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第2講　厘清句子成分和基本句型
　厘清句子成分
1．主語——句子的主體
(1) 定義：主語是句子講述的對(duì)象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或所處狀態(tài)的主體。主語一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、從句或名詞化的形容詞等充當(dāng)。
①Some students might have advanced speaking skills while others may struggle with basic conversation．(名詞短語作主語；代詞作主語)
②Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語作主語)
(2)位置：主語一般位于句首，但動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)、動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語)、名詞性從句作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在后面。
①It is our honour to invite you to give us a talk on how to learn English well．(動(dòng)詞不定式短語作真正的主語)
②It's well known that Chinese people attach great importance to labour．(that從句作真正的主語)
③It is no use wasting time discussing how it happened．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語作真正的主語)
(3)注意：done不能作主語，要想done 表示的含義作主語，可以用being done。
Being exposed to a foreign culture is beneficial for us to learn the local language．(being done作主語)
2．謂語——主語的行為
定義：謂語用來描述主語的行為動(dòng)作、主語具有的特征或所處的狀態(tài)，常位于主語之后。謂語主要由動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語、系表結(jié)構(gòu)等充當(dāng)。謂語有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化。謂語與主語在“人稱”與“數(shù)”方面應(yīng)保持一致，即主謂一致。
①I believe your excellent language skills will allow you to share abundant valuable suggestions with us．(單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞作謂語)
②The English programme is widely popular among us students．(系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語)
③First of all，as smart online learners，we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden our horizons．(“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋動(dòng)詞短語”作謂語)
④I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future．(“助動(dòng)詞do＋實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”作謂語，表強(qiáng)調(diào))
3．賓語——?jiǎng)幼鞯膶?duì)象
(1) 定義：賓語是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、動(dòng)詞不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞(短語或從句)來充當(dāng)，它和謂語動(dòng)詞一起說明主語做什么，通常放在及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞之后，有時(shí)會(huì)有雙賓語。
① I expressed my sincerest gratitude to the teacher．(名詞短語作賓語)
② As an enthusiast of Chinese painting，I decided to take an interest class to learn the basics．(動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語)
③He has given me great help in time of need．(me為間接賓語；help為直接賓語)
(2)位置：動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)、動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語)、名詞性從句作賓語，常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放在后面。
①He found it pleasant to work with us Chinese．(動(dòng)詞不定式作真正的賓語)
②I think it no good spending too much time watching TV．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式作真正的賓語)
③I owe it to my teacher that I made such rapid progress．(that從句作真正的賓語)
4．表語——主語的特征；身份等
(1) 定義：表語位于連系動(dòng)詞后，用來說明主語的身份、特征、狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、職業(yè)、數(shù)量、處所等。常用作表語的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、過去分詞、介詞短語、表語從句等。
①That was when I fell in love with writing．(從句作表語)
②I'm very enthusiastic about our English speaking program．(形容詞作表語)
③Seafood is a part of people's daily diet．(名詞短語作表語)
④Another 15 minutes passed，yet David was still not in sight．(介詞短語作表語)
⑤My aim is to let China go to the world and let the world understand China．(動(dòng)詞不定式短語作表語)
(2)常見的連系動(dòng)詞主要有下列幾種：
①表示“狀態(tài)”類：be (am，is，are，was，were)；
②表示“持續(xù)”類：keep，stay，remain，lie等；
③表示“表象”類：seem，appear等；
④表示“感官”類：look，sound，smell，taste，feel；
⑤表示“漸變”類：grow，turn，get，go，become，come，fall；
⑥表示“證明”類：prove。
5．定語——名詞的修飾語
定義：定語是用來描述名詞的品質(zhì)與特征的修飾語，它常和名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語。常用作定語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、過去分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、定語從句等。單個(gè)詞作定語時(shí)常放在被修飾詞之前，而短語和從句作定語時(shí)往往放在被修飾詞之后。
① Overall，it was a wonderful experience that I will always remember．(形容詞作定語)
②The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city．(過去分詞作定語)
③According to a survey，most students being interviewed choose to listen to English songs．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語)
④A better way might be to have students practice with partners who have similar English proficiency and learning needs．(who引導(dǎo)的定語從句作后置定語)
6．狀語——?jiǎng)釉~、形容詞、副詞或句子的修飾語
定義：狀語是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或句子的成分。狀語由副詞、形容詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、過去分詞或從句充當(dāng)。
狀語在句中可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式、原因、目的、讓步、比較等。
