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UNIT 6　THE ADMIRABLE
Part 6　Writing
概要寫作
寫作題目
　　閱讀下面短文,根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。
Why do earthquakes happen Scientists believe that the surface of the earth is covered by a number of moving plates. Sometimes two plates move towards and push against each other. Sometimes they stop for years but at other times they jump and an earthquake is felt. Because of the movements of these plates,China,California of America and Japan have a lot of earthquakes. You can see the result in San Francisco where the Pacific plate meets the North American plate. When the 1906 earthquake happened, the Pacific plate jumped 5 to 6 metres to the north.
China is a country where many earthquakes happen. The Pacific plate is pushing China from the east and the Indian plate is pushing China from the southwest. The power of this movement created the Himalayas and Mount Qomolangma. It now causes earthquakes in China. We cannot stop earthquakes but we can do things to make sure they do not destroy the whole city. First, it is not a good idea to build houses along the line where two plates meet. Second, if you think there may be an earthquake, build houses on rocks rather than on sands. Third, you must make the houses as strong as possible. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.



文本分析
通讀全文理解文本大意。本文是一篇說明文, 共分為兩段。每段的中心大意如下:
第一段:介紹了地震發生的原因及相關例子;
第二段:介紹了中國是一個地震頻發的國家及其原因,并介紹了減少地震損害的措施。
篩選、整合信息
細讀文本理清信息主次,定位每個段落的主要內容。
第一段:Sometimes two plates move towards and push against each other. Sometimes they stop for years but at other times they jump and an earthquake is felt.
第二段:We cannot stop earthquakes but we can do things to make sure they do not destroy the whole city.
轉換表達
梳理整合,靈活采用同義詞或近義詞進行替換,用不同的句式進行轉換。
要點1　第一段的前半部分內容可概括為要點1。
該要點含有時間先后順序,可用when引導的時間狀語從句來表述。例如,可同義轉換為“When two plates jump after they move towards and push against each other, an earthquake just happens.”,可提煉概括為“Earthquakes happen when two moving plates jump after they push against each other.”。
要點2　第一段的后半部分內容可概括為要點2。
該要點是對要點1的簡單舉例說明,為了使上下文聯系緊密,可用副詞thus與要點1銜接,即“Thus, because of the movements of these plates, China, California of America and Japan have a lot of earthquakes.”,可同義轉換為“Thus, in areas, like China, California of America and Japan, earthquakes happen a lot.”,結合“You can see the result in San Francisco where the Pacific plate meets the North American plate.”可利用定語從句將前面總結的句子轉換為“Thus, in areas, like China, California of America and Japan, where different plates meet, earthquakes happen a lot.”。
要點3　要點2已經提及中國地震頻發,所以第二段內容概括的要點3可主要介紹減少地震損害的一些措施。
文中采用列舉的方式提出三種措施,結合“Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.”用非謂語結構及省略句式概括為“To protect our cities from this deadly power, we'd better build houses in the regions with few earthquakes or on more solid bases if necessary, making them strong enough to survive earthquakes.”。
連句成篇
　　Earthquakes happen when two moving plates jump after they push against each other.(要點1)Thus, in areas, like China, California of America and Japan, where different plates meet, earthquakes happen a lot.(要點2)To protect our cities from this deadly power, we'd better build houses in the regions with few earthquakes or on more solid bases if necessary, making them strong enough to survive earthquakes.(要點3)
寫作積累
概要寫作(summary)是在把握原文的前提下,用自己簡潔、精練的語言,對原文的主旨大意進行高度濃縮,寫出一篇語義連貫的短文。概要寫作有客觀性、簡潔性、連貫性等特性。
寫作時要在正確理解原文的基礎上,用自己的語言忠實地再現作者的思想,既不能漏掉任何要點,也不能隨意增加內容。寫作時要盡可能避免使用原文中的詞句。需要注意的是,考生不能對原文進行解釋和評論,也不能摻雜任何個人想法或做出任何評判,因此不能出現“I believe”, “I think”等詞句。寫作時必須在各要點之間增加一些體現邏輯關系的詞,使概要銜接緊密、脈絡清晰。
　　1.表示轉折、讓步或對比關系的過渡性詞語
　　however,yet,but,although,while,despite,instead,nevertheless,on the contrary,even though,whereas,in spite of,by contrast,in contrast
　　2.表示因果關系的過渡性詞語
　　thus,as,since,for,therefore,consequently,accordingly,because of,due to,owing to,in that, as a result of, now that, seeing that
實戰演練 答案見P103
閱讀下面短文,根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要。
A 7.1-magnitude quake toppled(使倒塌) houses, cut off power and first-aid materials' supply in northwest China's Qinghai Province on Wednesday while rescuers faced difficulties in searching for the buried.
