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第2講　情態動詞和虛擬語氣
　情態動詞
1．情態動詞can和could的用法
語法規則 例句
表示“能力”時，can表示現在的能力，could表示過去的能力。 Susan isn't very good at maths，but she can speak English very well． I could swim when I was five years old．
表示“推測”時，can常用于否定句中，can't表示“不可能”；could表“推測”時，比can的可能性要小。 Mr Black can't be at home—he has gone to America． Even experienced teachers can make mistakes．
表示“請求”或“許可”時，通常用于疑問句中；could表“請求”時，語氣比can更委婉。 —Could/Can you pick me up at the airport？ —Yes，I can．
be able to do表示“能夠做”，不能與 can連用，但有更多時態。 I'm sure you will be able to look after yourself． I haven't been able to sleep very well recently．
2．情態動詞may和might的用法
語法規則 例句
may和might可用于肯定句中表示“許可”，用于疑問句中表示“請求”。 She said I might call her at the weekend． May I borrow the car tomorrow？
might表示“推測”時，可能性比may的可能性小。 He may/might know the answer． He may/might not believe you．
may/might well do sth．表示“很可能做某事”，may/might as well do sth．表示“不妨做某事”。 Her appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize her． You might as well give him the letter．
“May you/sth．＋動詞原形”表示祝愿。 May you succeed！ May all your dreams come true！
3．情態動詞must和have to的用法
語法規則 例句
must強調說話者主觀上認為某事是必須做的，著重個人的看法、責任或義務。have to強調由于客觀條件、外界因素等迫使某人不得不做某事。 You must finish your homework before you go to bed． I missed the bus，so I had to take a taxi．
4．情態動詞will和would的用法
語法規則 例句
will表示“請求”，常用于第二人稱的疑問句中，would比will語氣更委婉。 Will you join our discussion？ Would you open the window，please？
will表示主觀愿望、意志或決心，would用于過去的習慣性動作，意為“過去常常做某事”。 Go where you will． She asked if I would go with them． On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden．
will和would用于第二人稱的疑問句中，would表示委婉語氣。 Wouldn't you take off your coat Would you please post the letter for me？
would用于否定句，可以表示頑固傾向，意為“老是不，總是不”。 My car wouldn't start this morning． The door wouldn't open，no matter how hard she pushed．
would have done表示與過去事實相反的假設。 But for your help we would have been late． If she had seen you yesterday，she would have asked you about it．
5．情態動詞shall，should和ought to的用法
語法規則 例句
shall用在第一、三人稱的疑問句中時，表示征求對方意見。 Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow？
shall用在第二、三人稱的陳述句中時，表示說話人的允諾、命令、告誡等。 You shall get an answer from me tomorrow．
should/ought to表示責任、義務，意為“應該”，否定式為should not/ ought not to。 You shouldn't be so careless． Humans ought to stop polluting nature． Ought I to hand in my composition now？
should表示“推測”，常意為“按道理說應該”。 It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials．
should可以表示說話人的吃驚、憤怒、失望等，多用于It is＋形容詞＋that...句型。 It's surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack．
suggest/order/ require that...從句常用“should do”，should 可省。 I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now．
6．情態動詞need和dare的用法
語法規則 例句
need用作情態動詞，多用于否定句、疑問句，后接動詞原形。 Need I hand in my homework now I needn't go this week．
need用作實義動詞，接名詞、代詞、不定式作賓語。need doing＝need to be done表示需要做。 My shirt needs a button． My car needs repairing．＝My car needs to be repaired．
dare用作情態動詞，多用于否定句、疑問句，只有dare和dared兩種形式。 He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day． I wonder how he dare say such things．
dare用作實義動詞，接不定式作賓語。 He dared me to jump over the stream． Did anyone dare to admit it？
I dare say...我想/相信/敢說……。 I dare say things will improve．
7．情態動詞＋have done的用法
語法規則 例句
can't have done表示“不可能做了某事”。 The money can't have been lost there．
could have done表示“本可以做某事”。否定式表示“不可能做了某事”。 You could have been more considerate． She couldn't have left so soon．
may/might have done表示對過去的推測，意思是“也許已經……，可能已經……”，用于肯定或否定句中。 He may have gone to bed． She might not have settled the problem．
must have done表示對過去的推測，意思是“一定已經，想必已經，準是已經……”，只用于肯定句中。 The streets are wet．It must have rained． He must have been drinking beer．
should/ought to have done表示“本應該做某事而沒有做”。 She should/ought to have gone there alone．
shouldn't have done表示“本不該做某事但已經做了”。 The boy shouldn't have been playing the piano．
needn't have done表示“做了不必做或不需要做的事”。 You needn't have come so early．
