資源簡介 中小學教育資源及組卷應用平臺滬教版八年級下冊第6單元重點語法1.副詞與動詞的用法(1)副詞的位置常規位置:大多數情況下,副詞位于動詞之后或 “動詞 + 賓語” 結構中的賓語之后,用于修飾動詞,說明動作發生的方式、程度、時間或地點 。例句1:The dog barks loudly. 狗叫得很大聲。 (此處 “loudly” 修飾動詞 “barks”,表明狗叫的程度。)例句2:She reads the book carefully. 她仔細地讀書。(“carefully” 修飾 “reads the book” 這一動作,說明讀書的方式。)(2)特殊情況頻率副詞:像 always(總是)、usually(通常)、often(經常)、sometimes(有時)、seldom(很少)、never(從不)等頻率副詞,一般位于行為動詞之前,be 動詞、助動詞或情態動詞之后。例句1:He always gets up early. 他總是早起。(“always” 在行為動詞 “gets up” 之前。)例句2:She is often late for class. 她經常上課遲到。(“often” 在 be 動詞 “is” 之后。)程度副詞:程度副詞如 very(非常)、much(很,非常)、too(太)、enough(足夠)等,位置較為靈活。very 修飾形容詞或副詞原級,通常放在被修飾詞之前;much 修飾形容詞或副詞比較級及動詞,位置也在相應詞前;too 修飾形容詞或副詞原級,位于其前;enough 修飾形容詞或副詞時,要放在被修飾詞之后。例句1:The movie is very interesting. 這部電影非常有趣。例句2:He runs much faster than me. 他跑得比我快得多。例句3:The box is too heavy to carry. 這個箱子太重了,搬不動。例句4:He is old enough to go to school. 他足夠大了,可以去上學了。(3)副詞的構成規則變化普通形容詞:大部分副詞由形容詞加 -ly 構成。例如:quick → quickly(快的 → 快速地);slow → slowly(慢的 → 慢慢地);clear → clearly(清楚的 → 清楚地) 。以 -y 結尾:當形容詞以 -y 結尾時,把 -y 改為 -ily 。例如:easy → easily(容易的 → 容易地);happy → happily(快樂的 → 快樂地);heavy → heavily(重的 → 沉重地) 。以 -le 結尾:以 -le 結尾的形容詞,把 -le 改為 -ly 。例如:simple → simply(簡單的→ 簡單地);gentle → gently(溫柔的 → 溫柔地) 。以 -ll 結尾:以 -ll 結尾的形容詞,直接加 -y 。例如:full → fully(滿的 → 完全地) 。特殊情況去 e 加 -ly:有些以 -e 結尾的形容詞,要去掉 -e 再加 -ly 。例如:true → truly(真實的 → 真實地) 。保留 e 加 -ly:部分以 -e 結尾的形容詞,直接加 -ly 。例如:polite → politely(禮貌的 → 禮貌地);wide → widely(寬的 → 廣泛地) 。(4)不規則副詞部分副詞與形容詞同形,或形式特殊,需要特別記憶:形容詞 / 副詞 例句(形容詞) 例句(副詞) 中文翻譯hard He is a hard worker.(他是個努力工作的人。) He works hard.(他努力工作。) 努力的;努力地fast She is a fast runner.(她是個跑得快的人。) She runs fast.(她跑得很快。) 快的;快地late We had a late dinner.(我們吃了一頓很晚的晚餐。) They arrived late.(他們遲到了。) 晚的;晚地good/well She is a good singer.(她是個好歌手。) She sings well.(她唱歌很好。) 好的;好地early It's an early bus.(這是一輛早班車。) He gets up early every day.(他每天早起。) 早的;早地二、副詞的比較級和最高級(1)規則變化以 -ly 結尾的副詞比較級:more + 副詞。例如:carefully → more carefully(仔細地 → 更仔細地);slowly → more slowly(慢地 → 更慢地) 。最高級:the most + 副詞。例如:carefully → the most carefully(仔細地 → 最仔細地);slowly → the most slowly(慢地 → 最慢地) 。與形容詞同形的不規則副詞比較級:副詞 + -er 。例如:fast → faster(快 → 更快);hard → harder(努力 → 更努力) 。最高級:副詞 + -est 。例如:fast → fastest(快 → 最快);hard → hardest(努力 → 最努力) 。(2)不規則變化原級 比較級 最高級 中文翻譯badly worse worst 糟糕 → 更糟 → 最糟well better best 好 → 更好 → 最好much more most 多 → 更多 → 最多little less least 少 → 更少 → 最少far farther/further farthest/furthest 遠 → 更遠 → 最遠;進一步 → 更進一步 → 最深入(3)特殊用法兩者比較:使用 than 來連接比較對象。例如:例句1:Dogs need to be trained more patiently than cats. 