資源簡介 高中重點語法知識點整理1. 句子成分及基本句型2. 名詞性從句3. 定語從句4. 狀語從句5. 虛擬語氣6. 倒裝句7. 非謂語動詞一. 句子成分及基本句型句子成分1. 主語:一個句子所敘述的主體,謂語動作的發(fā)出者,一般位于句首。(名詞)2. 謂語:說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。(動詞)3. 賓語:表示動作的對象或承受者,一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。 (名詞)4. 表語:用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。(名詞,形容詞)5. 賓語補足語:補充說明賓語的動作或特征身份等。<英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補語,才能使句子的意義完整>。(動詞,名詞,形容詞)6. 定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。(形容詞)7. 同位語:一個名詞對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾,限定或說明,這個名詞就是同位語。(名詞)8. 狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語。(副詞)基本句型英語句子看上去紛繁龐雜,但仔細(xì)觀察不外乎五個基本句式。這五個基本句式可以演變出多種復(fù)雜的英語句子。換言之,絕大多數(shù)英語句子都是由這五個基本句式生成的。這五個基本句式如下:1. 主謂結(jié)構(gòu) He runs quickly2. 主系表結(jié)構(gòu) He seems interested in the book(常見的系動詞有:look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fall ill/asleep, become,turn等)3. 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) They found their home easily.4. 主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu) He offered me his seat/his seat to me.(帶雙賓語的動詞有:give,ask,bring,offer,send,pay,lend,show,tell,buy,get;rob,warn等)5. 主謂賓補結(jié)構(gòu) They named the boy Charlie.二. 名詞性從句名詞性從句包括: 賓語從句;主語從句;表語從句;同位語從句一. 賓語從句: 作賓語成分的句子1. 賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞that: that在從句中不作成分,沒有意義,常省略。由直接引語變間接引語,當(dāng)賓語從句是陳述句時,從句由that引導(dǎo)。whether, if: 不作成分,但具有意義,意為“是否”, 不省略。由直接引語變間接引語,當(dāng)賓語從句是一般疑問句時,用if或whether引導(dǎo).連接代詞和連接副詞:既有意義,也作成分,不可省略。由直接引語變間接引語,當(dāng)特殊疑問句做賓語從句時,用連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)。連接代詞:who, whom, whose, which, what在句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、定語或者表語。連接副詞:when, where, why, how在句中擔(dān)任狀語的成分。2. 賓語從句的語序賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序即:連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分。e.g. I don’t know what they are looking for.特殊情況:有的時候連接詞可以作從句的主語,或從句某個成分的定語I don’t know what’s the matter with you = I don’t know what is wrong with you I wonder which is the way to the bank.3. 賓語從句的時態(tài)主句是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或?qū)頃r態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時,現(xiàn)在進行時,現(xiàn)在完成時,一般將來時等),從句根據(jù)實際情況選用任何時態(tài)(即不受到主句時態(tài)影響)。主句是過去時態(tài)(包括一般過去,過去進行等),從句須用相對應(yīng)的過去某種時態(tài)。3. 當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是一個客觀真理,定義,定理或者事實時,即使主句是過去時,從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。(主現(xiàn)從不限,主過從也過,事實真理永一現(xiàn))4. 賓語從句的簡化賓語從句是陳述句時,且主、從句的主語一致,可簡化為“動詞+ to do sth”. 或“動詞+doing sth”We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.賓語從句是疑問句時,且主、從句的主語一致,或從句的主語與主句的賓語一致。可簡化為“疑問詞+ to do sth”. (注意to do 前不可以是if)I don’t know what I should do next. → I don’t know what to do next.5. 直接引語變間接引語1. 時態(tài)和連接詞參考賓語從句2. 指示代詞及表示時間地點的詞或詞組的變化規(guī)則直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時,指示代詞以及表示時間和地點的詞或詞組應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化:在直接引語中 在間接引語中3. 引語動詞的判定直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語,有時候引語動詞也要做相應(yīng)變化1.) 當(dāng)從句是祈使句的時候,間接引語可以變成tell/ask sb (not) to do sth 的結(jié)構(gòu)He said to me, “please open the door.” --- He asked me to open the door.2.) 當(dāng)從句是問句的時候,引語動詞用 ask.He said to me: “Do you like English ” ---He asked if I liked English.3. )主句的謂語動詞可直用接引語中的said, 也可用told來代替. He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” —>He told us that he had been to the Great Wall. 二. 其他三個從句的用法參照賓語從句即可重點: 1. That 只在賓語從句可以省略2. 