資源簡介

Part 4　Writing
概要寫作
寫作題目
　　閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。
　　In school and at home, most of us have been scolded(責(zé)罵) or even got punished for daydreaming. The majority of people say that by daydreaming we waste our time and energy on something that is nothing less than unproductive things. But many medical studies have stressed the fact that daydreaming works wonders for our imagination, creativity and situation-handling techniques. In fact, many problems can be easily solved when we daydream.
The greatest benefit of daydreaming is that your mood gets improved. By separating yourself from the world around you, you tend to enjoy the peace in your mind and get relaxed by daydreaming, as you think about something that calms your sense. When you start visualizing(設(shè)想) things while daydreaming, you need to forget all stress and tension (緊張). Then you get happiness from it and this happiness changes into a source of energy that keeps you in a good mood.
Many psychologists have said that people who daydream tend to have a sharper memory. It's true that when you are daydreaming, you tend to get carried away imagining various situations, either real or unreal. You tend to act differently in different situations, trying to satisfy your mind by doing what you want in your dreams. When your mind gets satisfied, you are in a better position to concentrate more on your work. Since daydreaming activates(使活動) the nerves of your brain, you tend to have better attention and your ability to remember things develops.
When you daydream, you automatically visualize yourself listening to your heart and therefore, you get to know yourself better. You also start realizing the mistakes you've made in life and you start trying your best to avoid repeating them. Such visualization techniques help you connect yourself with your soul.
文本分析
(1)語篇解讀:
本文是一篇議論文,主題語境為人與自我。本文討論了空想的好處:改善心情;激活大腦神經(jīng),讓人的記憶力更好;有助于更好地認(rèn)識自己,更有利于人們認(rèn)識到自己所犯的錯誤并盡量避免犯同樣的錯誤。
(2)段落主題
本文是典型的“總—分”結(jié)構(gòu),即提出問題—分析問題,結(jié)構(gòu)明確,要點(diǎn)清晰。全文共分為四段。
每段主旨如下:
第一段:Daydreaming works wonders for our imagination, creativity and situation-handling techniques.
第二段:The greatest benefit of daydreaming is that your mood gets improved.
第三段:People who daydream tend to have a sharper memory, since daydreaming activates the nerves of the brain.
第四段:When you daydream, you get to know yourself better. You also start realizing the mistakes you've made in life and you start trying your best to avoid repeating them.
篩選、整合信息、轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)
要點(diǎn)1　第一段的主要內(nèi)容可概括為要點(diǎn)1,該要點(diǎn)含有相對立的兩部分信息,可用　　　　引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句來表述;　　　　　　　　　　　　可同義轉(zhuǎn)換為daydreaming is a waste of time and energy; daydreaming works wonders for our imagination, creativity and situation-handling techniques可提煉概括為　　　　　　　　　。
要點(diǎn)2　第二段的主要內(nèi)容可概括為要點(diǎn)2,該要點(diǎn)可和要點(diǎn)1進(jìn)行整合,用非限制性定語從句銜接;　　　　　　　　　可同義轉(zhuǎn)換為lift your spirits;該要點(diǎn)與要點(diǎn)1可整合為one of which is that daydreaming can lift your spirits。
要點(diǎn)3　第三段的主要內(nèi)容可概括為要點(diǎn)3,該要點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步介紹空想的好處,和要點(diǎn)2之間屬于并列關(guān)系,可用短語in addition連接;people who daydream tend to have a sharper memory可同義轉(zhuǎn)換為　　　　　　　　　;daydreaming activates the nerves of your brain可同義轉(zhuǎn)換為　　　　　　　　　。
要點(diǎn)4　第四段的主要內(nèi)容可概括為要點(diǎn)4,該要點(diǎn)和要點(diǎn)3之間也是并列關(guān)系,為避免重復(fù),可用moreover連接;get to know yourself better可同義轉(zhuǎn)換為　　　　　　　　　;realizing the mistakes you've made in life and you start trying your best to avoid repeating them可提煉概括為　　　　　　　　　。
答案　
要點(diǎn)1　although/though; by daydreaming we waste our time and energy; daydreaming has a lot of advantages
要點(diǎn)2　your mood gets improved
要點(diǎn)3　daydreaming helps improve your memory;daydreaming helps make your brain more active
要點(diǎn)4　better know yourself;avoid making the same mistakes again
連句成篇
　　Though most people look on daydreaming as a waste of time and energy, many medical studies have found that it has a lot of advantages,(要點(diǎn)1) one of which is that daydreaming can lift your spirits.(要點(diǎn)2) In addition, it helps make your brain more active, thus improving your memory. (要點(diǎn)3) Moreover, daydreaming helps you better know yourself and avoid making the same mistakes again.(要點(diǎn)4)
寫作積累
概要寫作常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞
　　一、順序
概括要點(diǎn)時,可以使用表示順序的連接詞,這樣可以使文章脈絡(luò)清楚。
first, second, third首先、第二、第三
firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally首先、第二、第三、最后
to begin with, then, furthermore, finally首先、然后、再者、最后
to start with, next, in addition, finally首先、然后、此外、最后
first of all, besides, last but not least首先、此外、最后但同樣重要的是
most important of all, moreover, finally最重要的、再者、最后
二、并列
as well as也;not only...but(also)不僅……而且……;including包括
