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第3講　簡單句的擴寫和長難句的破解
　簡單句的擴寫
“簡單句的擴寫”是指在句子主干的基礎上添枝加葉，讓句子內容更豐富，句子表達更形象。
一、實施路徑
簡單句 I like reading books．
1．找名詞，添加定語
名詞是寫作中出現頻率最高的詞。為了讓作文更加豐滿，可以利用添加定語的方式讓名詞先豐滿起來。定語可以是名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞-ing形式、過去分詞、動詞不定式、定語從句等，單詞放在名詞前，短語和從句放名詞后。
I like reading books．
I like reading interesting books．(添加形容詞)
I like reading interesting books that are about history．(添加定語從句)
2．見動詞，添副詞
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can make us grow up happily and make me clever．(添加副詞)
3．添加時間、地點、方式、原因等狀語
(非謂語，介詞短語、with復合結構、從句、獨立主格結構等)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning．(添加時間狀語)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school．(添加地點狀語)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can make us grow up happily and make me clever．(添加原因狀語)
4．運用句型
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can not only make us grow up more and more happily but also make me clever．
5．運用連接詞
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can not only make us grow up more and more happily but also make me clever．Besides，it is also one of the most important ways to improve our reading ability．
二、方法再體驗
簡單句 The girl unwrapped her gift box．
1．加定語
The innocent girl unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
2．見動詞，添加副詞
With her heart beating wildly/Heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，the girl，held by her mom eagerly unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to without hesitation．
3．加介詞短語作狀語
Without any hesitation，the innocent girl unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
4．加非謂語動詞作狀語
Screaming with excitement，the girl，held by her mom unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to without hesitation．
5．加with復合結構/獨立主格結構作狀語
With her heart beating wildly/Heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，the girl，held by her mom unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to without hesitation．
6．加特殊句式
With her heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，hardly had the innocent girl，held by her mom，unwrapped her delicate gift box which she had been looking forward to without any hesitation when a toy clown popped out．
注意：簡單句的擴寫只是一種提升寫作的思路，不一定越復雜的句子就越好，要根據不同的情景選擇合適的語言，順暢、自然、地道、有創意且合理的句子才是好句子，要多閱讀原版文章，不斷積累，進而提升寫作能力。
擴寫以下簡單句
1．The children swam in the Devil River．
a．淘氣的孩子們；沒人敢接近的河
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
b．在黃昏
________________
c．正高興地游
________________________
d．突然一個孩子發出一聲尖叫
_____________________________________________________________________
e．如此大聲以至于其他人都嚇了一跳
_____________________________________________________________________
合并：
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2．The man jumped up and hurried to the kitchen．
a．非謂語：聽到妻子的尖叫
_____________________________________________________________________
b．副詞：立刻；焦慮地
_____________________________________________________________________
c．非謂語/定語從句：卻發現他妻子正在煮的肉著火了
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