①Recently I learned how to knit by taking a knitting class．(副詞作狀語)
②Nowadays，many of Lu Xun's works are still included in Chinese textbooks，inspiring us students to strive for a better future．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語)
③When we go to the beach，don't throw rubbish，especially plastics，into the sea．(時(shí)間狀語從句)
④Jane rose at the break of day，hungry and thirsty．(形容詞作狀語)
⑤He looked up with shock．(介詞短語作狀語)
7．補(bǔ)足語——賓語或主語的補(bǔ)充說明
定義：補(bǔ)足語分為主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，分別用于補(bǔ)充說明主語和賓語。補(bǔ)足語通常由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、過去分詞充當(dāng)。
①With all preparations done，they started to fry bread together．(過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
②I'll keep his kindness and help in mind forever．(介詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
③All in all，my sense of responsibility will make me a qualified volunteer．(名詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
④He was elected president of the Students'Union．(名詞短語作主語補(bǔ)足語)
8．同位語——同等重要的并列成分
定義：同位語是對(duì)名詞或代詞的進(jìn)一步解釋說明，且與其前面的名詞或代詞在語法上處于同等的地位，常位于名詞或代詞之后。常用作同位語的有名詞(短語)、數(shù)詞、代詞、同位語從句等。
①M(fèi)y name is Li Jin，a member from Spoken English Club．(名詞短語作同位語)
②Word came that our school is going to hold a school meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese customs．(從句作同位語)
③We each have different needs and interests．
(代詞作同位語)
注意：we each對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，each of us對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
寫出黑體部分在句子中所作的成分
1．Paper cutting is one of China's the most popular traditional folk arts． ____________
2．I have received some training in my spare time． ____________
3．You make your classes lively and interesting． ____________
4．It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3:00 p．m．to 5:00 p．m．next Friday． ____________
5．What you said just now didn't make me happy． ____________
6．I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year． ____________
7．I find my room clean and tidy． ____________
8．I would like to give you some suggestions． ____________
9．They should make use of their spare time to taste these wonderful works carefully． ____________
10．We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon． ____________
11．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital． ____________
　厘清基本句型
1．主語＋謂語(不及物動(dòng)詞)
該句式常用來表示主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其特點(diǎn)為：句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思，這類動(dòng)詞叫作不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。
2．主語＋謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)＋賓語
該句式的特點(diǎn)為：謂語動(dòng)詞均為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，都是主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟一個(gè)賓語(賓語可以由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、動(dòng)詞不定式、特殊疑問詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式、從句等來充當(dāng))，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。
3．主語＋系動(dòng)詞＋表語
該句式就是常說的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。此句式側(cè)重說明主語是什么或怎么樣，助動(dòng)詞需用系動(dòng)詞(主要是be動(dòng)詞)，表語多為形容詞，也可以是名詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式等。
4．主語＋謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)＋間接賓語＋直接賓語
該句式中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。一個(gè)是表示人的間接賓語；一個(gè)是表示物的直接賓語。一般間接賓語在前面，直接賓語在后面。
5．主語＋謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)＋賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語
該句式中的謂語雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來說明賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的情況，直接跟在賓語之后。
6．主語＋謂語(不及物動(dòng)詞)＋狀語
狀語修飾謂語動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，謂語動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞(短語)。
7．主語＋謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)＋賓語＋狀語
狀語由副詞、介詞短語或從句充當(dāng)，修飾謂語動(dòng)詞的狀語需是副詞或介詞短語。
8．存現(xiàn)句(there be句型及there be句型的變式句型)
there be句型有很多變式，恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用there be(be可用各種時(shí)態(tài))句型及其變式對(duì)提升寫作大有幫助。
①There are abundant biological resources and energy resources in the ocean．
②There is a famous saying that“good habits lead to good endings”，which shows the importance of habits．
③There stands a big tree in front of the classroom．
寫出下列句子的類型
1．The flower smells sweet． ________________
2．The news made us very surprised． ________________
3．I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries． ________________
4．I saw a brave butterfly flying in the sky． ________________
5．He brought me a newly published book． ________________
6．There are a variety of ways to learn English beyond the classroom with the development of modern technology． ________________
