資源簡(jiǎn)介

高考真題練
閱讀理解
A
(2023浙江1月,C)
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about.”
What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.
Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.
1.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph
A.To explain the use of a software program.
B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
2.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to
A.Arguments.　　　　B.Doubts.　　　　C.Errors.　　　　D.Differences.
3.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond
A.Create rules.　　B.Comprehend meaning.　　　　　
C.Talk fluently.　　D.Identify difficult words.
4.What can we learn from the last paragraph
A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.
B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed.
C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.
D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.
高考詞匯站
派生/合成詞匯
1.weak adj.虛弱的;差的→ 　　　　 n.弱點(diǎn)
2.argue v.爭(zhēng)論;論證→ 　　　　 n.論點(diǎn),論據(jù)
3.center n.中心→ 　　　　 adj.主要的;中心的
4.intelligence n.聰穎;智力 →　　　　 adj.聰慧的
5.relevant adj.相關(guān)的→　　　　 adj.不相關(guān)的
6.interact v.交流→ 　　　　 n.交流
7.outperform v.　　　
8.brilliant adj.　　　
B
(2022全國(guó)乙,C)
Can a small group of drones(無(wú)人機(jī)) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
5.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B.Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D.Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
6.What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Personnel safety.　　
B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair.　　
D.Construction of infrastructure.
7.What function is expected of the rail drones
A.To provide early warning.
B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews.　　
D.To accelerate transportation.
8.Which is the most suitable title for the text
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
高考詞匯站
派生/合成詞匯
1.reliable adj.可靠的→　　　　 n.可靠性;可信度
2.operate v.操作;運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)→　　　　 n.操作,運(yùn)行→　　　　 n.操作員
3.safe adj.安全的→　　　　 n.安全,平安;安全性
4.protect v.保護(hù)→　　　　 n.保護(hù)
5.approximate adj.大約的;近似的→ 　　　　 adv.近似;大約
6.railway n. 　　　
7.high-tension adj. 　　　
8.overhead adv.　　　
9.co-pilot n.　　　
10.fast-moving adj.　　　
答案與分層梯度式解析
高考真題練
A
◎語(yǔ)篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文,主要通過介紹一個(gè)名為Project Debater的軟件程序在辯論中戰(zhàn)勝了人類對(duì)手,以及它明顯的缺陷——無(wú)法理解意義,說明了社會(huì)交往才是理解意義的關(guān)鍵所在。
1.B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句中的“ a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion”可知,一個(gè)名為Project Debater的軟件程序擊敗了它的人類對(duì)手,其中包括以色列前全國(guó)辯論冠軍Noa Ovadia。所以,作者在第一段提到Noa Ovadia的目的是展示Project Debater的聰明。故選B。
2.C　詞義猜測(cè)題。畫線處上文提到“盡管Project Debater很聰明,但它也有一些弱點(diǎn)。它從文檔庫(kù)和預(yù)先構(gòu)建的論點(diǎn)中提取句子,并將它們串在一起。這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類不會(huì)犯的錯(cuò)誤”。畫線處所在句子意思是“這樣的 wrinkles無(wú)疑會(huì)被解決”,由此可知,畫線詞wrinkles的意思是“錯(cuò)誤”,和errors意思相近,故選C。
3.B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。倒數(shù)第二段提到Hammond所指的是意義的問題,而意義是區(qū)分最不聰明的人類和最聰明的機(jī)器的關(guān)鍵,計(jì)算機(jī)使用符號(hào),它的程序指定了一組將一串符號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為另一串符號(hào)的規(guī)則,但它并沒有具體說明這些符號(hào)的含義,事實(shí)上,對(duì)于計(jì)算機(jī)來說,意義是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的。由此可知,根據(jù)Hammond的說法,Project Debater不能理解意義,故選B。
4.A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段前三句提到“意義的產(chǎn)生是通過社會(huì)互動(dòng)的過程,而不是計(jì)算的過程,這種互動(dòng)塑造了我們頭腦中符號(hào)的內(nèi)容。賦予意義的規(guī)則不僅存在于我們的頭腦中,也存在于我們的頭腦之外,存在于社會(huì)記憶、社會(huì)習(xí)俗和社會(huì)關(guān)系中。這就是人類與機(jī)器的區(qū)別。”可知,從最后一段我們能了解到社會(huì)互動(dòng)是理解符號(hào)的關(guān)鍵。故選A。
長(zhǎng)難句
原句1　As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the system knows what it's talking about.”
分析　該句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。As引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,as sb. put it意為“正如某人所說”;at which引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾先行詞stage;what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。
譯文　正如西北大學(xué)電子工程和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)教授Kristian Hammond所說的:“從來沒有一個(gè)階段系統(tǒng)知道它在說什么。”
原句2　What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines.
分析　該句是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句。and連接前后兩個(gè)并列的分句。在第一個(gè)分句中What引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,第二個(gè)分句中what引導(dǎo)介詞to后的賓語(yǔ)從句。
譯文　Hammond指的是意義的問題,而意義是區(qū)分最不聰明的人類和最聰明的機(jī)器的核心。
【高考詞匯站】　1.weakness　2.argument　3.central
4.intelligent　5.irrelevant　6.interaction　7.做得比……好;勝過　8.聰穎的
B
◎語(yǔ)篇解讀　本文介紹了一種鐵路無(wú)人機(jī),這種無(wú)人機(jī)可以保障鐵路安全并能大量節(jié)省鐵路維護(hù)費(fèi)用。
5.A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第一、二句“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure... (無(wú)人機(jī)已經(jīng)被用來檢查高壓電線。它們完全可以做同樣的事情來檢查鐵路線和鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的其他重要方面……)”可知,無(wú)人機(jī)在檢查高壓電線方面的應(yīng)用使它們?cè)阼F路線方面的應(yīng)用成為可能。
6.C　詞義猜測(cè)題。由第三段第二句尤其是其中的“sending maintenance staff”和“to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”可知,派遣維修人員是為了檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,因此maintenance表示“檢查和維修”。
7.A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由最后一段最后一句“With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.”可知,鐵路無(wú)人機(jī)有望具備預(yù)警的功能。
8.D　主旨大意題?？v觀全文,梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu):第一段通過設(shè)問引出話題:無(wú)人機(jī)在鐵路領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用;第二段分析將無(wú)人機(jī)運(yùn)用于該領(lǐng)域的可行性;第三、四段介紹應(yīng)用后的好處。由此可知,文章主要說明無(wú)人機(jī)會(huì)如何改變鐵路的未來,故以此為題目最合適。
【高考詞匯站】　1.reliability　2.operation;operator
3.safety　4.protection　5.approximately　6.鐵路　7.高壓的　8.在空中,在頭上方　9.(飛機(jī)的)副駕駛員　10.迅速移動(dòng)的

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