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第1講　形容詞和副詞
　形容詞和副詞的基本用法及轉(zhuǎn)換
1．形容詞的基本用法
語法規(guī)則 例句
形容詞主要用來修飾名詞作定語，表示事物或人的性質(zhì)和特征，也可作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、主語補(bǔ)足語或狀語等 I have to attend an important meeting this afternoon．(作定語) I know he is too optimistic but I don't want to depress him．(作表語) The room was found very dirty．(作主語補(bǔ)足語) Optimism makes a life happier and more meaningful．(作賓語補(bǔ)足語) Worried about the journey，I was unsettled for the first few days．(作狀語)
單個形容詞作定語一般放在名詞前，形容詞短語作定語一般放在名詞后 It is a difficult problem． Isn't it a problem difficult to solve？
一些以“a”為前綴的表語形容詞通常放在系動詞后，修飾名詞時，常置于名詞后。如：afraid害怕的，alone孤單的，alive活著的，alike相似的，ashamed羞愧的，awake醒著的 The baby asleep might be awake very soon．
部分形容詞如：content，worth，ill，sure，well等只作表語 The book is worth reading．
形容詞修飾something，anything等不定代詞時，常置于其后 There is something wrong with the car．
2．副詞的基本用法
語法規(guī)則 例句
副詞通常作狀語，主要用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其他副詞或者整個句子，也可作表語、定語、補(bǔ)足語等，表示時間、地點、程度、方式等 Whenever we have trouble with our studies，our teachers help us patiently．(作狀語) The tide was out and they walked among the rock pools．(作表語) Unfortunately，I was still very clumsy behind the wheel of the jeep．(作狀語)
程度副詞和頻度副詞一般放動詞前；方式副詞一般放動詞后；時間和地點副詞一般放在句尾，先地點后時間 He often takes exercise． He speaks slowly． I met Tom here yesterday．
enough作形容詞一般放在名詞前，作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時，需置于形容詞或副詞之后 I have enough time． She's old enough to decide for herself．
3．形容詞變副詞的規(guī)則
類別 例詞
一般形容詞變副詞直接在其后加-ly quick→quickly anxious→anxiously immediate→immediately
以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞要變y為i再加-ly； 以元音發(fā)音＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞直接加-ly happy→happily healthy→healthily dry→dryly shy→shyly
去“e” 以輔音字母(b，p，t)＋le結(jié)尾的形容詞要去掉e再加-y possible→possibly probable→probably
true，due，whole去“e”加-ly true→truly due→duly whole→wholly
以ic結(jié)尾的形容詞要在其后加-ally economic→economically basic→basically 特殊詞： public→publicly
以ll結(jié)尾的形容詞要在其后加-y full→fully dull→dully
　形容詞和副詞的比較級、最高級
1．規(guī)則變化
規(guī)則 例詞
單音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞一般直接加-er和-est fast→faster→fastest narrow→narrower→narrowest
以-e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞直接加-r和-st late→later→latest wide→wider→widest
以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，先雙寫輔音字母，再加-er和-est hot→hotter→hottest thin→thinner→thinnest big→bigger→biggest
以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再加-er和-est happy→happier→happiest easy→easier→easiest
其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞在前面加more和most careful→more careful→most careful easily→more easily→most easily
2．不規(guī)則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good，well better best
bad worse worst
many，much more most
little less least
far farther(僅指時間、空間距離) farthest(僅指時間、空間距離)
further(指時間、空間距離或程度) furthest(指時間、空間距離或程度)
old older(指年齡或新舊) oldest(指年齡或新舊)
elder(指年紀(jì)較長的) eldest(指年齡最大的)
3．原級比較
語法規(guī)則 例句
①as＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as... ②not＋as/so＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as...(否定比較) ③as＋形容詞原級＋as＋計量名詞(表示多達(dá)、高達(dá)……) ④as＋形容詞原級＋a(n)＋n．＋as ⑤as＋many＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋as ⑥as＋much＋不可數(shù)名詞＋as The river is as deep as 10 meters． A lion is just as dangerous and fierce an animal as a tiger． Henry has as many books as I have．
4．比較級
語法規(guī)則 例句
“形容詞/副詞比較級＋than”表示“兩者中一方比另一方更……”；“l(fā)ess＋形容詞/副詞原級＋than”表示“一方不及另一方……” The book is less interesting than that one．
A＋be＋no＋比較級＋than＋B，表示“A和B一樣不……” He is no richer than I．
A＋be＋not＋比較級＋than＋B，表示“A不及B……” He is not richer than I．
no more than＋數(shù)詞，表示“僅僅”，not more than＋數(shù)詞，表示“不超過，至多” He took no more than six books． He took not more than six books．
the＋比較級(...)，the＋比較級(...)表示“越……越……” The older I get，the more I feel time has wings．
比較級＋and＋比較級或者more and more＋多音節(jié)詞/部分雙音節(jié)詞原級，表示“越來越……” It becomes colder and colder when winter comes．
the＋比較級＋of the two＋名詞復(fù)數(shù)，表示“兩者中較……的那個” Mike is the taller of the two boys．
常見的比較級的修飾語有：much，far，a little/a bit，a lot/a great deal，rather，even，still等 He is far more careful than I am．
“not/never/nothing等否定詞＋形容詞比較級 (＋than...)”表示最高級意義 I have never read a better book than this．(＝This is the best book I have ever read．) I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer afternoon．