狗需要比貓更有耐心地訓練。例句2:She runs faster than her brother. 她跑得比她哥哥快。三者及以上比較:使用 the most 或 the -est 來表示最高程度。例如:例句1:Ken’s helpers care the least about pets. 肯的助手對寵物的關心最少。例句2:Among all the students, Tom studies the hardest. 在所有學生中,湯姆學習最努力。三、情態動詞 “had better” 的用法(1)基本結構與含義表示建議、警告或強烈推薦,常用于口語,暗示如果不這樣做可能會有負面后果。結構為:主語 + had better (+ not) + 動詞原形 。例句1:You’d better put more water in the fish tank, Lo. 你最好往魚缸里多加點水,老羅。例句2:You had better take an umbrella. It’s going to rain. 你最好帶把傘,快下雨了。例句3:She’d better not be late for the meeting. 她最好不要開會遲到。(2)使用注意事項“had better” 沒有人稱、數和時態的變化,無論主語是第幾人稱,都用 “had better” 形式 。其否定形式是在 “better” 后直接加 “not”,而不是在 “had” 后加 “not” 。四、被動語態(1)基本概念當動作的承受者更重要時使用被動語態。結構為 “be 動詞 + 過去分詞”。在被動語態中,動作的執行者可以用 “by + 執行者” 來表示,但有時也可以省略。(2)時態變化一般現在時:am/is/are + 過去分詞。例句1:Dogs are fed by their owners every day. 狗每天被主人喂食。例句2:The room is cleaned every morning. 房間每天早上被打掃。一般過去時:was/were + 過去分詞。例句1:The book was written by Lu Xun. 這本書是魯迅寫的。例句2:The house was built ten years ago. 這座房子是十年前建造的。一般將來時:will be + 過去分詞 或 be going to be + 過去分詞。例句1:A new school will be built in our city next year. 明年我們城市將建一所新學校。例句2:The project is going to be completed next month. 這個項目下個月將完成。現在完成時:have/has been + 過去分詞。例句1:The work has been finished. 工作已經完成了。例句2:Many trees have been planted in the park. 公園里已經種了很多樹。含情態動詞的被動語態:情態動詞 + be + 過去分詞。例句1:The fish tank should be cleaned once a week. 魚缸應該每周清潔一次。例句2:The task must be completed on time. 任務必須按時完成。(3)主動語態與被動語態的轉換把主動語態的賓語變成被動語態的主語。把主動語態的謂語動詞變成 “be + 過去分詞” 形式。把主動語態的主語變成 “by + 主語” 結構(如果不需要強調執行者,可省略)。例如:主動語態:A small number of pet dogs even attack people.被動語態:People are even attacked by a small number of pet dogs.五、條件句(1)真實條件句(第一類條件句)結構:If + 一般現在時,主句用一般將來時 / 情態動詞 。含義:表示在一定條件下,某事很可能發生,是真實的或有很大可能性的情況。例句1:If you keep a dog, you need to walk it every day. 如果你養狗,你需要每天遛它。例句2:If you don’t feed the cat, it will be hungry. 如果你不喂貓,它會餓的。例句3:If it rains tomorrow, we can stay at home. 如果明天下雨,我們可以待在家里。(2)虛擬條件句(第二類條件句)結構:If + 一般過去時,主句用 would/could/might + 動詞原形 。含義:表示與現在事實相反的假設,或不太可能實現的情況 。例句1:If I had a garden, I would keep a dog. 如果我有花園,我會養一只狗。(實際上現在沒有花園。)例句2:If I were you, I would study harder. 如果我是你,我會更努力學習。(“我” 不可能是 “你”,這是與事實相反的假設。)例句3:If she knew the answer, she could tell us. 如果她知道答案,她就能告訴我們。(但實際上她不知道答案。)(3)第三類條件句(與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句)結構:If + 過去完成時,主句用 would/could/might + have + 過去分詞 。含義:表示與過去事實相反的假設,即過去沒有發生的事情,如果當時發生了會有怎樣的結果 。例如:例句1:If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam. 