只用whether的情況: a. or/or not;b. 介詞后c. 不定式(to do) 前d. 除了it做形式主語的主語從句e. 表語從句和同位語從句3. 可以跟同位語從句的抽象名詞通常有news,idea,fact,truth,promise,question,problem,doubt,thought,hope,wish,message,information,suggestion,words,possibility等。4. 分離式同位語從句:有時候同位語從句可以和同位的名詞分開。The news spread that he had won a car in the lottery.5. as(如同), as if(似乎) , because 也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。三. 定語從句1. 關(guān)系代詞:人:who(主+賓), whom(賓), that (主+賓),whose(定語),as (主+賓)物:which(主+賓), that(主+賓), whose(定語),as (主+賓)注意:A. as 只用在且必須用在固定搭配中: as…as…,so...as;such...as;the same+ 名詞+asB. 只用that的情況:1) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級或被序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級修飾時2)先行詞被the only, the very, the last, the same或者every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much,each等修飾時.3)當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing, few, all, none, little, some等表示物的代詞時。4)當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時.5)當(dāng)先行詞既有人,也有動物或者物體時6)先行詞是主句的表語或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語.7)在雙重定語從句中,如果一個從句用 which 引導(dǎo),另一個從句用 that 引導(dǎo)。8)There be句型中,先行詞指物時,用that引導(dǎo)。9)先行詞被 the same 修飾時,如果表示同一事物,應(yīng)用 the same... that;但如果表示相同的種類,則用 the same... as。C. 只用who 的情況:1)當(dāng)先行詞為 those, one, ones, anyone等或者I, you, he ,they等。2)在 there be 句型中,先行詞指人時。3)當(dāng)先行詞被 all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 修飾人時。There are very few people who would not like to do it. (不可以省略)4)先行詞指人且后面有較長的插入語時.D. 只用whom 的情況:1)若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom,且不可以省略,不可用who或者that。E. 只用which 的情況:1) 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前,關(guān)系代詞指物時用which,且不可以省略,不能用that;2) 先行詞本身是that時。2. 關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why關(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞(e.g. why=for which)既不可以填關(guān)系代詞也不可以是關(guān)系副詞的時候,要想到介詞+關(guān)系代詞。3. 非限制性定語從句: 有逗號隔開,從句不對主句起限制性作用。注意:that不可以用于非限制性定語從句; as 表示“正如”。四. 狀語從句時間狀語從句1. 當(dāng)…時候:when, while, as 意義 備注when 當(dāng)…的時候 從句用持續(xù)或短暫動詞,從句動作在主句的前中后發(fā)生都可以while 在…期間 從句只能用持續(xù)動詞,主從句同時發(fā)生as 當(dāng)…的時候;隨著; 一邊一邊 從句用持續(xù)或短暫動詞,強調(diào)動作相繼發(fā)生或同時發(fā)生2. whenever 無論何時: You are always welcome whenever you come.3. before 在…之前; after 在…之后Before 從句往往帶有否定含義, “還沒…就”He died before I could ask his name. 還沒來得及問他姓名,他就死了。before 常用句型 It is /was/will (not) be …before…。 翻譯為“….之后”It will be five years before we meet again. 五年以后我們才能再見。It was not long before I realized I was wrong. 不久我就意識到我錯了。4. till until 直到; not…until 直到…才…I didn't leave until/till she came back. 直到她回來,我才離開的。當(dāng)not until位于句首時,主句中的主語、謂語要使用倒裝語序。Not until she stopped crying did I leave.直到她不哭了,我才離開的。It is/was not until…that… 直到…才…It was not until midnight that I went to sleep.5. since, ever since. 自……以來(現(xiàn)完)since從句中一般用短暫性動詞的一般過去時。It has been just a week since we arrived here. 我們剛到這兒一星期。有時since 從句中也可以用延續(xù)性動詞,表示一件事情的終止。It's two years since he was a college student.句型: It is/ has been +一段時間+ since+ didIt is/ has been 3 years since he died. 他死了三年了他大學(xué)畢業(yè)已有兩年了。6. 一…就:a. as soon as “一……就……” (主將從現(xiàn),主過從過)b.副詞類: immediately, instantly, directly,presently從句中用一般用一般過去時或過去完成時態(tài)。 E.g. We came directly we got your telephone. 我們一接到你的電話就趕來了。c. the+時間名詞:the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, the afternoon/day/morning/week/month/year. 這幾個名詞短語也可用作連詞,直接引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句,表示“一…就…”e.g. Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives. 告訴他,他一到我就要見他。