5．最高級
語法規(guī)則 例句
表示三者或三者以上的比較，常見結(jié)構(gòu)為“the＋最高級(＋名詞)＋表示比較范圍的短語或從句”，表示“……中最……的” This is the best film that I have ever seen．
one of the ＋最高級＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，表示“最……的……之一” It is one of the most original works of imagination in the language．
常見的最高級的修飾語有：位于the之前的by far，nearly，almost，by no means，really，quite等以及位于the與最高級之間的序數(shù)詞等 I don't think this film is by far the most boring．
6．倍數(shù)表達(dá)
語法規(guī)則 例句
A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋比較級＋than＋B The new building is three times higher than the old one．
A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋as ＋原級＋as＋B The new building is three times as high as the old one．
A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋the＋名詞(size，length，height，weight，width等) ＋of＋B The new building is three times the height of the old one．
A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋that＋of＋B ＝A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 The output of this year is three times that of 2012．＝The output of this year is three times what it was in 2012．
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．(2024·北京卷)And the more tools we have，the more ____________(effect) and insightful we can become．
2．The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas，and ____________ (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild．
3．They both fell ____________ (sleep) while watching TV．
4．When he looked down，he ____________ (accidental) slipped and fell over the edge．
5．Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ____________ (meaning)．
6．As a main promoter of the International Tea Day，the birthplace of tea and the ____________ (large) tea-producing country，China has a responsibility to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry．
7．It can help to build a community with a ____________ (share) future for mankind．
8．Blind people recognize shapes with their ____________ (exist) senses，in a way similar to that of ____________ (sight) people，says Ella Striem-Amit，a Harvard scientist．
Ⅱ．語法鏈接寫作
1．There will be various performances，including traditional Chinese music and original pop music made by the teenagers，which will ________________________．
屆時將有各種各樣的表演，包括中國傳統(tǒng)音樂和青少年原創(chuàng)的流行音樂，這肯定會給人留下深刻的印象。
2．________________________，F(xiàn)rancisco asked with a red face，“Sorry，sir．What can we do to deal with the situation？”
即內(nèi)疚又后悔，弗朗西斯科漲紅了臉問道：“對不起，先生。我們能做些什么來處理這種情況呢？”
3．______________________________________，Eric pushed the door open and slipped into the house．
很想知道里面發(fā)生了什么，埃里克推開門，溜進(jìn)了房子。
4．____________________________________________________________，and I soon skated on the ice smoothly．
我在冰上練習(xí)得越多，我就越熟練，很快就滑得很自如了。
5．________________________________ my teacher's encouragement．Without it，____________________________．
沒有什么比老師的鼓勵更重要。沒有老師的鼓勵，我就不可能獲獎。
Ⅲ．語法填空
(2023·浙江1月卷改編)During China's 1．____________ (dynasty) period，emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to 2．____________ (society) classes．The term “hutong”，3．____________(original) meaning “water well” in Mongolian，appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty．
In the Ming Dynasty，the center was the Forbidden City，surrounded in concentric(同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City．Citizens of higher social classes were permitted to live 4．____________(close) to the center of the circles．The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and 5．____________(wealth) businessmen often featured 6．____________ (beautiful) carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子)．The hutongs they formed were orderly，lined by 7．____________(space) homes and walled gardens．Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers．Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and 8．____________(simple) in design and decoration，and the hutongs were narrower．
Hutongs represent an important 9．____________(culture) element of the city of Beijing．Thanks to Beijing's long history as the capital of China，almost every hutong has its stories，and some are even associated with 10．____________ (history) events．In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City，the Summer Palace，and the Temple of Heaven，the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers．