　虛擬語氣
1．虛擬語氣在if條件句中的運用
類型 從句中的謂 語動詞形式 主句中的謂 語動詞形式
與現在事實相反 動詞的過去式(be的過去式用were) should/would/could/might＋動詞原形
與過去事實相 反 had＋過去分詞 should/would/could/might＋have＋過去分詞
與將來事實相反 should/were to＋動詞原形；動詞的過去式 should/would/could/might＋動詞原形
語法規則 例句
與現在事實相反：若與現在事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“would/should/could/might＋動詞原形”。 If I knew her number，I could ring her up．(可惜我現在不知道) If I were a bird，I could fly in the air．(但我不是一只鳥)
與過去事實相反：若與過去事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去完成時(had＋過去分詞)，主句謂語用“would/should/could/might＋have＋過去分詞”。 If I had left sooner，I would have been on time．(但我動身太遲了) If we had found him earlier，we could have saved his life．(可惜我們太晚找到他了)
與將來事實相反：若與將來事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“should/would/could/might＋動詞原形”。 If he went，would you go too？(大概他不會去) If I asked him，I'm sure he'd help us．(不過我不打算這樣做)
注意：虛擬條件句中的特殊用法
語法規則 例句
if虛擬條件句中倒裝省略情況：如果if條件句中有were、 should、had，可將條件句的連詞if省略，were、should、had提到句首。 Were I Tom，I would refuse． Should it be necessary，I would go． Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time．
錯綜時間虛擬條件句：主句表示的動作和從句表示的動作發生的時間不一致時，動詞的形式要根據表示的時間來調整。 If he had taken the doctor's advice last year，he would be quite right now．
含蓄虛擬條件句：用without，but for，otherwise等介詞短語或通過上下文來表示或代替了條件句。 But for air and water，no living thing could exist．(If there were no air and water) I was ill that day，otherwise I would have come to see you．(If I had not been ill that day)
2．wish/if only/as if (though) 句式中的虛擬語氣
句型 結構 if only引導的感嘆句 as if/though引導的表語從句及方式狀語從句 wish引導的賓語從句
對過去 虛擬 had＋過去分詞
對現在 虛擬 動詞的過去式(be一般用were)
對將來 虛擬 would/could/should/might＋動詞原形
語法規則 例句
if only引導的感嘆句 If only I would pass the final exam！
as if/though引導的表語從句及方式狀語從句 He looks as if he were ill． This device operated as though it had been repaired．
wish引導的賓語從句 I wish he had told me the truth last week．
3．would rather句式中的虛擬語氣
句型結構 would rather句式中的虛擬語氣
對過去虛擬 had＋過去分詞
對現在虛擬 動詞的過去式(be一般用were)
對將來虛擬 動詞的過去式(be一般用were)
語法規則 例句
在would rather(that)后的賓語從句中，從句的謂語動詞如果表示現在或將來要發生的動作，從句用一般過去時；如果表示過去發生的動作，從句用過去完成時。 I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday．
4．其他虛擬語氣
語法規則 例句
句中含有堅持(insist)，命令(order，command)，建議(suggest，advise，recommend)，要求(require，request，demand，desire )等時，該句中的名詞性從句(賓語從句、表語從句、主語從句、同位語從句)部分常用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞形式為“should＋動詞原形”，其中should可以省略。 注意：當suggest表示“暗示，表明”之義，insist表示“堅持說”之義時，suggest/insist后的賓語從句不使用虛擬語氣，而使用陳述語氣。 The doctor suggested that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． My suggestion is that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． It is suggested that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work． The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital．
語法規則 例句
It is/was＋形容詞(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural等)＋that引導的主語從句。 It's vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously．
It is (high) time，it is about time后的定語從句中的謂語動詞用過去時(be一般用were)或should＋動詞原形，表示“該是……的時候了”。 It's high time that we should take/took measures to protect the environment．
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．We needn't bother (bother) with details，for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us．
2．If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers，I would not be where I am．
3．Paul did a great job in the speech contest．He must have practised (practise) many times last week．
4．I can't find my purse．I could/might have left (leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I'm not sure．
5．It's strange that he should have taken the books without the owner's permission．
6．If I hadn't made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing contest，I wouldn't have gained (gain) first prize．
7．It is required that anyone who wants to participate should arrive (arrive) at the lecture hall on time to watch the movie and take part in the discussion．
