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Part 6　Writing
關于克隆的討論
寫作題目
　　假設你是李華,你班就“Should Cloning Be Encouraged or Banned ”這一主題進行了一場討論。請根據下表所提供的信息寫一篇短文,客觀地介紹正反兩方面的意見,并適當提出自己的觀點。
贊同方意見 1.說明科學技術在進步; 2.對人類有益(可舉例說明); 3.可使瀕臨滅絕的動物得以繁衍。
反對方意見 1.打破自然平衡; 2.克隆的動物容易生病、壽命很短; 3.對人類有害(可舉例說明)。
自己的觀點 ……
注意:1.寫作詞數應為100個左右;
2.不要逐條翻譯,可適當發揮;
3.開頭已為你寫好,不計入總詞數。
Recently, we have had a class discussion on whether cloning should be encouraged or banned and we have different opinions.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
思路點撥
遣詞造句
Ⅰ.用本單元所學單詞填空
1.　　　　n.好事;福氣,幸運
2.　　　　adj.至關重要的,關鍵性的
3.　　　　adj.很有可能,肯定會
4.　　　　vt.濫用,妄用
5.　　　　adv.人為地
答案　1.blessing　2.crucial　3.bound
4.abuse　5.artificially
Ⅱ.本單元語塊、語法運用
1.完成句子
第二段:贊同方的觀點及理由
(1)Some students think 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　(克隆應該被鼓勵) because it represents the progress of science and technology.
(2)If a couple can't have children, cloning can help them have a child, 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　(這是一件好事) for them.
(3)Some endangered species will continue living 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　(在……的幫助下) cloning.
(4)It 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　(對……至關重要) preserving biodiversity.
第三段:反對方的觀點及理由
(5)However, others think cloning should be banned because it will 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　(打破自然平衡).
(6)Some scientists 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　(很有可能濫用) cloning artificially for bad purposes.
第四段:自己的觀點
(7)　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　(就我而言), I am for cloning.
(8)If 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　(這項技術使用得當), it may eventually free mankind from many kinds of suffering.
答案　(1)cloning should be encouraged
(2)which is a blessing　(3)with the help of　(4)is crucial to　(5)break the balance of nature　(6)are bound to abuse　(7)As far as I'm concerned　(8)the technology is used properly
2.句式升級
(9)使用定語從句合并句(3)和句(4)。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
(10)使用過去分詞作狀語改寫句(8)。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
答案　(9)Some endangered species will continue living with the help of cloning, which is crucial to preserving biodiversity.
(10)Used properly, the technology may eventually free mankind from many kinds of suffering.
連句成篇
Recently, we have had a class discussion on whether cloning should be encouraged or banned and we have different opinions.
Some students think cloning should be encouraged because it represents the progress of science and technology. What's more, it will be beneficial to mankind. For example, if a couple can't have children, cloning can help them have a child, which is a blessing for them. Meanwhile, some endangered species will continue living with the help of cloning, which is crucial to preserving biodiversity.
However, others think cloning should be banned because it will break the balance of nature. Some scientists are bound to abuse cloning artificially for bad purposes. Besides, the technology is far from perfect. Some cloned animals will get ill easily and die young.
As far as I'm concerned, I am for cloning. Used properly, the technology may eventually free mankind from many kinds of suffering.
寫作積累
1.The ability of science and technology to improve human life is known to us all.科學技術改善人類生活的能力是眾所周知的。
2.Cloning is a spectacular achievement in science.克隆是科學上的一項了不起的成就。
實戰演練
　　現代生活節奏加快,越來越多的人面臨著壓力,中學生學習壓力也逐漸加大,請就壓力對中學生的影響談談你的看法。
優點:壓力可以加強我們的學習動力,讓我們更加專注,在學習上取得更大進步。
缺點:過大的壓力有損身心健康,導致患病。
注意:1.寫作詞數應為100個左右;
2.可適當增加細節,以使行文連貫。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
概要寫作
寫作題目
　　閱讀下面短文,根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus, in a long time, the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry Ⅳ, the king of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt had no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good for health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫學家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining ground.