d.hardly /scarcely…when; no sooner…than. 這兩個短語都表示“剛…就…”,可以互換,主句通常用去完成時。e.g. He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick. 他剛出發(fā)就想起家來。注意:當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句子的開頭時,主句須用倒裝語序。Hardly had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door woke her up.她剛要睡著,忽然敲門聲把她吵醒。e. 一……就……還可以用on/upon doing 結(jié)構(gòu)來表示。e.g. On arriving home, he called up Lester. = As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.7. once 一旦once作連詞時,也相當(dāng)于as soon as,但它含有的條件意味更濃,它引導(dǎo)的從句較短。Once you begin, you must continue. 一旦開了頭,你就應(yīng)當(dāng)繼續(xù)下去。8. time 詞組:next time, the first time, the last time, every time...表特定時刻發(fā)生的事。Be sure to call on us next time you come to town. 下次你進城一定來看我們。9. by the time 到…時為止.( 主句一般要用完成時態(tài))By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics.愛因斯坦到十四歲時就學(xué)完了高等數(shù)學(xué)。 (從句為一般過去,主句要用過完)二. 目的狀語從句1. that, so that(句中), in order that(句中或句首): 為了…that , so that,in order that表示“為了,以便”,一般放在主句之后,從句常用情態(tài)動詞加動詞構(gòu)成。e.g. They hurried so that they might not miss the train. 他們?yōu)榱瞬徽`火車,才急急忙忙的。當(dāng)主從句的主語一致時,so that和in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成相對應(yīng)的動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu):so as to; in order to…e.g. They hurried so that they might not miss the train. → They hurried so as not to miss the train.2. in case, lest, for fear that…幾個短語都表示萬一,惟恐,含有否定的意義。lest必須用虛擬語氣(should)do;for fear that 和in case 后若是不可能發(fā)生的事情,也要用虛擬語氣。e.g. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多帶些衣服以防天氣會冷。She came in quietly lest she should wake up the baby. 她悄悄進來,以防吵醒寶寶。三. 結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句由 so, that, so that, so...that,such that, such...that 引導(dǎo),意思是“如此...以至于”。1. so, that, so that: 這三個詞都可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。so that最為常用,so或that常用于口語或非正式文體中。e.g. What has happened that you look so worried 發(fā)生了什幺事,使你顯得如此擔(dān)心?The room was packed with people, so that we couldn't get in.房間里擠滿了人,我們進不去。2. such that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句,such 在主句中作成分,意為(是)這樣...以致。e.g. His progress was such that it surprised his teacher. 他的進步如此大,讓老師感到驚訝。3. so…that; such…. that… 如此…以至于… so修飾形容詞,副詞; such 修飾名詞e.g. He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son. She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.在so + 形容詞副詞 + that-從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,如將so + 形容詞副詞位于句首,主謂語要倒裝。e.g. So excited was he that she could not say a word. 他很激動,一句話都說不出來。so...that 和 such...that 主從句主語一致時,可以和too...to, enough...to 以及 so…as to…, such…as to…互換。e.g. She is so young that she can' t go to school.= She is too young to go to school. =She is' t old enough to go to school.=she is so young as not to go to school.=she is such a young girl as not to go to school.四. 方式狀語從句方式狀語從句是描述動作方式的從句。方式狀語從句常由as, as if/ as though,the way等詞引導(dǎo),通常位于主句之后。1: as, just as 正如,像…一樣。 just as 比as 語氣要強一些。e.g. Please do as you are told. (也可說Please do as told.) 請按照人家告訴你做的去做。注意:在口語中,還可用like來代替as,引導(dǎo)一個方式狀語從句。e.g. She is doing the work exactly like I want her to. 她正在完全按照我要她的那樣在做這項工作。2: as if, as though: 似乎,好像由as if 或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句可以用陳述語氣表示可能符合事實的情況,也可以用虛擬語氣的過去式表示現(xiàn)在不符的或與事實相反的情況。She looks as if she is ill. 看上去她好象是生病了。He acted as if/though nothing had happened。 他裝得似乎什么事也未發(fā)生過。3. the way…: … 的方式Please pronounce the word the way I have shown you in the class. 請按照我課堂上展示的方法來讀這個單詞。五、比較狀語從句比較狀語從句由as…as…; than; the more…the more…等引導(dǎo),表示兩者之間進行比較。