合并：
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
　長難句的破解
高考閱讀文章均選自外刊，“原汁原味”，尤其是閱讀理解C篇和D篇，除了生詞量大、篇幅長、信息量大以外，文中句子結構也較為復雜，摻雜了大量的長句難句，對長難句的分析會直接影響對文本的理解。
1．長難句具體表現形式：
①含復雜成分的簡單句
②含多個簡單句的并列句
③含多個成分或從句的復合句
④含插入成分和倒裝結構等
2．長難句破解方法：
提取——提取主干　　　拆分——拆分枝葉
刪除——刪除附加　　　整合——整合邏輯
(1)含復雜成分的簡單句
步驟：a．找謂語，定主語，看主干；
b．翻譯句子。
分析：謂語為must select，及物動詞，主語為the toothpaste marketer，select后有兩個并列的賓語，for instance作插入成分，常翻譯到列舉事物的前面。
翻譯：例如，決定選擇家庭電視節目和女性雜志后，牙膏經銷商還必須挑選出要用的確切的電視節目和電視臺，以及那些具體的女性雜志。
(2)含多個簡單句的并列句
步驟：a．勾畫出并列連詞；
b．勾畫出所有分句的主謂，再翻譯句子。
分析：分號前后為并列句，and為并列連詞，連接兩個并列句，第一個句子謂語為isn't，主語為Discrimination；第二個句子謂語為develops，主語為everyone；第三個句子謂語為can do，主語為doctors。整合修飾成分，翻譯句子。
翻譯：擔心受到歧視并不是他們唯一的憂慮，幾乎所有遺傳性亨廷頓病基因檢測呈陽性的人在中年時癥狀都會顯現出來，而且醫生對此也無能為力。
(3)含多個成分或從句的復合句
步驟：a．提取句子主干；
b．勾畫出所有從句連接詞；
c．判斷從句性質并翻譯句子。
分析：句子主干為I can't live in fear of the possibility，possibility名詞后緊跟著that，可以考慮定語從句、同位語從句、強調句，通過排除，前面沒有it is/was，從句不缺主語、賓語，所以為同位語從句，然后把從句看成一個意群，通過分析，as引導狀語從句，從句主干為our children may have to lead poorer lives。
翻譯：我不能總是生活在對這種可能性的憂慮中：由于地球上人口的不斷增長，以及我們正在消耗掉越來越多的非再生資源，我們的孩子可能不得不過著更加貧窮的生活。
分析：句子主干為you can't be successful，when引導時間狀語從句，a relationship為名詞，其后緊跟that，且從句缺主語，因而引導定語從句，an action為先行詞，where引導定語從句。
翻譯：但是做錯事的人不去承擔改正錯誤的責任，這樣的行為會導致缺乏信任的關系，而這時候你是不可能成功的。
分析：句子主干為what may be implied (暗示) is that...，“what may be implied”作主句主語，when引導時間狀語從句，that在系動詞 “is”后引導表語從句，what在“consider”后引導賓語從句。
翻譯：因此，當一個來自其中某個文化群體的人在說話的時候突然停住時，可能是在暗示講話者希望聽眾在他繼續(講下去)之前思考一下剛才所講的內容。
(4)含插入分隔成分
步驟：a．提取句子主干；
b．刪除插入分隔成分；
c．翻譯句子。
分析：句子主干為continued connection with and dependence on family have increased，其中connection和dependence并列，介詞with和on并列，刪除 thanks to cell phones，emails and social media插入分隔成分，however放到句中或句尾，翻譯到句首。
翻譯：然而，過去的二十年間，因為手機、電子郵件以及社交媒體，與家里持續的聯系以及對家庭的依賴顯著增加了。
分析：句子主干為Frank Hurley was hired，刪除a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic插入分隔成分再翻譯。
翻譯：Frank Hurley，一個自信的、有天賦的、對南極洲有了解的澳大利亞攝影師，被雇用去拍照，其中大部分圖片以前從未被發表過。
(5)倒裝
步驟：a．提取句子主干，找到真正的主語；
b．翻譯句子。
分析：句子主干為Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun。此句是表語位于句首的全部倒裝句，主語為the Tower of the Sun，which引導非限制性定語從句，從句中inside介詞短語位于句首，句子全部倒裝，主語為a 160-foot-tall Tree of Life。
翻譯：矗立著的太陽之塔穿過屋頂，在它里面有一棵160英尺高的生命之樹。
分析并翻譯以下長難句
1．(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷)The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text．
分析：本句是一個主從復合句。主句為The benefits of print reading particularly shine through，when引導________________，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分別補充說明__________________和________________________________________________，可以先刪去，最后翻譯。
翻譯：________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2．(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷)According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print．
分析：本句是一個主從復合句。主句為people approach digital texts and devote less mental effort，and連接主句并列的謂語____________和____________，suited to social media作后置定語修飾____________，which引導非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞________________。
翻譯：________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1 / 9第3講　簡單句的擴寫和長難句的破解
　簡單句的擴寫