8．Without your help and professional instruction，I couldn't have made (make)such great progress in English study．
9．If the new safety system had been put (put) to use，the accident would never have happened．
10．The teacher suggested the method (should) be applied (apply) to learning English．
Ⅱ．語法鏈接寫作
1．Had it not been for your help，I could not have made so much progress．(if虛擬條件句倒裝省略)
如果沒有你的幫助，我不能取得這么大的進步。
2．But for/Without your persistence，you couldn't have achieved your goal．Therefore，I will learn from you．
如果不是你的堅持不懈，你就不會實現你的目標。所以我會向你學習。(含蓄虛擬條件句)
3．It's high time that we did/should do something to improve our environment．
該是我們為改善環境做些事情的時候了。
4．All those precious memories flooded into my mind．I remembered the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday．
那些珍貴的回憶涌上心頭。我記起了整件事情，就好像它發生在昨日。
5．He struggled to his feet，feeling his thigh ached as if it had been broken．
他掙扎著站起來，感覺大腿很疼，好像斷了一樣。
Ⅲ．語法填空
I 1．need not have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me．Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer．I wish I 2．danced (dance) as well as her．No one 3．can be compared with her in dancing．Jack is more of a talker than a doer．Teachers always tell him it's high time that he 4．did/should do (do) something instead of just talking．Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5．will say (say)“Ni hao”to them．Teachers recommend that parents 6．should not allow (allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety．Students 7．must obey school rules．Every student must wear their school uniform while at school．If a student 8．didn't wear(wear) his school uniform，he would be punished．According to the rules，students 9．shall get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship．It is beyond my imagination that students here 10．should be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me．
9 / 9第2講　情態動詞和虛擬語氣
　情態動詞
1．情態動詞can和could的用法
語法規則 例句
表示“能力”時，can表示現在的能力，could表示過去的能力。 Susan isn't very good at maths，but she can speak English very well． I could swim when I was five years old．
表示“推測”時，can常用于否定句中，can't表示“不可能”；could表“推測”時，比can的可能性要小。 Mr Black can't be at home—he has gone to America． Even experienced teachers can make mistakes．
表示“請求”或“許可”時，通常用于疑問句中；could表“請求”時，語氣比can更委婉。 —Could/Can you pick me up at the airport？ —Yes，I can．
be able to do表示“能夠做”，不能與 can連用，但有更多時態。 I'm sure you will be able to look after yourself． I haven't been able to sleep very well recently．
2．情態動詞may和might的用法
語法規則 例句
may和might可用于肯定句中表示“許可”，用于疑問句中表示“請求”。 She said I might call her at the weekend． May I borrow the car tomorrow？
might表示“推測”時，可能性比may的可能性小。 He may/might know the answer． He may/might not believe you．
may/might well do sth．表示“很可能做某事”，may/might as well do sth．表示“不妨做某事”。 Her appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize her． You might as well give him the letter．
“May you/sth．＋動詞原形”表示祝愿。 May you succeed！ May all your dreams come true！
3．情態動詞must和have to的用法
語法規則 例句
must強調說話者主觀上認為某事是必須做的，著重個人的看法、責任或義務。have to強調由于客觀條件、外界因素等迫使某人不得不做某事。 You must finish your homework before you go to bed． I missed the bus，so I had to take a taxi．
4．情態動詞will和would的用法
語法規則 例句
will表示“請求”，常用于第二人稱的疑問句中，would比will語氣更委婉。 Will you join our discussion？ Would you open the window，please？
will表示主觀愿望、意志或決心，would用于過去的習慣性動作，意為“過去常常做某事”。 Go where you will． She asked if I would go with them． On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden．
will和would用于第二人稱的疑問句中，would表示委婉語氣。 Wouldn't you take off your coat Would you please post the letter for me？
would用于否定句，可以表示頑固傾向，意為“老是不，總是不”。 My car wouldn't start this morning． The door wouldn't open，no matter how hard she pushed．
would have done表示與過去事實相反的假設。 But for your help we would have been late． If she had seen you yesterday，she would have asked you about it．
5．情態動詞shall，should和ought to的用法
語法規則 例句
shall用在第一、三人稱的疑問句中時，表示征求對方意見。 Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow？