1.A. as...as, the same as… 表示兩者一樣…: 這個句型中前一個as是副詞,修飾后面的形容詞/副詞,后一個是連接詞,引出后面的比較狀語從句。e.g. Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.我們的國家同整個歐洲一樣大。She works in the same building as my sister. 她和我的妹妹在同一大樓上班。B. 否定句用not so/as …as, not the same …as,表示前者不如后者。e.g. The result was not as/so good as I had expected. 結(jié)果不如我預(yù)料的那么好。C.當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€ as 作為副詞來修飾形容詞,而該形容詞同時又修飾一個單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,那么此時要將形容詞置于不定冠詞前as + adj+ a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+as e.g. He has as big a house as I have. = He has a house as big as I have.2: A. than: 表示不同程度級的比較。 “A比B更…”e.g. He is two inches taller than his father.= He is taller than his father by two inches. 他比他爸爸高兩英寸。B. no more...than: “同…一樣不” = Not…any more thane.g. I am no taller than you. = I am not any taller than you. 我和你都不高。C. 倍數(shù)比較的句型: 表示兩事物倍數(shù)關(guān)系的比較,可用以下三種句型.1:“倍數(shù)+比較級”: A is twice bigger than B2:“倍數(shù)+as...as” : A is three times as big as B 3:“倍數(shù)+名詞” A is three times the size of B3.the more..., the more...:意思是越……就越……。第一個the more 也可以看成是一個條件, 是從句,后半句是主句。e.g. The more you read, the better you understand.你看的書越多,你懂得就越多。(= If you read more, you will understand better.)e.g. The busier he is, the happier he feels.他越忙越開心。4、A is to B what/as C is to D 結(jié)構(gòu) : A 與 B 之間的關(guān)系就類似于 C 和 D 之間的關(guān)系。The people is to the people’s army what water is to fish. 該句型的變體結(jié)構(gòu):what/as C is to D, so is A to B 或 A is to Be.g. As perfume is to a flower, so is personality to man. What perfume is to a flower, personality is to man.六、原因狀語從句because:因為,語氣比較強,表達的是未知的信息,通常表示直接原因。 一般放在主句之后,也可放在主句前,用逗號隔開。 e.g. Because I like it, I do it. 因為我喜歡,所以我才做。回答why的問句,只能用because.強調(diào)句中只能用because. e.g. It was because I missed the bus that I was late for school.關(guān)聯(lián)詞not …but 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中,要用because.because還常和副詞just, merely, only等連用e.g. You shouldn't get angry only because some people speak ill of you.你不該僅僅因為有些人說了你的壞話就生氣because等詞不能與 so連用。注意:because否定句的翻譯。主從句間有逗號,not 否定主句動詞,翻譯為“沒有…是因為…”。主從句間無逗號,not 否定because,翻譯為“不是因為”。e.g. I didn’t visit him, because I wanted to borrow some books。我沒去拜訪他,因為我想借幾本書。e.g. I didn’t visit him because I wanted to borrow some books. 我拜訪他不是因為我想借幾本書。2.for: 表示的是推斷解釋,常用在句末,與主句用都好隔開。e.g. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了,因為地面是濕的。3. since=now that :既然,語氣較弱,強調(diào)已知事實。大多置于句首,主從句的時態(tài)一般相同。e.g. Since you are all here, let's try and reach a decision. 既然大家都來了,咱們就設(shè)法做出一個決定吧。4.a(chǎn)s: 由于; 一般多用于句首,中間用逗號隔開。表示的原因為人所知,語氣弱。as只是對主句的附帶說明,重點在主句。e.g. As it is getting dark,we’d better go home. 天快黑了,我們最好回家。5.分詞作表原因的連詞:considering( that), seeing (that)…這兩個詞和since, now that意思相近,都有鑒于…事實,考慮到…的意思。e.g. Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.由于好些人都沒到會,我們決定延期開會。e.g. Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.考慮到他們才剛剛學(xué)做,他們干得算很不錯的了。6. not that…but that…: 這一結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于漢語的不是因為…. 而是因為。e.g. Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it. 不是因我不喜歡看這部電影,而是因為我沒有時間看。7. in that指某一方面的原因和理由,不用于句首。e.g. I like Shanghai in that I have many friends there. 我喜歡上海因為那兒有很多我的朋友。注意:以上表示原因的連接詞后只能接句子,不可以接短語和單詞;表示原因的介詞詞組后只能接短語和單詞,不能接句子,這些介詞詞組有: because of, thanks to, owing to, due to, as a result of, on account of 等I finished it thanks to/because of your help.七、地點狀語從句地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever(where的強勢語), anywhere(無論何處), everywhere(到處)引導(dǎo),是表示空間關(guān)系的狀語從句。