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Unit 1 People of Achievement 單元知識總結(jié)清單
一、詞組搭配
（一）重點(diǎn)詞組
come to power：（開始）掌權(quán)；上臺。
例句：When the new government came to power, it introduced a series of reforms.（新政府上臺后，推行了一系列改革措施。）
take up a position：擔(dān)任；任職。
例句：She took up a position as a teacher in a rural school after graduation.
（畢業(yè)后，她在一所鄉(xiāng)村學(xué)校擔(dān)任教師一職。）
insist on：堅(jiān)決要求。
例句：He insisted on finishing the work alone.
（他堅(jiān)決要求獨(dú)自完成這項(xiàng)工作。）
sum up：總結(jié)；概括。
例句：Let me sum up the main points of this meeting.
（讓我總結(jié)一下本次會議的要點(diǎn)。）
acknowledge defeat：承認(rèn)失敗。
例句：Although the team lost the game, they refused to acknowledge defeat.
（盡管球隊(duì)輸?shù)袅吮荣悾麄兙芙^承認(rèn)失敗。）
be committed to：承諾；保證（做某事、遵守協(xié)議或安排等）；忠于；全心全意投入（工作、活動等）。
例句：She is committed to protecting the environment.（她致力于保護(hù)環(huán)境。）
with the objective of：以…… 為目標(biāo)。
例句：They started the project with the objective of improving local education.
（他們啟動這個項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)是改善當(dāng)?shù)氐慕逃隣顩r。）
due to：因?yàn)椋挥捎凇?br/>例句：The flight was cancelled due to bad weather.
（由于天氣惡劣，航班取消了。）
as a consequence (of)：結(jié)果；因此；由于…… 的結(jié)果。
例句：As a consequence of his hard work, he got a promotion.
（由于他努力工作，得到了晉升。）
wear and tear：（正常使用造成的）磨損；損耗。
例句：The old car shows a lot of wear and tear.（這輛舊車有很多磨損的痕跡。）
（二）詞匯練習(xí)題
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases above.
用以上短語的正確形式填空。
After years of struggle, the revolutionary party finally ___________ and began to implement new policies.
He ___________ helping the poor children in the mountainous area and has donated a lot of money.
She ___________ going to the concert, so I had to go with her.
Can you briefly ___________ the main ideas of this article
Faced with difficulties, we should never ___________ but keep trying.
The research was carried out ___________ finding a new treatment for the disease.
___________ the heavy rain, the sports meeting was postponed.
The machine has suffered a lot of ___________ after years of use.
___________ his carelessness, he failed the exam.
He ___________ a position as a manager in a large company last month.
Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases above.
用上面的短語把下面的句子翻譯成英語。
新總統(tǒng)上臺后，對稅收制度進(jìn)行了改革。
他們致力于推動科學(xué)研究的發(fā)展。
她堅(jiān)決要求自己完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
請總結(jié)一下這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容。
即使面臨失敗，我們也不能輕易承認(rèn)失敗。
他們開展這個項(xiàng)目的目的是提高公眾的環(huán)保意識。
由于交通堵塞，我們遲到了。
長時間的使用使這輛自行車有了很多磨損。
由于他的努力，他在比賽中獲得了第一名。
他去年在一家知名企業(yè)擔(dān)任了工程師的職位。
二、語法知識點(diǎn)
（一）定語從句
定義：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞，定語從句通常放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞（如 who, whom, whose, which, that）和關(guān)系副詞（如 when, where, why）。
關(guān)系代詞的用法：
who：指人，在從句中作主語。
例句：The man who is standing there is my teacher.
（站在那里的那個人是我的老師。）
whom：指人，在從句中作賓語，可省略。
例句：The person (whom) you met yesterday is my friend.
（你昨天遇見的那個人是我的朋友。）
whose：指人或物，在從句中作定語。
例句：This is the girl whose mother is a doctor.
（這就是那個母親是醫(yī)生的女孩。）
which：指物，在從句中作主語或賓語。
例句：The book which is on the table is mine.（桌子上的那本書是我的。）
that：指人或物，在從句中作主語或賓語。
例句：The movie that we saw last night was very interesting.
（我們昨晚看的電影非常有趣。）
關(guān)系副詞的用法：
when：指時間，在從句中作時間狀語。
例句：I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
（我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一天。）
where：指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
例句：This is the place where I lived ten years ago.
（這就是我十年前住過的地方。）
why：指原因，在從句中作原因狀語。
例句：Do you know the reason why he was late （你知道他遲到的原因嗎？）
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：
限制性定語從句：是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意義就不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不可用逗號分開。
例句：The man who lives next door is a teacher.
（住在隔壁的那個人是一名教師。）
非限制性定語從句：和主句關(guān)系不很密切，只是對先行詞作些附加的說明，如果去掉，主句的意義仍然完整。這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，一般不用 that 引導(dǎo)。
例句：My father, who is over sixty, still works hard.