8 / 8第1講　形容詞和副詞
　形容詞和副詞的基本用法及轉(zhuǎn)換
1．形容詞的基本用法
語法規(guī)則 例句
形容詞主要用來修飾名詞作定語，表示事物或人的性質(zhì)和特征，也可作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、主語補(bǔ)足語或狀語等 I have to attend an important meeting this afternoon．(作定語) I know he is too optimistic but I don't want to depress him．(作表語) The room was found very dirty．(作主語補(bǔ)足語) Optimism makes a life happier and more meaningful．(作賓語補(bǔ)足語) Worried about the journey，I was unsettled for the first few days．(作狀語)
單個形容詞作定語一般放在名詞前，形容詞短語作定語一般放在名詞后 It is a difficult problem． Isn't it a problem difficult to solve？
一些以“a”為前綴的表語形容詞通常放在系動詞后，修飾名詞時，常置于名詞后。如：afraid害怕的，alone孤單的，alive活著的，alike相似的，ashamed羞愧的，awake醒著的 The baby asleep might be awake very soon．
部分形容詞如：content，worth，ill，sure，well等只作表語 The book is worth reading．
形容詞修飾something，anything等不定代詞時，常置于其后 There is something wrong with the car．
2．副詞的基本用法
語法規(guī)則 例句
副詞通常作狀語，主要用來修飾動詞、形容詞、其他副詞或者整個句子，也可作表語、定語、補(bǔ)足語等，表示時間、地點、程度、方式等 Whenever we have trouble with our studies，our teachers help us patiently．(作狀語) The tide was out and they walked among the rock pools．(作表語) Unfortunately，I was still very clumsy behind the wheel of the jeep．(作狀語)
程度副詞和頻度副詞一般放動詞前；方式副詞一般放動詞后；時間和地點副詞一般放在句尾，先地點后時間 He often takes exercise． He speaks slowly． I met Tom here yesterday．
enough作形容詞一般放在名詞前，作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時，需置于形容詞或副詞之后 I have enough time． She's old enough to decide for herself．
3．形容詞變副詞的規(guī)則
類別 例詞
一般形容詞變副詞直接在其后加-ly quick→quickly anxious→anxiously immediate→immediately
以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞要變y為i再加-ly； 以元音發(fā)音＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞直接加-ly happy→happily healthy→healthily dry→dryly shy→shyly
去“e” 以輔音字母(b，p，t)＋le結(jié)尾的形容詞要去掉e再加-y possible→possibly probable→probably
true，due，whole去“e”加-ly true→truly due→duly whole→wholly
以ic結(jié)尾的形容詞要在其后加-ally economic→economically basic→basically 特殊詞： public→publicly
以ll結(jié)尾的形容詞要在其后加-y full→fully dull→dully
　形容詞和副詞的比較級、最高級
1．規(guī)則變化
規(guī)則 例詞
單音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞一般直接加-er和-est fast→faster→fastest narrow→narrower→narrowest
以-e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)詞直接加-r和-st late→later→latest wide→wider→widest
以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，先雙寫輔音字母，再加-er和-est hot→hotter→hottest thin→thinner→thinnest big→bigger→biggest
以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再加-er和-est happy→happier→happiest easy→easier→easiest
其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞在前面加more和most careful→more careful→most careful easily→more easily→most easily
2．不規(guī)則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good，well better best
bad worse worst
many，much more most
little less least
far farther(僅指時間、空間距離) farthest(僅指時間、空間距離)
further(指時間、空間距離或程度) furthest(指時間、空間距離或程度)
old older(指年齡或新舊) oldest(指年齡或新舊)
elder(指年紀(jì)較長的) eldest(指年齡最大的)
3．原級比較
語法規(guī)則 例句
①as＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as... ②not＋as/so＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as...(否定比較) ③as＋形容詞原級＋as＋計量名詞(表示多達(dá)、高達(dá)……) ④as＋形容詞原級＋a(n)＋n．＋as ⑤as＋many＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋as ⑥as＋much＋不可數(shù)名詞＋as The river is as deep as 10 meters． A lion is just as dangerous and fierce an animal as a tiger． Henry has as many books as I have．
4．比較級
語法規(guī)則 例句
“形容詞/副詞比較級＋than”表示“兩者中一方比另一方更……”；“l(fā)ess＋形容詞/副詞原級＋than”表示“一方不及另一方……” The book is less interesting than that one．
A＋be＋no＋比較級＋than＋B，表示“A和B一樣不……” He is no richer than I．
A＋be＋not＋比較級＋than＋B，表示“A不及B……” He is not richer than I．
no more than＋數(shù)詞，表示“僅僅”，not more than＋數(shù)詞，表示“不超過，至多” He took no more than six books． He took not more than six books．
the＋比較級(...)，the＋比較級(...)表示“越……越……” The older I get，the more I feel time has wings．
比較級＋and＋比較級或者more and more＋多音節(jié)詞/部分雙音節(jié)詞原級，表示“越來越……” It becomes colder and colder when winter comes．
the＋比較級＋of the two＋名詞復(fù)數(shù)，表示“兩者中較……的那個” Mike is the taller of the two boys．
常見的比較級的修飾語有：much，far，a little/a bit，a lot/a great deal，rather，even，still等 He is far more careful than I am．
“not/never/nothing等否定詞＋形容詞比較級 (＋than...)”表示最高級意義 I have never read a better book than this．(＝This is the best book I have ever read．) I can think of nothing better than a nice cold beer on a hot summer afternoon．
5．最高級
語法規(guī)則 例句
