)系副詞 用法 例子
when 表示時間的名詞 I want to know the day when he was born.
where 表示地點的名詞 He still loves the school where we studied together two years ago.
why 表示原因的名詞reason Do you know the reason why he was late for school?
注意:先行詞為place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等表示地點的名詞或point(地步),case(情況),situation(情形),position(位置),stage(階段)等表示抽象地點的名詞,用where.
關(guān)系副詞主要有 when, where, why, 在從句中分別作時間狀語、地點狀語和原因狀語,常可以用 “介詞+ which ”結(jié)構(gòu)代替。
“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞前介詞的選用
(1)依據(jù)定語從句中動詞、形容詞等的習(xí)慣搭配來確定。
(2)依據(jù)與先行詞的搭配來確定。
(3)根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思來確定。
注意
有些“動詞(+名詞)+介詞”的固定搭配,如look for, look after, call on,take care of等,不能把介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前。
定語從句分類:
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限定作用;非限制性定語從句對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用。在非限制性定語從句中,先行詞與定語從句往往由逗號隔開。
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
形式 與主句之間不用逗號隔開 與主句之間一般用逗號隔開
位置 放在所修飾的先行詞后 as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可放在句首、句中或句尾
先行詞 名詞或名詞性短語 名詞、名詞性短語或整個句子
引導(dǎo)詞 所有的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞 除that和why之外的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞
功能 對先行詞進(jìn)行限定或修飾,去掉定語從句,剩余部分的意義不完整 對先行詞作附加說明解釋,去掉定語從句后,句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整
翻譯 常譯成前置定語 常譯成并列分句
as 的用法
(1)as 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句常用于下列句式.
such + n. + as... 像...一樣的,像...之類的
the same + n. + as... 和...同樣的
She is such a girl as is always finding fault with other people.
I have the same book as he has.
(2)as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句, 先行詞為整個主句或主句中的部分內(nèi)容。
_______is known to all, the moon travels round the earth.
The moon travels round the earth, __________ is known to everybody.
注意:as用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá):as everybody can see, as is well- known to all, as we had expected, as often happens, as has been said before, as is mentioned above ...
引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,關(guān)系代詞as與關(guān)系代詞which的異同
關(guān)系代詞as 關(guān)系代詞which
不同點 位置 位于句首,句中,句尾 位于主句后
翻譯 “正如……” “這,那”
相同點 形式 需要用逗號
特殊情況:
定語從句中的主謂一致問題
當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時,定語從句中的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。
(1) I作先行詞時,定語從句中謂語動詞應(yīng)該與I保持一致。
I, who am your teacher, will try to answer all kinds of questions.
(2)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as或which 指代整個主句,且作從句的主語時,從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
(3)當(dāng)“one of + the(+形容詞最高級)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”位于關(guān)系詞前時,定語從句的先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,從句的謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
The Lord of the Rings is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.
當(dāng)“the only one of + the(+形容詞最高級)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”位于關(guān)系詞前時,定語從句的先行詞是the only one,從句的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。
Titanic is the only one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.

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