1. where: 在……地方.: Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。2. wherever= no matter where :在任何……地方,無論哪里Wherever you go, you should do your work well. 不論到什么地方,都要把工作做好。You may sit down wherever you like. 你愛坐哪兒就坐哪兒。3.everywhere: 到處Everywhere they went, they were kindly received. 他們每到一處都受到了友好接待。4. anywhere: 無論何處You can find the sign anywhere you go. 無論在哪兒你都可以看到這個標(biāo)志。八.讓步狀語從句1. although, though:雖然,盡管。although比though正式。although 指事實,多用于句首。e.g. Although he is young, he is very clever. 他盡管年輕,但很聰明。though既指事實,又指設(shè)想。可用于句首、句中或句末。e.g. Though he is poor, he is happy. 他雖然窮,但很快樂。有時though= and yet用作副詞,放在句子末尾,前面用逗號。e.g. It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though. 那工作很苦,但是我喜歡干。= It was hard work, but I enjoyed it. = It was hard work, and yet I enjoyed it.though從句有時可以倒裝,將從句中的一部分提到句首。此時用法等于ase.g. Child though/as he is, he knows a lot. =Although he is a child, he knows a lot.盡管他是個孩子,他懂得的東西卻很多.although, though不能與but連用,但是可以與yet, still, nevertheless連用。e.g. Although /Though he blames me, yet I will trust him.盡管他責(zé)怪我,但我還是愿意信任他。2: as:同though一樣,也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,但從句中要用倒裝語序。e.g. Young as he is, he knows a lot. 他雖然年輕,但懂得很多。(= Though he is young, he…)3. even if, even though:語氣比though, although強,意為“即使”,兩者可以通用。e.g. We won't be discouraged even if though we fail ten times. 我們就是失敗十次也不泄氣。4:while, whereas: 突出主句和從句的對比。e.g. While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you. 雖然我理解你的意思,但我還是不同意。Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it. 有些人喜歡肥肉,相反有些人討厭肥肉。5: no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) = however, whatever, whenever, wherever…: 這幾個詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句語氣十分強烈, 表示 “無論…”e.g. This is not true, no matter who says so. 不管誰這么說,都不對。e.g. However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I'll take it. 無論它有多貴,我也要買下它。6.whether...or (not) ...: 意思是不管……還是……。e.g. Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 不管你信不信,這是真的。7. if 有時也可用于讓步狀語從句,相當(dāng)于even if。e.g. If he is poor, he is at least honest. 盡管他窮,但至少他很誠實。九、條件狀語從句條件狀語從句表示條件,通常由 if(如果),unless(除非) ,so /as long as(只要),as /so far as(只要), on condition that (如果), in case (萬一), suppose (that), supposing(that)(假如)引導(dǎo)。1:if 表示正面的條件,unless 表示反面的條件,unless=if not, if= not unlessIf you ask him, he will help you. 如果你向他請求,他會幫助你。They will go tomorrow unless it rains. 除非明天下雨,否則他們會去的。2:so /as long as, on condition that… 表示“只要,條件是……”You may use the room on condition that/ so long as you clean it afterwards.只要你用完后打掃干凈,你就可以使用這個房間。3.in casein case 既引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句,也可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,等于if it happens that。Send us a message in case you have any difficulty. 萬一你有什么困難,請給我們一個信兒。4. 分詞表示條件作連詞: a. providing/ provided that… 只要; b. supposing/ supposethat…假如; c. given that… 考慮到,鑒于Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job.考慮到他們?nèi)狈?jīng)驗,他們的工作已做得很好了。Provided /Providing(that)we invite him, he would surely come to dinner.假如我們邀請他的話,他肯定會來吃飯的。 注意: given可單獨使用作介詞,后加名詞,翻譯為“考慮到…”Given his age, he is really a fast learner.5. what…if…: 如果…將會怎么樣?What if we don’t have enough time 如果我們沒有足夠的時間怎么辦?五. 虛擬語氣1. 虛擬條件句:a. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反: if sb did (be 用were) sth, sb should/would/ could/might do sth.b. 與過去事實相反: if sb had done sth, sb should/would/ could/might have donec. 