“簡單句的擴寫”是指在句子主干的基礎上添枝加葉，讓句子內容更豐富，句子表達更形象。
一、實施路徑
簡單句 I like reading books．
1．找名詞，添加定語
名詞是寫作中出現頻率最高的詞。為了讓作文更加豐滿，可以利用添加定語的方式讓名詞先豐滿起來。定語可以是名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞-ing形式、過去分詞、動詞不定式、定語從句等，單詞放在名詞前，短語和從句放名詞后。
I like reading books．
I like reading interesting books．(添加形容詞)
I like reading interesting books that are about history．(添加定語從句)
2．見動詞，添副詞
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can make us grow up happily and make me clever．(添加副詞)
3．添加時間、地點、方式、原因等狀語
(非謂語，介詞短語、with復合結構、從句、獨立主格結構等)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning．(添加時間狀語)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school．(添加地點狀語)
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can make us grow up happily and make me clever．(添加原因狀語)
4．運用句型
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can not only make us grow up more and more happily but also make me clever．
5．運用連接詞
I like reading interesting books that are about history in the morning at school，because reading can not only make us grow up more and more happily but also make me clever．Besides，it is also one of the most important ways to improve our reading ability．
二、方法再體驗
簡單句 The girl unwrapped her gift box．
1．加定語
The innocent girl unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
2．見動詞，添加副詞
With her heart beating wildly/Heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，the girl，held by her mom eagerly unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to without hesitation．
3．加介詞短語作狀語
Without any hesitation，the innocent girl unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to．
4．加非謂語動詞作狀語
Screaming with excitement，the girl，held by her mom unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to without hesitation．
5．加with復合結構/獨立主格結構作狀語
With her heart beating wildly/Heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，the girl，held by her mom unwrapped her gift box (which/that) she had been looking forward to without hesitation．
6．加特殊句式
With her heart beating wildly and screaming with excitement，hardly had the innocent girl，held by her mom，unwrapped her delicate gift box which she had been looking forward to without any hesitation when a toy clown popped out．
注意：簡單句的擴寫只是一種提升寫作的思路，不一定越復雜的句子就越好，要根據不同的情景選擇合適的語言，順暢、自然、地道、有創意且合理的句子才是好句子，要多閱讀原版文章，不斷積累，進而提升寫作能力。
擴寫以下簡單句
1．The children swam in the Devil River．
a．淘氣的孩子們；沒人敢接近的河
the naughty children；the river where nobody dared to approach
b．在黃昏
at dusk
c．正高興地游
were swimming happily
d．突然一個孩子發出一聲尖叫
when one boy let out a cry
e．如此大聲以至于其他人都嚇了一跳
so loud that others were frightened
合并：
At dusk，the naughty children were swimming happily in the Devil River where nobody dared to approach when one boy let out a cry，which was so loud that others were frightened．
2．The man jumped up and hurried to the kitchen．
a．非謂語：聽到妻子的尖叫
hearing his wife's scream
b．副詞：立刻；焦慮地
immediately；anxiously
c．非謂語/定語從句：卻發現他妻子正在煮的肉著火了
only to find that the meat his wife had been cooking on fire
合并：
