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V +against短語動詞
一、本義（核心義）：逆，與……相對逆
“against”的核心義體現了一種相反、對立的方向或狀態。例如：“He swam out strongly against the current.”，意思是他逆流奮力游出去，這里“against the current”明確展示了與水流方向相反，即“逆”的含義，生動地描繪了他游泳時面臨的阻力和挑戰 。
二、引申義
（1）反對
這一含義由“與觀點相對逆”引申而來。比如：“They are strongly against the idea.”，他們強烈反對這個想法，表明他們的觀點與所提及的想法處于對立狀態，體現了“against”在表達反對意見時的用法 。
（2）防備，預防
該含義源自“與惡劣環境相對逆”的概念。像：“It is a cream to protect against sunburn.”，這是一種防止曬傷的乳霜，說明這種乳霜的作用是抵御可能對皮膚造成傷害的陽光，體現了“against”表示防備、預防不良情況發生的意義 。
三、典例分析：go against（核心義：go走 + against與…對逆 → 朝與…相對逆的方向走）
（1）反對，違背
“go against”在此義項中，常表示與他人的觀點、意愿、期望等相悖。例如：“He shouldn't go against his mother's wishes.”，他不應該違背他母親的意愿，強調了他的行為不應與母親的期望相反，否則可能會產生不良后果 。
（2）對……不利
表示朝著對某人或某事不利的方向發展。如：“The vote went against the president.”，投票結果對總統不利，說明投票的結果對總統的利益、形勢等方面產生了負面的影響 。
（3）違反，與……不符（或相悖）
用于描述與原則、信念、法律等相悖的情況。“Those who go against the law will have their punishment.”，那些違反法律的人終將得到懲罰，突出了違反法律的行為是與法律規定相對逆的，會受到相應制裁 。
Meaning1：逆，與……相對逆
compete against/with：競爭，爭奪，（試圖）戰勝
“compete against/with”強調在競爭場景中，參與者之間處于相對逆的狀態，彼此爭奪勝利或資源。例如：“The firm is too small to compete against large international companies.”，這家公司太小，無法與大型國際公司競爭，表明小公司在與大公司競爭時面臨巨大壓力，體現了“against”在競爭語境中的用法 。
count against：對……不利，（被）認為對……不利
“count against”表示某事物被視為對某人或某事產生負面影響。“His age counts against him when hunts for a job.”，他找工作時，年齡對他不利，說明年齡在求職過程中成為了一個阻礙因素，影響了他獲得工作的機會 。
go against（核心義：go走 + against與…相對逆 → 朝與…相對逆的方向走）
（1）反對，違背：“Anyone who goes against me will be punished.”，任何反對我的人都將受到懲罰，再次強調了違背他人意見會面臨的后果 。
（2）對……不利：“The competition is going against us.”，這場比賽對我們不利，說明在比賽過程中，形勢朝著不利于“我們”的方向發展 。
（3）違反，與……不符（或相悖）：“Lying goes against his principles.”，說謊違背他的原則，體現了說謊這一行為與他所秉持的原則相沖突 。
set against（核心義：set使 + against與…相對逆 → 使與……相對逆）
（1）使敵視：“The civil war set brother against brother.”，內戰使兄弟反目成仇，描述了戰爭導致原本親密的兄弟之間產生敵對關系，突出了“set against”使雙方處于敵對狀態的含義 。
（2）使抵消：“Can we set gains against losses ”，我們能以收益抵消損失嗎？這里表示將收益與損失相對比，看是否能相互抵消，展示了“set against”在經濟或事務權衡方面的用法 。
tell against：對（某人）不利
“tell against”表示某些事實或情況對某人產生負面的影響。“These facts will tell against him.”，這些事實將對他不利，說明這些事實在某個情境中會成為不利于他的因素 。
turn against（核心義：turn轉向 + against與…對逆 → 轉向與…對逆）
（1）攻擊，進攻：“The dog was mad and turned against his own master.”，狗瘋了，攻擊自己的主人，描述了狗的行為從溫順轉向攻擊主人，體現了“turn against”表示行為轉變為敵對的含義 。
（2）與……反目成仇，不再支持：“His old friends turned against him.”，他的老朋友們與他反目成仇，說明朋友之間的關系發生了惡化，從友好變為敵對，不再支持他 。