與將來事實相反: if sb did/were to do/ should do sth, sb should/would/ could/might do特殊情況:(1) 錯綜虛擬條件句:主從句時間不同時,動詞形式就按照本身時態(tài)來調(diào)整。e.g. If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我上學(xué)的時候努力的的話,我現(xiàn)在也是個工程師了。(2)含蓄虛擬條件句:有時假設(shè)的情況不以條件句的形式表現(xiàn)出,而是通過一個介詞短語或分詞或其他方式表現(xiàn)出來,如:but for(若不是),without, under, otherwise, but, or, but that(若不是),given等。e.g. But for his help, we would be working now. 如果不是他的幫助,我們現(xiàn)在還在工作中。2. if only 要是…就好了a. if only sb did sth 與現(xiàn)在事實相反;b. if only sb would/could/ might do sth與將來事實相反;c. if only sb had done sth 與過去事實相反3. 假如: suppose/Supposing /providing/provided (that)/what if..+sb did sth. 與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾?br/>+ sb had done sth. 與過去事實相反 4. 以防萬一: for fear that, in case, lest sb should do sth (should不能省略).5. 在 even if, even though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與 if 所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。6. 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh- 等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中a. may +do (指現(xiàn)在或?qū)? . e.g. I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.b. may have done (指過去) . e.g. We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made.7. as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句.表示所發(fā)生的時間 虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動作之前 had + 過去分詞與主句動作同時發(fā)生 過去時(be 用were )發(fā)生在主句動作之后 would / could / might / should+原形動詞e.g. They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long.8. amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為:a. should do (從句動作發(fā)生在主句同時或之后)。b. should + 完成式, 指過去。(從句動作發(fā)生在主句之前)9. 名詞性從句:當(dāng)主句含有:建議、命令、請求、要求、愿望、主張等意思時,后面的從句用a. (should)+ do (從句動作發(fā)生在主句同時或之后)。b. (should) have done的形式。(從句動作發(fā)生在主句之前)。e.g. The workers demanded that their pay (should) be raised. 工人們要求增加工資。注意: a. insist作 “力言” 、 “強調(diào)” 解時賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。e.g. He insisted that he was a student. 他堅稱自己是學(xué)生。b. Suggest作 “暗示” 、 “表明” 解時,賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。e.g. Her pale face suggested that she was ill. 蒼白的臉上可以看出,她病了。10. a. 主語 + wish (that)...did (were)... (表示現(xiàn)在不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望)b. 主語 + wish (that)...had done… (表示過去不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望)c. 主語 + wish (that)... could/would/might do (表示將來不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望)11. would rather/sooner/prefer sb did sth. ( 與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硐喾?would rather/sooner/prefer sb had done sth. ( 與過去相反)12. It is (high / about/ the very/quite) time that sb+ did/ should do sth. 某人該做某事了。It is the first time that sb have done sth. / It was the first time that sb had done sth.六. 倒裝句部分倒裝的情況1. 否定詞前置:否定詞 + 助動詞或情態(tài)動詞 + 主語 + 謂語(1)常見的否定詞:no, not, never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, nowhere, not a bit, little, few, neither,no longer, least of all 等。絕不:in no way, at no time, by no means, in no case, in no time, under/in no circumstances, at no point, on no condition/ account。e.g. Hardly did I think it possible.(2)含義為“一…就…”,“剛…就…”,指某事發(fā)生的過早。a. Hardly/Scarcely/Barely + 倒裝句(過完)+ when+ 陳述句(過去時)b. No sooner +倒裝句(過完)+ than+陳述句(過去時)e.g. Hardly had I got to the bus stop when the bus started.(3)Not only + 倒裝句式+ but( also)+ 陳述句語序e.g. Not only did he clean the room, but also he washed all the clothes.(4) not until + 句子(陳述句語序)/時間狀語+ 倒裝句e.g. Not until yesterday did I learn anything about it.注意:not until 不放在句首的時候不用倒裝。