Hearing his wife's scream，the man jumped up immediately and hurried to the kitchen anxiously，only to find that the meat his wife had been cooking was on fire．
　長難句的破解
高考閱讀文章均選自外刊，“原汁原味”，尤其是閱讀理解C篇和D篇，除了生詞量大、篇幅長、信息量大以外，文中句子結構也較為復雜，摻雜了大量的長句難句，對長難句的分析會直接影響對文本的理解。
1．長難句具體表現形式：
①含復雜成分的簡單句
②含多個簡單句的并列句
③含多個成分或從句的復合句
④含插入成分和倒裝結構等
2．長難句破解方法：
提取——提取主干　　　拆分——拆分枝葉
刪除——刪除附加　　　整合——整合邏輯
(1)含復雜成分的簡單句
步驟：a．找謂語，定主語，看主干；
b．翻譯句子。
分析：謂語為must select，及物動詞，主語為the toothpaste marketer，select后有兩個并列的賓語，for instance作插入成分，常翻譯到列舉事物的前面。
翻譯：例如，決定選擇家庭電視節目和女性雜志后，牙膏經銷商還必須挑選出要用的確切的電視節目和電視臺，以及那些具體的女性雜志。
(2)含多個簡單句的并列句
步驟：a．勾畫出并列連詞；
b．勾畫出所有分句的主謂，再翻譯句子。
分析：分號前后為并列句，and為并列連詞，連接兩個并列句，第一個句子謂語為isn't，主語為Discrimination；第二個句子謂語為develops，主語為everyone；第三個句子謂語為can do，主語為doctors。整合修飾成分，翻譯句子。
翻譯：擔心受到歧視并不是他們唯一的憂慮，幾乎所有遺傳性亨廷頓病基因檢測呈陽性的人在中年時癥狀都會顯現出來，而且醫生對此也無能為力。
(3)含多個成分或從句的復合句
步驟：a．提取句子主干；
b．勾畫出所有從句連接詞；
c．判斷從句性質并翻譯句子。
分析：句子主干為I can't live in fear of the possibility，possibility名詞后緊跟著that，可以考慮定語從句、同位語從句、強調句，通過排除，前面沒有it is/was，從句不缺主語、賓語，所以為同位語從句，然后把從句看成一個意群，通過分析，as引導狀語從句，從句主干為our children may have to lead poorer lives。
翻譯：我不能總是生活在對這種可能性的憂慮中：由于地球上人口的不斷增長，以及我們正在消耗掉越來越多的非再生資源，我們的孩子可能不得不過著更加貧窮的生活。
分析：句子主干為you can't be successful，when引導時間狀語從句，a relationship為名詞，其后緊跟that，且從句缺主語，因而引導定語從句，an action為先行詞，where引導定語從句。
翻譯：但是做錯事的人不去承擔改正錯誤的責任，這樣的行為會導致缺乏信任的關系，而這時候你是不可能成功的。
分析：句子主干為what may be implied (暗示) is that...，“what may be implied”作主句主語，when引導時間狀語從句，that在系動詞“is”后引導表語從句，what在“consider”后引導賓語從句。
翻譯：因此，當一個來自其中某個文化群體的人在說話的時候突然停住時，可能是在暗示講話者希望聽眾在他繼續(講下去)之前思考一下剛才所講的內容。
(4)含插入分隔成分
步驟：a．提取句子主干；
b．刪除插入分隔成分；
c．翻譯句子。
分析：句子主干為continued connection with and dependence on family have increased，其中connection和dependence并列，介詞with和on并列，刪除 thanks to cell phones，emails and social media插入分隔成分，however放到句中或句尾，翻譯到句首。
翻譯：然而，過去的二十年間，因為手機、電子郵件以及社交媒體，與家里持續的聯系以及對家庭的依賴顯著增加了。
分析：句子主干為Frank Hurley was hired，刪除a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic插入分隔成分再翻譯。
翻譯：Frank Hurley，一個自信的、有天賦的、對南極洲有了解的澳大利亞攝影師，被雇用去拍照，其中大部分圖片以前從未被發表過。
(5)倒裝
步驟：a．提取句子主干，找到真正的主語；
b．翻譯句子。
分析：句子主干為Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun。此句是表語位于句首的全部倒裝句，主語為the Tower of the Sun，which引導非限制性定語從句，從句中inside介詞短語位于句首，句子全部倒裝，主語為a 160-foot-tall Tree of Life。
翻譯：矗立著的太陽之塔穿過屋頂，在它里面有一棵160英尺高的生命之樹。
分析并翻譯以下長難句
1．(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷) The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text．
分析：本句是一個主從復合句。主句為The benefits of print reading particularly shine through，when引導時間狀語從句，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分別補充說明simple tasks和ones that require mental abstraction，可以先刪去，最后翻譯。
翻譯：紙質閱讀的好處尤其突顯在實驗者從簡單任務——比如識別閱讀文章的主旨——轉向需要思維抽象的任務時——比如從文本中推斷出信息。
2．(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷) According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print．
分析：本句是一個主從復合句。主句為people approach digital texts and devote less mental effort，and連接主句并列的謂語approach和devote，suited to social media作后置定語修飾mindset，which引導非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞social media。
翻譯：根據這一理論，人們對待數字文本的態度與對待社交媒體的態度相當，社交媒體通常不那么嚴肅，相比紙質閱讀，人們投入的腦力要少。
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