shall用在第二、三人稱的陳述句中時，表示說話人的允諾、命令、告誡等。 You shall get an answer from me tomorrow．
should/ought to表示責任、義務，意為“應該”，否定式為should not/ ought not to。 You shouldn't be so careless． Humans ought to stop polluting nature． Ought I to hand in my composition now？
should表示“推測”，常意為“按道理說應該”。 It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials．
should可以表示說話人的吃驚、憤怒、失望等，多用于It is＋形容詞＋that...句型。 It's surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack．
suggest/order/ require that...從句常用“should do”，should 可省。 I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now．
6．情態動詞need和dare的用法
語法規則 例句
need用作情態動詞，多用于否定句、疑問句，后接動詞原形。 Need I hand in my homework now I needn't go this week．
need用作實義動詞，接名詞、代詞、不定式作賓語。need doing＝need to be done表示需要做。 My shirt needs a button． My car needs repairing．＝My car needs to be repaired．
dare用作情態動詞，多用于否定句、疑問句，只有dare和dared兩種形式。 He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day． I wonder how he dare say such things．
dare用作實義動詞，接不定式作賓語。 He dared me to jump over the stream． Did anyone dare to admit it？
I dare say...我想/相信/敢說……。 I dare say things will improve．
7．情態動詞＋have done的用法
語法規則 例句
can't have done表示“不可能做了某事”。 The money can't have been lost there．
could have done表示“本可以做某事”。否定式表示“不可能做了某事”。 You could have been more considerate． She couldn't have left so soon．
may/might have done表示對過去的推測，意思是“也許已經……，可能已經……”，用于肯定或否定句中。 He may have gone to bed． She might not have settled the problem．
must have done表示對過去的推測，意思是“一定已經，想必已經，準是已經……”，只用于肯定句中。 The streets are wet．It must have rained． He must have been drinking beer．
should/ought to have done表示“本應該做某事而沒有做”。 She should/ought to have gone there alone．
shouldn't have done表示“本不該做某事但已經做了”。 The boy shouldn't have been playing the piano．
needn't have done表示“做了不必做或不需要做的事”。 You needn't have come so early．
　虛擬語氣
1．虛擬語氣在if條件句中的運用
類型 從句中的謂 語動詞形式 主句中的謂 語動詞形式
與現在事實相反 動詞的過去式(be的過去式用were) should/would/could/might＋動詞原形
與過去事實相 反 had＋過去分詞 should/would/could/might＋have＋過去分詞
與將來事實相反 should/were to＋動詞原形；動詞的過去式 should/would/could/might＋動詞原形
語法規則 例句
與現在事實相反：若與現在事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“would/should/could/might＋動詞原形”。 If I knew her number，I could ring her up．(可惜我現在不知道) If I were a bird，I could fly in the air．(但我不是一只鳥)
與過去事實相反：若與過去事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去完成時(had＋過去分詞)，主句謂語用“would/should/could/might＋have＋過去分詞”。 If I had left sooner，I would have been on time．(但我動身太遲了) If we had found him earlier，we could have saved his life．(可惜我們太晚找到他了)
與將來事實相反：若與將來事實相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“should/would/could/might＋動詞原形”。 If he went，would you go too？(大概他不會去) If I asked him，I'm sure he'd help us．(不過我不打算這樣做)
注意：虛擬條件句中的特殊用法
語法規則 例句
if虛擬條件句中倒裝省略情況：如果if條件句中有were、 should、had，可將條件句的連詞if省略，were、should、had提到句首。 Were I Tom，I would refuse． Should it be necessary，I would go． Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time．
錯綜時間虛擬條件句：主句表示的動作和從句表示的動作發生的時間不一致時，動詞的形式要根據表示的時間來調整。 If he had taken the doctor's advice last year，he would be quite right now．
含蓄虛擬條件句：用without，but for，otherwise等介詞短語或通過上下文來表示或代替了條件句。 But for air and water，no living thing could exist．(If there were no air and water) I was ill that day，otherwise I would have come to see you．(If I had not been ill that day)
2．wish/if only/as if (though) 句式中的虛擬語氣
句型 結構 if only引導的感嘆句 as if/though引導的表語從句及方式狀語從句 wish引導的賓語從句
對過去 虛擬 had＋過去分詞
對現在 虛擬 動詞的過去式(be一般用were)
對將來 虛擬 would/could/should/might＋動詞原形
語法規則 例句
if only引導的感嘆句 If only I would pass the final exam！
as if/though引導的表語從句及方式狀語從句 He looks as if he were ill． This device operated as though it had been repaired．
wish引導的賓語從句 I wish he had told me the truth last week．
3．would rather句式中的虛擬語氣
句型結構 would rather句式中的虛擬語氣
對過去虛擬 had＋過去分詞
對現在虛擬 動詞的過去式(be一般用were)
對將來虛擬 動詞的過去式(be一般用were)
語法規則 例句
在would rather(that)后的賓語從句中，從句的謂語動詞如果表示現在或將來要發生的動作，從句用一般過去時；如果表示過去發生的動作，從句用過去完成時。 I'd rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before yesterday．