如果你當時更努力學習,你就會通過考試了。(但實際上過去沒有努力學習,也沒有通過考試。)例句2:If it had not rained yesterday, we could have gone for a picnic. 如果昨天下雨,我們就可以去野餐了。(但昨天實際上下雨了,沒有去野餐。)六、連接詞(1)表示順序Firstly, Secondly, Finally:常用于列舉多個觀點或步驟,使文章條理清晰 。例句1:First, dogs are really cute. Second, we can learn responsibility. Finally, dogs will love you faithfully.例句2:Firstly, turn on the computer. Secondly, open the relevant software. Finally, start working on your project.其他表示順序的連接詞:besides(此外)、in addition(另外)、next(接下來)、then(然后)等 。例句1:We need to buy some food. Besides, we should also get some drinks.例句2:First, mix the flour and water. Next, add some sugar and eggs. Then, bake the mixture in the oven.(2)表示因果關系Because, Therefore, As a result:用于表達事物之間的因果聯系 。例句1:Dogs bark loudly, so they can protect your home. 狗叫得很大聲,因此它們能保護你的家。例句2:He didn’t study hard. Therefore, he failed the exam. 他學習不努力。因此,他考試不及格。例句3:It rained heavily. As a result, the streets were flooded. 雨下得很大。結果,街道被淹了。其他表示因果關系的連接詞:since(既然,因為)、as(因為)、due to(由于)、owing to(因為)等 。例句1:Since you are here, you can help me with this work.例句2:As it was late, we decided to go home.例句3:Due to the bad weather, the flight was cancelled.(3)表示轉折關系but(但是)、however(然而)、although/though(雖然,盡管)、yet(但是,然而)等 。例句1:He is very rich but not happy.例句2:She worked hard. However, she still didn’t get the promotion.例句3:Although/Though it was raining heavily, he still went out.例句4:He is old, yet he is very energetic.(4)表示并列關系and(和,并且)、or(或者)、both...and...(兩者都)、not only...but also...(不僅…… 而且……)、either...or...(要么…… 要么……)等 。例如:例句1:I like reading and writing.例句2:You can choose the red one or the blue one.例句3:Both Tom and Jerry like playing football.例句4:She is not only good at singing but also excellent at dancing.例句5:Either you come to my place or I go to yours.七、疑問句結構(1)一般疑問句結構:助動詞 + 主語 + 動詞原形?助動詞包括 be 動詞(am/is/are/was/were)、情態動詞(can/could/may/might/must/should 等)和助動詞(do/does/did) 。例如:例句1:Do you have a pet 你有寵物嗎?例句2:Can dogs feel unhappy 狗會感到不開心嗎?例句3:Is she a teacher 她是老師嗎?例句4:Did you go to the park yesterday 你昨天去公園了嗎?回答方式:一般用 Yes 或 No 來回答。例如:例句1:—Do you like apples —Yes, I do./No, I don’t.例句2:—Can he swim —Yes, he can./No, he can’t.(2)特殊疑問句結構:疑問詞 + 助動詞 + 主語 + 動詞原形?疑問詞包括 what(什么)、who(誰)、where(哪里)、when(什么時候)、why(為什么)、how(如何)等 。例句1:Why do people keep pets (人們為什么養寵物?)例句2:What do you think the article is about (你認為這篇文章是關于什么的?)例句3:Where did you go last weekend (你上周末去哪里了?)例句4:How can I get to the station (我怎么才能到車站?)回答方式:根據具體的疑問詞和問題內容進行詳細回答,而不是簡單的 Yes 或 No 。