文本分析
　　1.語篇解讀
本文是一篇議論文,主要介紹了不同時期人們對污垢的不同看法。在16世紀早期,人們認為皮膚上的污垢可以預防疾病;從18世紀開始,人們對污垢有了不同的看法,認為遠離污垢有助于健康。如今,人們對污垢的態度仍然有很大的不同,有些家長力勸孩子不要接觸污物,而一位免疫學家認為污垢有助于增強免疫系統。
2.段落主題
本文分為4個段落,根據文章內容及結構可概括成4個要點。各段主旨句如下:
第一段主旨句: However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
第二段主旨句: In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.
第三段主旨句: Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt had no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.
第四段主旨句: Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.
篩選、整合信息,轉換表達
要點1:第一段的主要內容可以概括為要點1。該主旨句意為“然而,(人們)對污垢的態度并不是一成不變的”,即人們對污垢的看法一直在變,因此該主旨句可以轉換表達為:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
要點2:第二段的主要內容可以概括為要點2。通過本段可以看出,在16世紀早期,人們認為皮膚上的污垢是一種阻擋疾病的手段,正如醫學界的觀點認為用熱水洗去污垢會打開皮膚,讓疾病進入。也就是說在16世紀早期,人們相信皮膚上的污垢可以保護人們不生病。block disease可以轉換表達為“　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　”。可以用強調句型表達該要點:
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
要點3:第三段的主要內容可以概括為要點3。通過本段可以看出,盡管很長一段時間內人們一直相信污垢有好處,但從18世紀起,污垢就不再被視為好鄰居了,從科學的角度講,清潔污垢對健康有益,供應干凈的水和洗手是預防疾病的切實可行的方法。因此可以概括為:從18世紀開始,人們認為洗去身上的污垢可以使我們保持健康:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
該要點與要點2表達了不一樣的觀點,因此兩個要點之間可以用表示轉折的詞　　　　連接。
要點4:第四段的主要內容可以概括為要點4。通過本段可以看出,許多初為父母的人都會緊張地警告他們的孩子不要接觸污垢,因為污垢可能會傳播疾病,相反,一位美國的免疫學家則鼓勵孩子們在泥土中玩耍,以便建立一個強大的免疫系統。我們可以看出,現在人們對污垢的態度仍然有很大的不同,免疫學家認為塵土對我們的免疫系統有益。表示“有益的”可以用　　　　。整個要點我們可以表達為:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
答案　要點1: People's opinions on dirt are changing over time
要點2:protect people from getting ills; People believed that it was dirt on the skin that could protect people from getting ills in the early 16th century
要點3:People have thought that washing dirt off our body could keep us healthy since the 18th century; however
要點4:beneficial; People still have hugely different attitudes towards dirt nowadays and an immunologist considers that dirt is beneficial to our immune system
連句成篇
People's opinions on dirt are changing over time.(要點1)People believed that it was dirt on the skin that could protect people from getting ills in the early 16th century.(要點2) However, people have thought that washing dirt off our body could keep us healthy since the 18th century.(要點3) Nevertheless, people still have hugely different attitudes towards dirt nowadays and an immunologist considers that dirt is beneficial to our immune system.(要點4)
寫作積累
1.概要寫作常用單詞和短語
obvious/apparent/evident明顯的;excellent/outstanding優秀的;surprising/amazing驚人的;extraordinary/remarkable非凡的;positive/active/energetic積極的;healthy/fit健康的;by accident/by chance偶然地;put up with/tolerate/bear/stand容忍;worse still/to make matters worse更糟糕的是;in short/in a word/in brief/in summary總之,簡言之;in fact/as a matter of fact其實,事實上
2.概要寫作常用句式或結構
It is/was+被強調部分+that/who...(強調主語、賓語、狀語)
do/does/did+動詞原形(強調謂語)
not only...but also...不僅……而且……
in order that.../so that...以便……
In no case/Under no circumstances should you...無論如何你都不應該……
Part 6　Writing
實戰演練
One possible version:
With the fast pace of modern life, more and more people are living under great pressure, including middle school students. Is pressure good or bad for us Different people have different opinions.
Some students believe that pressure is a good thing. First, it can become motivation and encourage us to work harder than before. Second, proper pressure makes us more focused and we will make greater progress in study.
However, other students think that pressure is harmful. Excessive stress will damage our mental health and make us anxious. Furthermore, it does harm to our physical health. If the stress runs for a long time, some diseases may be caused.
In a word, proper pressure is good for us while excessive pressure is bad for us. We should try our best to adapt to the pressure and stay in a good mood.
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