7．Class activities will vary from day to day． ________________
8 / 8第2講　厘清句子成分和基本句型
　厘清句子成分
1．主語——句子的主體
(1) 定義：主語是句子講述的對(duì)象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或所處狀態(tài)的主體。主語一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、從句或名詞化的形容詞等充當(dāng)。
①Some students might have advanced speaking skills while others may struggle with basic conversation．(名詞短語作主語；代詞作主語)
②Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語作主語)
(2)位置：主語一般位于句首，但動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)、動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語)、名詞性從句作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在后面。
①It is our honour to invite you to give us a talk on how to learn English well．(動(dòng)詞不定式短語作真正的主語)
②It's well known that Chinese people attach great importance to labour．(that從句作真正的主語)
③It is no use wasting time discussing how it happened．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語作真正的主語)
(3)注意：done不能作主語，要想done 表示的含義作主語，可以用being done。
Being exposed to a foreign culture is beneficial for us to learn the local language．(being done作主語)
2．謂語——主語的行為
定義：謂語用來描述主語的行為動(dòng)作、主語具有的特征或所處的狀態(tài)，常位于主語之后。謂語主要由動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語、系表結(jié)構(gòu)等充當(dāng)。謂語有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化。謂語與主語在“人稱”與“數(shù)”方面應(yīng)保持一致，即主謂一致。
①I believe your excellent language skills will allow you to share abundant valuable suggestions with us．(單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞作謂語)
②The English programme is widely popular among us students．(系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語)
③First of all，as smart online learners，we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden our horizons．(“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋動(dòng)詞短語”作謂語)
④I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future．(“助動(dòng)詞do＋實(shí)義動(dòng)詞”作謂語，表強(qiáng)調(diào))
3．賓語——?jiǎng)幼鞯膶?duì)象
(1) 定義：賓語是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、動(dòng)詞不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞(短語或從句)來充當(dāng)，它和謂語動(dòng)詞一起說明主語做什么，通常放在及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞之后，有時(shí)會(huì)有雙賓語。
① I expressed my sincerest gratitude to the teacher．(名詞短語作賓語)
② As an enthusiast of Chinese painting，I decided to take an interest class to learn the basics．(動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語)
③He has given me great help in time of need．(me為間接賓語；help為直接賓語)
(2)位置：動(dòng)詞不定式(短語)、動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語)、名詞性從句作賓語，常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放在后面。
①He found it pleasant to work with us Chinese．(動(dòng)詞不定式作真正的賓語)
②I think it no good spending too much time watching TV．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式作真正的賓語)
③I owe it to my teacher that I made such rapid progress．(that從句作真正的賓語)
4．表語——主語的特征；身份等
(1) 定義：表語位于連系動(dòng)詞后，用來說明主語的身份、特征、狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、職業(yè)、數(shù)量、處所等。常用作表語的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、過去分詞、介詞短語、表語從句等。
①That was when I fell in love with writing．(從句作表語)
②I'm very enthusiastic about our English speaking program．(形容詞作表語)
③Seafood is a part of people's daily diet．(名詞短語作表語)
④Another 15 minutes passed，yet David was still not in sight．(介詞短語作表語)
⑤My aim is to let China go to the world and let the world understand China．(動(dòng)詞不定式短語作表語)
(2)常見的連系動(dòng)詞主要有下列幾種：
①表示“狀態(tài)”類：be (am，is，are，was，were)；
②表示“持續(xù)”類：keep，stay，remain，lie等；
③表示“表象”類：seem，appear等；
④表示“感官”類：look，sound，smell，taste，feel；
⑤表示“漸變”類：grow，turn，get，go，become，come，fall；
⑥表示“證明”類：prove。
5．定語——名詞的修飾語
定義：定語是用來描述名詞的品質(zhì)與特征的修飾語，它常和名詞構(gòu)成名詞短語。常用作定語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、過去分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、定語從句等。單個(gè)詞作定語時(shí)常放在被修飾詞之前，而短語和從句作定語時(shí)往往放在被修飾詞之后。
① Overall，it was a wonderful experience that I will always remember．(形容詞作定語)
②The exhibition will be held in the City Museum located in the north of our city．(過去分詞作定語)
③According to a survey，most students being interviewed choose to listen to English songs．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語)
④A better way might be to have students practice with partners who have similar English proficiency and learning needs．(who引導(dǎo)的定語從句作后置定語)
6．狀語——?jiǎng)釉~、形容詞、副詞或句子的修飾語
定義：狀語是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或句子的成分。狀語由副詞、形容詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、過去分詞或從句充當(dāng)。
狀語在句中可以表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式、原因、目的、讓步、比較等。
①Recently I learned how to knit by taking a knitting class．(副詞作狀語)