4．其他虛擬語氣
語法規則 例句
句中含有堅持(insist)，命令(order，command)，建議(suggest，advise，recommend)，要求(require，request，demand，desire )等時，該句中的名詞性從句(賓語從句、表語從句、主語從句、同位語從句)部分常用虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞形式為“should＋動詞原形”，其中should可以省略。 注意：當suggest表示“暗示，表明”之義，insist表示“堅持說”之義時，suggest/insist后的賓語從句不使用虛擬語氣，而使用陳述語氣。 The doctor suggested that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． My suggestion is that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． It is suggested that he (should) take exercise on a regular basis． The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work． The old man insisted that he was not ill and that he (should) not be sent to hospital．
語法規則 例句
It is/was＋形容詞(important，essential，necessary，strange，natural等)＋that引導的主語從句。 It's vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously．
It is (high) time，it is about time后的定語從句中的謂語動詞用過去時(be一般用were)或should＋動詞原形，表示“該是……的時候了”。 It's high time that we should take/took measures to protect the environment．
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．We ____________ (bother) with details，for our teammates will do everything in their power to help us．
2．If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers，I ____________ not be where I am．
3．Paul did a great job in the speech contest．He ______________(practise) many times last week．
4．I can't find my purse．I ____________________(leave) it in the supermarket yesterday，but I'm not sure．
5．It's strange that he ____________ have taken the books without the owner's permission．
6．If I hadn't made the most of the chance to prepare for the writing contest，I ____________________(gain) first prize．
7．It is required that anyone who wants to participate ____________ (arrive) at the lecture hall on time to watch the movie and take part in the discussion．
8．Without your help and professional instruction，I ________________ (make)such great progress in English study．
9．If the new safety system ____________ (put) to use，the accident would never have happened．
10．The teacher suggested the method ________________ (apply) to learning English．
Ⅱ．語法鏈接寫作
1．________________________________，I could not have made so much progress．(if虛擬條件句倒裝省略)
如果沒有你的幫助，我不能取得這么大的進步。
2．__________________________________，you couldn't have achieved your goal．Therefore，I will learn from you．
如果不是你的堅持不懈，你就不會實現你的目標。所以我會向你學習。(含蓄虛擬條件句)
3．________________________________________ to improve our environment．
該是我們為改善環境做些事情的時候了。
4．All those precious memories flooded into my mind．I remembered the whole thing ________________________________．
那些珍貴的回憶涌上心頭。我記起了整件事情，就好像它發生在昨日。
5．He struggled to his feet，feeling his thigh ached ________________________．
他掙扎著站起來，感覺大腿很疼，好像斷了一樣。
Ⅲ．語法填空
I 1．____________ not have worried before I came to the new school，for my classmates here are very friendly to me．Zhang Min is a fantastic dancer．I wish I 2．____________ (dance) as well as her．No one 3．____________ be compared with her in dancing．Jack is more of a talker than a doer．Teachers always tell him it's high time that he 4．____________ (do) something instead of just talking．Every time I get close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，I 5．____________ (say)“Ni hao” to them．Teachers recommend that parents 6．____________ (allow) their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety．Students 7．____________ obey school rules．Every student must wear their school uniform while at school．If a student 8．____________(wear) his school uniform，he would be punished．According to the rules，students 9．____________ get grades not lower than 85 in any subject in order to get the scholarship．It is beyond my imagination that students here 10．____________ be so crazy about Harry Potter series like me．
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