例句1:—What do you do on Sundays —I usually read books and watch TV.例句2:—Where is your school —It’s near the park.(3)選擇疑問句結構:一般疑問句 + or + 另一個選擇項? 或者特殊疑問句 + A or B?例如:例句1:Do you like tea or coffee 你喜歡茶還是咖啡?例句2:Is he a doctor or a teacher 他是醫生還是老師?例句3:Which do you prefer, the red one or the blue one 你更喜歡哪一個,紅色的還是藍色的?回答方式:不能用 Yes 或 No 回答,需要從提供的選項中選擇一個進行回答,或者根據實際情況給出具體答案 。例句1:—Do you want to go by bus or by train —By train.例句2:—Which is bigger, the sun or the moon —The sun.八、直接引語與間接引語 (1)直接引語轉間接引語 直接引語是直接引用說話者的原話,而間接引語是轉述他人的話。將直接引語轉換為間接引語時,需要注意人稱、時態、時間狀語、地點狀語等的變化。 人稱變化:一般遵循 “一隨主,二隨賓,三不變” 的原則。即直接引語中的第一人稱,變間接引語時與主句的主語保持一致;第二人稱與主句的賓語保持一致;第三人稱不變。 如: 直接引語:She said, “I like this book.” 間接引語:She said that she liked that book. 直接引語:He said to me, “You are right.” 間接引語:He told me that I was right. 直接引語:They said, “They will go there tomorrow.” 間接引語:They said that they would go there the next day. 時態變化:如果主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時,直接引語變為間接引語時,從句的時態通常要向后推移。具體變化規則如下: 直接引語時態 間接引語時態 例句(直接引語) 示例句(間接引語)一般現在時 一般過去時 “I play football every day,” Tom said. Tom said that he played football every day.現在進行時 過去進行時 “She is reading a book,” Lucy said. Lucy said that she was reading a book.現在完成時 過去完成時 “They have finished the work,” John said. John said that they had finished the work.一般過去時 過去完成時 “He went to the park yesterday,” Mary said. Mary said that he had gone to the park the day before.過去進行時 過去完成進行時 “We were watching TV at that time,” they said. They said that they had been watching TV at that time.一般將來時 過去將來時 “I will go to Beijing next week,” she said. She said that she would go to Beijing the next week.但如果直接引語表達的是客觀真理、普遍事實或習慣性動作,時態不變。如:直接引語:The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” 間接引語:The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. 時間狀語和地點狀語變化: 直接引語 間接引語 now then today that day yesterday the day before tomorrow the next/following day last week/month/year the week/month/year before next week/month/year the next/following week/month/year here there 如: 直接引語:He said, “I will come here tomorrow.” 間接引語:He said that he would go there the next day. (2)疑問句和祈使句的轉換 一般疑問句:直接引語如果是一般疑問句,變為間接引語時,要用陳述語序,并在間接引語前加上 if 或 whether。 如: 直接引語:He asked, “Is it raining ” 間接引語:He asked if/whether it was raining. 特殊疑問句:直接引語如果是特殊疑問句,變為間接引語時,仍用原來的疑問詞引導,但要把疑問語序變為陳述語序。 如: 直接引語:She asked, “Where are you going ” 間接引語:She asked where I was going. 祈使句:直接引語如果是祈使句,變為間接引語時,要將祈使句的動詞原形變為帶 to 的不定式,并根據句子語氣在不定式前加上 tell, ask, order 等動詞。