e.g. It was not until the teacher came in that he finished his homework.2. only + 狀語前置e.g. Only after he finished the work did he leave the lab.3. 虛擬條件句中的部分倒裝句對現(xiàn)在虛擬:were + 主語 + 其他 + 虛擬主句對過去虛擬:had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + 虛擬主句對將來虛擬:should + 主語 + 動詞原形 + 虛擬主句4. 方式/頻率副詞前置e.g. Often did he come to my home in the past.5. 表強調(diào)的副詞, so, such 置于句首,構(gòu)成so…that, such…that 時,被強調(diào)部分用倒裝語序。 結(jié)構(gòu):so/such +倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) + that結(jié)果狀語從句e.g. So fast does he run that he can catch up with a dog.6. neither…nor句型的部分倒裝句, 同 not only…but also…B. 全部倒裝的情況1. There be等存在句結(jié)構(gòu)。There (appear, seem, happen, used) + to be +主語+其他There stand (lie, live, happen,exist) + 主語+其他 = There be +主語+其他2. 表時間,地點,方位的副詞或介詞短語在句首時。 (a.主語是人稱代詞時,主謂不倒裝 b. 謂語必須是不及物動詞)3. 直接引語前置時 (a. 主語是人稱代詞則不倒裝; b. 謂語較長或帶有間接賓語時不倒裝)4. 有些表語放句首時引起全部倒裝e.g. On the floor were piles of books and paper.Happy are the rich.Walking at the head of the line was Tom.七. 非謂語動詞不定式:時態(tài)語態(tài)一般式 to do ,to be done進行式 to be doing ,/完成式 to have done ,to have been done完成進行式 to have been doing, /不定式可以做以下成分a. 主語: It is easy to learn English.b. 賓語: afford, aim, agree, arrange,bother,determine ,fail ,learnlong ,mean, manage, offer, pretend ,refuse, intend+ to doc. 補語: advise, allow ,cause, challenge,drive 驅(qū)使, enable ,encourage ,forbid ,force, get +sb+ to domake/ let/ have sb do …讓某人做某事。 (省略to的不定式)d.定語: I have something (to say).e.表語: His dream is to be a doctor.f. 狀語: 1)目的狀語: to do, in order to do, so as to doe.g. He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.2)作結(jié)果狀語,可以表示沒有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面。e.g. He searched the room only to find nothing.3) 表原因狀語e.g. I'm glad to see you. 見到你很高興。動名詞時態(tài)/語態(tài)一般式 doing, being done完成式 having done, having been done動名詞可以做以下成分a. 作主語:Fighting broke out between the South and the North.b. 作賓語:admit,appreciate,avoid, complete,consider,delay,deny,detest,enjoy, escape,fancy,finish,imagine,mind,miss ,postpone, practice,resent 討厭 ,resume, resist, risk,suggest,face,include ,stand ,understand , forgive,keep,c. 作表語:Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.d. 作定語: 一般表示所修飾名詞事物的用途。a writing desk=a desk for writing 寫字臺a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞:主動&進行; 過去分詞:被動&完成)時態(tài)語態(tài):現(xiàn)在分詞 doing ,being done過去分詞 /, done完成式 having done, having been done分詞可以做以下成分a. 定語(相當(dāng)于定語從句):the rising sun;a retired worker; a girl sitting there. the question given.b. 狀語(可以表示時間,原因,理由,條件,讓步,連續(xù)等,相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句)e.g. Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.=As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.e.g. Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.= If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.c. 補語 (通常在感官動詞和使役動詞之后)。 I found my car missing. I'll have my watch repaired.d. 表語 (表示主語的狀態(tài)等) She looked tired with cooking.e. 插入語 (分詞作插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的,意思上的主語并不是句子的主語) generally speaking 一般說來 talking of (speaking of) 說道 strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說 judging from 從…判斷 all things considered 從整體來看 taking all things into consideration 全面看來e.g. Judging from his face, he must be ill. Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)如果分詞本身有主語,則主動被動要根據(jù)本身的主語來看,而不是主句的主語:e.g. Time permitting, I will go shopping tomorrow. =If time permits, I will go shopping tomorrow. 展開更多...... 收起↑ 資源預(yù)覽 縮略圖、資源來源于二一教育資源庫