表示三者或三者以上的比較，常見結(jié)構(gòu)為“the＋最高級(＋名詞)＋表示比較范圍的短語或從句”，表示“……中最……的” This is the best film that I have ever seen．
one of the ＋最高級＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，表示“最……的……之一” It is one of the most original works of imagination in the language．
常見的最高級的修飾語有：位于the之前的by far，nearly，almost，by no means，really，quite等以及位于the與最高級之間的序數(shù)詞等 I don't think this film is by far the most boring．
6．倍數(shù)表達(dá)
語法規(guī)則 例句
A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋比較級＋than＋B The new building is three times higher than the old one．
A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋as ＋原級＋as＋B The new building is three times as high as the old one．
A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋the＋名詞(size，length，height，weight，width等) ＋of＋B The new building is three times the height of the old one．
A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋that＋of＋B ＝A＋謂語＋倍數(shù)＋what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 The output of this year is three times that of 2012．＝The output of this year is three times what it was in 2012．
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．(2024·北京卷)And the more tools we have，the more effective (effect) and insightful we can become．
2．The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate populations and homes of giant pandas，and eventually (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild．
3．They both fell asleep (sleep) while watching TV．
4．When he looked down，he accidentally (accidental) slipped and fell over the edge．
5．Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningful (meaning)．
6．As a main promoter of the International Tea Day，the birthplace of tea and the largest (large) tea-producing country，China has a responsibility to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry．
7．It can help to build a community with a shared (share) future for mankind．
8．Blind people recognize shapes with their existing (exist) senses，in a way similar to that of sighted (sight) people，says Ella Striem-Amit，a Harvard scientist．
Ⅱ．語法鏈接寫作
1．There will be various performances，including traditional Chinese music and original pop music made by the teenagers，which will definitely be impressive．
屆時將有各種各樣的表演，包括中國傳統(tǒng)音樂和青少年原創(chuàng)的流行音樂，這肯定會給人留下深刻的印象。
2．Guilty and regretful，F(xiàn)rancisco asked with a red face，“Sorry，sir．What can we do to deal with the situation？”
即內(nèi)疚又后悔，弗朗西斯科漲紅了臉問道：“對不起，先生。我們能做些什么來處理這種情況呢？”
3．Curious to know what was happening inside，Eric pushed the door open and slipped into the house．
很想知道里面發(fā)生了什么，埃里克推開門，溜進(jìn)了房子。
4．The more I practised skating on the ice，the more skilled I was，and I soon skated on the ice smoothly．
我在冰上練習(xí)得越多，我就越熟練，很快就滑得很自如了。
5．Nothing is more important than my teacher's encouragement．Without it，I couldn't have won the prize．
沒有什么比老師的鼓勵更重要。沒有老師的鼓勵，我就不可能獲獎。
Ⅲ．語法填空
(2023·浙江1月卷改編)During China's 1．dynastic (dynasty) period，emperors planned the city of Beijing and arranged the residential areas according to 2．social (society) classes．The term“hutong”，3．originally (original) meaning“water well”in Mongolian，appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty．
In the Ming Dynasty，the center was the Forbidden City，surrounded in concentric(同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City．Citizens of higher social classes were permitted to live 4．closer (close) to the center of the circles．The large siheyuan of these high-ranking officials and 5．wealthy (wealth) businessmen often featured 6．beautifully (beautiful) carved and painted roof beams and pillars(柱子)．The hutongs they formed were orderly，lined by 7．spacious (space) homes and walled gardens．Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers．Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and 8．simpler/more simple (simple) in design and decoration，and the hutongs were narrower．
Hutongs represent an important 9．cultural (culture) element of the city of Beijing．Thanks to Beijing's long history as the capital of China，almost every hutong has its stories，and some are even associated with 10．historic (history) events．In contrast to the court life and upper-class culture represented by the Forbidden City，the Summer Palace，and the Temple of Heaven，the hutongs reflect the culture of grassroots Beijingers．
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