Meaning2：反對
argue against：據理反對，反駁
“argue against”強調通過爭辯、提出理由來反對某事物。“He argued against the plan.”，他據理反對這個計劃，表明他通過闡述自己的觀點和理由來反駁該計劃，體現了理性反對的過程 。
come against：進攻
“come against”表示前來反對某人，通常用于描述軍事或沖突場景中的進攻行為。“The enemy troops came against us in large numbers.”，敵軍大批向我們進攻，生動地描繪了敵人大量涌來進行攻擊的場面 。
declare against：宣布不支持，聲明反對
“declare against”側重于公開地宣布反對某事物。“The students declared against cheating in examinations.”，學生們聲明反對考試作弊，展示了學生們公開表明自己反對作弊行為的態度 。
have against：因……而不喜歡……
“have against”表達因為某種原因而對某人產生不喜歡的情緒。“I don't know why she had against me.”，我不知道她為什么不喜歡我，體現了這種不喜歡的情緒可能存在某種未知的原因 。
hold against：對……有成見，歧視
“hold against”表示對某人持有負面的觀點或態度，存在偏見。“I don't hold it against him that he lied to me.”，我不會因為他對我撒謊而對他有成見，說明說話者雖然知道對方撒謊，但選擇不因此而對他產生偏見 。
inform against/on：告發，檢舉
“inform against/on”指的是向相關方告發、檢舉某人的不良行為。“He went to the police and informed against the criminals.”，他向警方告發了那些罪犯，突出了通過向警方提供信息來揭露罪犯行為的用法 。
take against：開始不喜歡，討厭
“take against”表示原本沒有不喜歡的情緒，但后來開始對某人產生討厭的感覺。“Why have you suddenly taken against Jane ”，你為什么突然開始討厭簡了？強調了這種情緒變化的突然性 。
vote against：投票反對
“vote against”明確表示在投票時表達反對意見。“Ten delegates voted against the motion.”，十名代表投票反對該動議，體現了在投票場景中使用“against”表達反對立場的用法 。
Meaning3：防備，預防
guard against：對……不利，（被）認為對……不利
在“防備，預防”含義下，“guard against”表示保護以防止不利情況發生。如：“His age counts against him when hunts for a job.”（他找工作時，年齡對他不利），這里雖重復，但在“防備”語境下，可理解為人們在求職時要防備因年齡因素導致的不利情況 。
protect against：保護，預防，使免遭
“protect against”強調采取措施保護某人或某物免受傷害。“Dark glasses can protect your eyes against the sun.”，太陽鏡可以保護你的眼睛免受陽光傷害，說明了太陽鏡在預防陽光對眼睛造成損害方面的作用 。
provide against：預防，避免，防備
“provide against”側重于提前做出準備，以應對可能出現的不良情況。“They must provide against a possible oil shortage in the coming months.”，他們必須為未來幾個月可能出現的石油短缺做好準備，體現了提前預防、未雨綢繆的含義 。
故事法巧記短語
故事一：校園選舉風波
In the school, there was a big event - the election for the student council president. Two candidates, Tom and Lily, were competing against (競爭，爭奪) each other. Tom was popular and had many supporters, while Lily was hard - working and had great ideas for the school.
Some students declared against (宣布不支持) Lily at first because they thought she was too quiet. But Lily didn't give up. She started to tell everyone about her plans for the school. She argued against (據理反對) the idea that a quiet person couldn't be a good leader. "A good leader should listen to everyone's opinions, and I'm good at that," she said.