Rescuers have set up more than 40 tents for survivors in the Gyegu Town, near the epicenter(震中) in the Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Yushu in southern Qinghai. But the effort seems far less than enough for the area inhabited(居住于) by some 100,000 people.
Many people sought temporary shelters in buildings that remained unaffected by the tremor(輕微地震).
In the yard of Yushu's Sports Committee, nearly 1,000 people were sitting or lying on the ground in sheer(完全的) darkness. Some wrapped themselves up with quilts taken out from the debris(殘骸). Some brought their own tents and others turned on the lights of motorcycles.
“I'm hungry and thirsty. We've been waiting for help since morning,” said Zhaxi Toinzhub.
A woman said her three children were still buried in the rubble(瓦礫).
The National Meteorological Station forecast on Wednesday that temperatures may hit minus 3 degrees Celsius at night and 15 degrees Celsius in the daytime in the coming days.
The town will see sunny weather in the coming days, providing favorable conditions for rescue operations.
The town is located in a remote area in Qinghai and the quake and ensuing(隨后發生的) landslides have damaged roads, causing great difficulties for rescuers and, especially, machines to enter the region.
“Rescuers had to dig with bare hands or iron sticks on Wednesday, looking forward to the arrival of digging machines,” said a rescuer surnamed Wang, who was working at a collapsed hostel.
“The search operation became even harder at night without lighting facilities,” he said.
In addition, rescuers may easily get exhausted working at a place at an altitude(海拔) of over 4,000 meters.
Thousands of rescuers and medical staff are rushing to Yushu from many regions of China, bringing machines, disaster-relief materials and medicines to the quake-hit town. The government, organizations, enterprises and individuals are offering donations of money and materials to the region.



答案與分層梯度式解析
實戰演練
寫作指導
1.語篇內容解讀
本文是一篇新聞報道,主題語境是人與自然,主題語境內容是自然災害與防范。
本文共13段。第1段簡明扼要地介紹了地震發生的時間、地點、震級和破壞程度等。第2段到第12段詳細描述了受災群眾的基本情況,還介紹了在惡劣的環境下,救援人員面臨很多挑戰。第13段講述了許多救援人員前往玉樹實施救援,政府、組織、企業和個人為災區捐獻各種物資。
2.文章脈絡分析
3.寫作建議
(1)通讀全文,把握文章的大意,確定文章的結構。
(2)根據文章結構,提煉各段的要點,要點要具有概括性。概要寫作不允許抄原文,如果用到原文的主題句,注意進行轉換和改寫。
(3)適當使用銜接詞,以使行文連貫,風格統一。
One possible version:
A 7.1-magnitude quake hit Yushu, Qinghai on Wednesday.(要點1)The survivors relied on the tents,and because of limited tents,many people sought temporary shelters or stayed outdoors.(要點2) Despite the favorable weather conditions, the damaged roads and the high altitude caused great difficulties for the rescue work.(要點3) Luckily, a lot of rescue workers and disaster-relief materials are being sent to Yushu.(要點4)
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