②Nowadays，many of Lu Xun's works are still included in Chinese textbooks，inspiring us students to strive for a better future．(動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語)
③When we go to the beach，don't throw rubbish，especially plastics，into the sea．(時(shí)間狀語從句)
④Jane rose at the break of day，hungry and thirsty．(形容詞作狀語)
⑤He looked up with shock．(介詞短語作狀語)
7．補(bǔ)足語——賓語或主語的補(bǔ)充說明
定義：補(bǔ)足語分為主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，分別用于補(bǔ)充說明主語和賓語。補(bǔ)足語通常由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、過去分詞充當(dāng)。
①With all preparations done，they started to fry bread together．(過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
②I'll keep his kindness and help in mind forever．(介詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
③All in all，my sense of responsibility will make me a qualified volunteer．(名詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
④He was elected president of the Students'Union．(名詞短語作主語補(bǔ)足語)
8．同位語——同等重要的并列成分
定義：同位語是對(duì)名詞或代詞的進(jìn)一步解釋說明，且與其前面的名詞或代詞在語法上處于同等的地位，常位于名詞或代詞之后。常用作同位語的有名詞(短語)、數(shù)詞、代詞、同位語從句等。
①M(fèi)y name is Li Jin，a member from Spoken English Club．(名詞短語作同位語)
②Word came that our school is going to hold a school meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese customs．(從句作同位語)
③We each have different needs and interests．
(代詞作同位語)
注意：we each對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，each of us對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
寫出黑體部分在句子中所作的成分
1．Paper cutting is one of China's the most popular traditional folk arts． 表語
2．I have received some training in my spare time． 狀語
3．You make your classes lively and interesting． 賓語補(bǔ)足語
4．It will be held in the school lecture hall from 3:00 p．m．to 5:00 p．m．next Friday． 狀語
5．What you said just now didn't make me happy． 主語
6．I won first prize in the English Speech Competition last year． 賓語
7．I find my room clean and tidy． 賓語補(bǔ)足語
8．I would like to give you some suggestions． 直接賓語
9．They should make use of their spare time to taste these wonderful works carefully． 狀語
10．We do sincerely hope that your health will improve soon． 賓語
11．The question is that no one knows the location of the new hospital． 表語
　厘清基本句型
1．主語＋謂語(不及物動(dòng)詞)
該句式常用來表示主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其特點(diǎn)為：句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思，這類動(dòng)詞叫作不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。
2．主語＋謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)＋賓語
該句式的特點(diǎn)為：謂語動(dòng)詞均為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，都是主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟一個(gè)賓語(賓語可以由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞-ing形式、動(dòng)詞不定式、特殊疑問詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式、從句等來充當(dāng))，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。
3．主語＋系動(dòng)詞＋表語
該句式就是常說的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。此句式側(cè)重說明主語是什么或怎么樣，助動(dòng)詞需用系動(dòng)詞(主要是be動(dòng)詞)，表語多為形容詞，也可以是名詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式等。
4．主語＋謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)＋間接賓語＋直接賓語
該句式中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。一個(gè)是表示人的間接賓語；一個(gè)是表示物的直接賓語。一般間接賓語在前面，直接賓語在后面。
5．主語＋謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)＋賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語
該句式中的謂語雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來說明賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的情況，直接跟在賓語之后。
6．主語＋謂語(不及物動(dòng)詞)＋狀語
狀語修飾謂語動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，謂語動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞(短語)。
7．主語＋謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)＋賓語＋狀語
狀語由副詞、介詞短語或從句充當(dāng)，修飾謂語動(dòng)詞的狀語需是副詞或介詞短語。
8．存現(xiàn)句(there be句型及there be句型的變式句型)
there be句型有很多變式，恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用there be(be可用各種時(shí)態(tài))句型及其變式對(duì)提升寫作大有幫助。
①There are abundant biological resources and energy resources in the ocean．
②There is a famous saying that“good habits lead to good endings”，which shows the importance of habits．
③There stands a big tree in front of the classroom．
寫出下列句子的類型
1．The flower smells sweet． 主＋系＋表
2．The news made us very surprised． 主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)
3．I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries． 主＋謂＋賓
4．I saw a brave butterfly flying in the sky． 主＋謂＋賓＋賓補(bǔ)＋狀
5．He brought me a newly published book． 主＋謂＋間接賓語＋直接賓語
6．There are a variety of ways to learn English beyond the classroom with the development of modern technology． 存現(xiàn)句
7．Class activities will vary from day to day． 主＋謂＋狀
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