As the election day got closer, some unfair things happened. Tom's friends spread some rumors that were going against (對……不利) Lily. They said she didn't have enough time for the student council work because she had to take care of her family. These rumors counted against (對……不利) Lily, and some students who didn't know the truth started to have doubts.
However, Lily's true friends stood by her. They informed against (告發，檢舉) Tom's friends for spreading false rumors. The teachers found out and punished those students. This made Tom realize his mistake. He apologized to Lily and said he didn't want to win in this unfair way.
Finally, on the election day, students voted. Some students who had taken against (開始不喜歡，討厭) Lily before changed their minds after they knew the truth. In the end, Lily won the election. Her success showed that going against (違背) fairness would not lead to a good result, and standing up for oneself against (反對) unfairness was the right thing to do.
**中文翻譯**：學校里有一件大事——學生會主席選舉。兩位候選人，湯姆和莉莉，正在相互競爭。湯姆很受歡迎，有很多支持者，而莉莉工作努力，對學校發展有很棒的想法。
一開始，有些學生宣布不支持莉莉，因為他們覺得她太文靜了。但莉莉沒有放棄。她開始向大家講述她對學校的規劃。她據理反對“文靜的人不能成為好領導”這一觀點。“一個好的領導者應該傾聽每個人的意見，而這正是我所擅長的。” 她說。
隨著選舉日臨近，一些不公平的事情發生了。湯姆的朋友們散布了一些對莉莉不利的謠言。他們說莉莉因為要照顧家庭，沒有足夠的時間參與學生會的工作。這些謠言對莉莉很不利，一些不明真相的學生開始產生懷疑。
然而，莉莉真正的朋友們支持她。他們告發湯姆的朋友散布不實謠言。老師們發現后懲罰了那些學生。這讓湯姆意識到了自己的錯誤。他向莉莉道歉，說他不想通過這種不公平的方式獲勝。
最后，選舉日到了，學生們進行投票。一些之前開始討厭莉莉的學生在了解真相后改變了主意。最終，莉莉贏得了選舉。她的成功表明，違背公平不會有好結果，勇敢地反對不公平才是正確的做法。
故事二：神奇的森林守護之旅
Once upon a time, there was a small village near a big forest. The forest was full of magical creatures, but it also faced some dangers. One day, the villagers heard that a group of evil goblins were planning to come against (進攻) the forest and steal its magic resources.
The villagers decided to protect the forest. They formed a team of young people, including a brave boy named Ben. Ben and his friends knew they had to guard against (防備) the goblins' attacks. They made weapons and set traps in the forest.
As they were preparing, Ben found out that one of his old friends, Jack, had joined the goblins. Jack's betrayal made Ben very sad, but he knew he couldn't let this affect his mission. Jack had turned against (與……反目成仇，不再支持) his own people and the forest they loved.
When the goblins finally arrived, the battle began. The villagers fought bravely against the goblins. Ben's team used their traps to set against (使抵消) the goblins' numbers. Although the goblins were strong, the villagers' determination was even stronger.
During the battle, some villagers were in danger. Ben always rushed to protect them against (保護，預防，使免遭) the goblins' attacks. He shouted, "We won't let you destroy our forest!"
In the end, the villagers won the battle. They chased the goblins away. Jack, who had gone against (違背) his own values, realized his mistake. He came back to the village and apologized. The villagers forgave him, and they all learned that they must always be ready to provide against (預防，避免，防備) any threat to their home.