如果祈使句為否定式,在不定式前加 not。 如: 直接引語:The teacher said to the students, “Be quiet.” 間接引語:The teacher told the students to be quiet. 直接引語:He said to me, “Don’t open the window.” 間接引語:He told me not to open the window. 九、名詞性從句名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句,在句子中起名詞的作用,可以作主語、賓語、表語和同位語。 (1)賓語從句 結構:主句 + 連接詞 + 從句(從句用陳述語序)。常用的連接詞有 that(在從句中不充當成分,口語中可省略)、if/whether(表示 “是否”,在從句中不充當成分)、疑問詞(what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how 等,在從句中充當成分)。 例句1:I know (that) he is a good student.(that 可省略) 例句2:She asked if/whether I liked music. 例句3:Do you know what he is doing 時態一致:如果主句的時態是一般現在時或一般將來時,賓語從句的時態可以根據實際情況而定;如果主句的時態是一般過去時,賓語從句通常要用相應的過去時態。 例句1:He says that he will go to the park tomorrow.(主句一般現在時,從句根據實際用一般將來時) 例句2:He said that he would go to the park the next day.(主句一般過去時,從句用過去將來時) 但如果賓語從句表達的是客觀真理、普遍事實或習慣性動作,時態不變。例如 例句3:The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east. (2)表語從句 結構:主語 + be 動詞 + 連接詞 + 從句(從句用陳述語序)。常用的連接詞有 that(在從句中不充當成分,但不能省略)、whether(表示 “是否”,在從句中不充當成分)、疑問詞(what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how 等,在從句中充當成分)、as if/as though(表示 “好像”,在從句中不充當成分)等。 例句1:The fact is that he didn’t tell the truth. 例句2:The question is whether we can finish the work on time. 例句3:This is where I lived ten years ago. 例句4:It looks as if it is going to rain. 作用:表語從句的作用是對主語進行解釋說明,使主語的內容更加具體明確。(3)主語從句 結構:連接詞 + 從句 + 謂語 + 其他成分 或 It + 謂語 + 連接詞 + 從句(it 作形式主語,真正的主語是后面的從句)。常用的連接詞與賓語從句和表語從句類似。 例句1:That he is a good student is known to us all.(正常語序) 例句2:It is known to us all that he is a good student.(it 作形式主語) 例句3:Whether he will come or not is still unknown. 例句4:What he said made me angry. 注意事項:當主語從句作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數形式;為了避免句子頭重腳輕,常用 it 作形式主語,而把真正的主語從句放在句末。 (4)同位語從句 結構:名詞 + 連接詞 + 從句(從句用陳述語序)。同位語從句通常跟在某些抽象名詞(如 idea, fact, news, hope, thought, suggestion, advice, order 等)后面,對前面的名詞進行解釋說明。常用的連接詞有 that(在從句中不充當成分,但不能省略)、whether(表示 “是否”,在從句中不充當成分)、疑問詞(what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how 等,在從句中充當成分)等。 例句1:The news that our team won the game is true. 例句2:I have no idea whether he will come or not. 例句3:The question how we can get there is still under discussion. 與定語從句的區別:同位語從句是對前面名詞的內容進行解釋說明,從句與名詞是等同關系;而定語從句是對前面名詞進行修飾限定,從句與名詞是所屬關系。同位語從句中的 that 不充當成分,只起連接作用,且不能省略;定語從句中的 that 在從句中充當主語或賓語,作賓語時可以省略。21世紀教育網 www.21cnjy.com 精品試卷·第 2 頁 (共 2 頁)HYPERLINK "http://21世紀教育網(www.21cnjy.com)" 21世紀教育網(www.21cnjy.com) 展開更多...... 收起↑ 資源預覽 縮略圖、資源來源于二一教育資源庫