三、對比
on the one hand...on the other hand...一方面……另一方面……;for one thing...for another... 一方面……另一方面……;on the contrary與此相反;nevertheless然而;compared to與……相比;in contrast to相比之下
四、遞進(jìn)
even甚至;besides除了……之外(還);what's more更重要的是;as for至于;so...that... 如此……以至于……;moreover而且;furthermore此外;in addition除……以外;worse still=what's worse=to make matters worse更糟糕的是
五、例證
in one's opinion在某人看來;that is to say也就是說;namely即;as a matter of fact/in fact事實(shí)上;for example/for instance例如
六、強(qiáng)調(diào)
especially特別;indeed確實(shí);at least至少;at most最多;not at all完全不;or rather更確切地說;particularly特別
七、因果
thanks to多虧了;as a result結(jié)果;because of/as a result of/on account of/due to因?yàn)?owing to由于
八、總結(jié)
in short總之;generally speaking一般來說;in my opinion/view在我看來;briefly/in brief總之;as far as I'm concerned我認(rèn)為;as you know正如你所知道的;as is known to all眾所周知;to sum up=to summarize=in summary總之
實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 答案見P143
閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。
　　I believe television influences our community in a negative way. Television influences people to copy what they see, especially the programs and advertisements on TV. They buy the products they saw on TV. They talk and act the way the characters on their favorite shows do. This is definitely a case of TV having a negative influence on people.
TV advertisements influence the way people purchase items. Advertisements intrigue(引發(fā)……的好奇心)them with bright colours and loud music. Advertisers only tell people good things about a product and not the bad things so people are persuaded to buy things they don't need. Sometimes they buy worthless things or broken things. Television advertising encourages people to waste money.
When people watch the same show on TV a number of times, they start to pick up the habits of characters on the show. Some of these habits are extremely bad, like laziness, bad attitudes and even swearing(咒罵) and hurting.
Children see lots of violence on TV, real violence and cartoon violence. A survey carried out by the International Coalition Against Violence showed that many cartoons are violent. Bugs Bunny and Fast and Furry-ous show an average of fifty-five violent acts every hour. The news every night they watch is full of violence too. That is worse because it's real violence and in cartoons it's just fictional. Dr Patricia Edgar, director of the Australian Children's Television Foundation, says, “Children are more afraid of what they see on the news than on other shows because they know it is real.” I think she is right and this is not good for children. Television should not show violence to frighten us. Children need to learn to be friendly. We should not learn about violence.
Television definitely has a very negative influence on our community. We should all pay real attention to it.
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
答案與分層梯度式解析
Part 4　Writing
實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
1.語篇內(nèi)容解讀
本文是一篇議論文,主題語境為人與社會。文章主要從不同方面論證電視對人們造成的各種負(fù)面影響。本文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)為“總—分—總”。第一段內(nèi)容為主題段,作者提出自己的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為電視在各個層面對人們造成不良影響;第二、三、四段為支持性論據(jù),分別從購買不必要的產(chǎn)品、形成壞習(xí)慣、暴力因素太多三個方面對電視的不良影響做具體論述;第五段總結(jié)全文,再次強(qiáng)調(diào)個人觀點(diǎn)并呼吁人們對此進(jìn)行關(guān)注。
2.文章脈絡(luò)分析:
3.寫作建議
段落 要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容合并
1 將believe改為hold the view,influence改為affect,第一段可概括為:I hold the view that TV is affecting people negatively.
2 第二段主要說明人們將錢浪費(fèi)在things they don't need和worthless things or broken things上,總結(jié)起來就是“不需要的東西”和“質(zhì)量不好的東西”,這段可概括為:First, TV ads encourage people to waste money on some needless or poor-quality things.
3 利用詞語替換法將pick up the habits of改為develop the habits of,這一段可概括為:Second, TV viewers tend to develop the bad habits of some TV show characters.
4 本段講了兩種violence,即cartoon violence和violence in news,一種是fictional violence,一種是real violence,所以我們將其總結(jié)到一起,換成real violence和unreal violence兩個對應(yīng)的表達(dá)。這段可概括為:Third, the TV audience is exposed to both real violence and unreal violence, of which real violence is worse.
5 最后一段一方面再次陳述觀點(diǎn),另一方面提醒人們關(guān)注此事,所以用so that將兩句連接起來。這段可概括為:All in all, TV plays a negative role so that everyone should be concerned about it.
One possible version:
I hold the view that TV is affecting people negatively.(要點(diǎn)1) First, TV ads encourage people to waste money on some needless or poor-quality things.(要點(diǎn)2) Second, TV viewers tend to develop the bad habits of some TV show characters.(要點(diǎn)3) Third, the TV audience is exposed to both real violence and unreal violence, of which real violence is worse.(要點(diǎn)4) All in all, TV plays a negative role so that everyone should be concerned about it.(要點(diǎn)5)
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