**中文翻譯**：從前，在一片大森林附近有一個小村莊。森林里充滿了神奇的生物，但也面臨著一些危險。一天，村民們聽說一群邪惡的小妖精正計劃進攻森林，偷走森林里的魔法資源。
村民們決定保護森林。他們組建了一支由年輕人組成的隊伍，其中包括一個勇敢的男孩本。本和他的朋友們知道他們必須防備小妖精的襲擊。他們制作了武器，并在森林里設置了陷阱。
在準備過程中，本發現他的一個老朋友杰克加入了小妖精的隊伍。杰克的背叛讓本非常傷心，但他知道不能讓這件事影響他的任務。杰克與自己的族人以及他們熱愛的森林反目成仇。
當小妖精們終于到來時，戰斗打響了。村民們勇敢地與小妖精作戰。本的隊伍利用陷阱來抵消小妖精在數量上的優勢。盡管小妖精很強，但村民們的決心更加堅定。
戰斗中，一些村民陷入了危險。本總是沖過去保護他們免受小妖精的攻擊。他喊道：“我們不會讓你們破壞我們的森林！”
最后，村民們贏得了戰斗。他們把小妖精趕走了。杰克違背了自己的價值觀，他意識到了自己的錯誤。他回到村莊并道了歉。村民們原諒了他，大家都明白了必須時刻準備好預防任何對家園的威脅。
故事三：小鎮籃球比賽的意外轉折
There was a small town where the annual basketball game was the most exciting event. Two local teams, the Tigers and the Lions, were always competing against (競爭，爭奪) each other. This year, the Tigers had a new player, Mark.
Mark was very talented, but some players on the Lions had something against (因……而不喜歡……) him. They thought Mark was too arrogant. So, they tried to make things difficult for him during the game.
The game started, and the Lions came against (進攻) the Tigers strongly. Mark's performance was affected by the Lions' unfriendly attitude. Some of his shots didn't go well, and the situation seemed to be going against (對……不利) the Tigers.
However, the Tigers' coach encouraged the team. He told them not to be affected by the Lions' behavior. Mark decided to prove himself. He started to play better and better, competing hard against (競爭，爭奪) the Lions' best players.
As the game went on, the Lions' behavior became worse. One of their players even tried to trip Mark on purpose. This made Mark's teammates very angry. They informed the referee against (告發，檢舉) the Lions' player for unsportsmanlike conduct.
The referee punished the Lions' player, which turned the situation around. The Tigers got more motivated and started to play as a team. Mark's skills and his teammates' support helped the Tigers catch up. In the end, the Tigers won the game.
After the game, the Lions' players who had held against (對……有成見，歧視) Mark realized their mistake. They apologized to Mark, and Mark forgave them. Everyone learned that it was wrong to go against (違背) the spirit of sportsmanship, and they should focus on fair competition instead.
**中文翻譯**：有一個小鎮，一年一度的籃球比賽是最激動人心的活動。當地的兩支球隊，老虎隊和獅子隊，總是相互競爭。今年，老虎隊來了一名新球員，馬克。
馬克很有天賦，但獅子隊的一些球員因為某些原因不喜歡他。他們覺得馬克太傲慢了。所以，在比賽中，他們試圖刁難他。
比賽開始了，獅子隊猛烈地向老虎隊發起進攻。馬克的表現受到了獅子隊不友好態度的影響。他的一些投籃不太順利，局勢似乎對老虎隊不利。
然而，老虎隊的教練鼓勵隊員們。他告訴他們不要受獅子隊行為的影響。馬克決定證明自己。他開始打得越來越好，與獅子隊的最佳球員激烈競爭。
隨著比賽的進行，獅子隊的行為變得更糟。他們的一名球員甚至故意試圖絆倒馬克。這讓馬克的隊友們非常生氣。他們向裁判告發獅子隊球員的不體育行為。
裁判懲罰了那名獅子隊球員，這扭轉了局勢。老虎隊變得更有斗志，開始團隊協作。馬克的技術和隊友們的支持幫助老虎隊追平了比分。最后，老虎隊贏得了比賽。
比賽結束后，那些對馬克有成見的獅子隊球員意識到了自己的錯誤。他們向馬克道歉，馬克也原諒了他們。大家都明白了違背體育精神是不對的，他們應該專注于公平競爭。
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