（我的父親，已經(jīng)六十多歲了，仍然努力工作。）
（二）練習(xí)題
Choose the correct relative pronoun or adverb to complete the sentences.
選擇正確的關(guān)系代詞或副詞完成句子。
The girl ___________ is singing on the stage is my sister. (who/which)
This is the house ___________ my grandparents lived in. (that/where)
I know the reason ___________ he didn't come to school yesterday. (why/that)
The book ___________ I bought last week is very interesting. (which/when)
Do you know the man ___________ daughter won the first prize in the competition (whose/who)
用定語從句改寫下面句子.
The man is a famous scientist. He gave us a lecture yesterday.
I like the movie. The movie's theme is about love.
This is the school. I studied in the school ten years ago.
The boy is my classmate. His father is a doctor.
I still remember the day. I met him on that day.
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
糾正下列句子中的錯誤。
The book which I borrowed it from the library is very useful.
The man who he is talking with is my teacher.
This is the place where we visited last year.
I don't know the reason which he was late.
The girl whose her name is Lucy is my best friend.
三、重要句式句型分析
（一）This year’s Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子主干為 “This year’s Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner)”，使用了現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)；“whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria” 是 whose 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞 Tu Youyou，其中 “a crucial new treatment for malaria” 是 artemisinin 的同位語，對其進(jìn)行解釋說明。
（二）Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“Tu Youyou” 是句子主語，“a committed and patient scientist” 是同位語，對 Tu Youyou 進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明；“was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930” 和 “graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955” 是兩個并列的謂語部分，分別介紹她的出生信息和教育背景。
（三）翻譯練習(xí)題
今年的文學(xué)獎授予了那位著名作家，他的作品深受讀者喜愛。
愛因斯坦，一位極具天賦且富有創(chuàng)造力的科學(xué)家，提出了相對論。
這位醫(yī)生，一位敬業(yè)且善良的人，在醫(yī)院工作了三十年，拯救了無數(shù)生命。
四、單元書面表達(dá)寫作指導(dǎo)
（一）重要詞匯詞組搭配積累
人物品質(zhì)描述類詞匯：committed（盡心盡力的），patient（有耐心的），brave（勇敢的），kind（善良的），intelligent（聰明的），hardworking（勤奮的），determined（堅(jiān)定的），selfless（無私的）
成就相關(guān)詞匯：make contributions to（為…… 做出貢獻(xiàn)），lead to（導(dǎo)致；通向），result in（導(dǎo)致），achieve success（取得成功），gain recognition（獲得認(rèn)可），win an award（獲獎）
事件描述類詞匯：carry out research（進(jìn)行研究），graduate from（畢業(yè)于），take up a position（擔(dān)任職位），come to power（掌權(quán)），face difficulties（面臨困難）
（二）高分句式積累
定語從句：The person who/that... is...（…… 的人是……）；
This is the... which/that...（這就是那個…… 的……）
強(qiáng)調(diào)句：It is/was... that/who...（正是……）。
例句：It was his hard work that led to his success.
（正是他的努力工作導(dǎo)致了他的成功。）
倒裝句：Only in this way can we...（只有這樣我們才能……）。
例句：Only in this way can we achieve our goals.
（只有這樣我們才能實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的目標(biāo)。）
非謂語動詞作狀語：Having done...,...（做完…… 之后，……）。
例句：Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
（做完作業(yè)后，他出去玩了。）
（三）參考范文
The Person I Admire Most
The person I admire most is Yuan Longping, a great scientist who made significant contributions to China’s agriculture.
Yuan Longping, known as the “Father of Hybrid Rice,” was born in 1930. With the objective of solving the problem of hunger, he devoted his whole life to the research and development of hybrid rice. After years of hard work and countless experiments, he finally succeeded in developing a high-yield hybrid rice variety. His achievement not only greatly increased China’s rice production but also helped to feed millions of people around the world.
What makes him so admirable is his unwavering determination and selfless dedication. Despite facing many difficulties and setbacks during his research, he never gave up. He insisted on working in the fields, closely observing the growth of rice plants and constantly improving his research methods. He was committed to sharing his technology and experience with other countries, making important contributions to global food security.
Yuan Longping is not only a great scientist but also a kind and humble person. He always cared about the well-being of farmers and was willing to help them improve their planting techniques. His spirit of perseverance and selfless dedication has inspired countless people, including me. I hope that one day I can also make my own contribution to society, just like him.
練習(xí)題答案及解析
一、詞組搭配練習(xí)題答案及解析
（一）Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases above
答案：came to power
解析：“After years of struggle, the revolutionary party finally... and began to implement new policies.”，句子表達(dá)革命黨經(jīng)過多年斗爭后開始掌權(quán)并推行新政策，“come to power” 表示 “（開始）掌權(quán)；上臺”，結(jié)合語境，句子時態(tài)為一般過去時，所以填 “came to power”。
答案：is committed to
解析：“He... helping the poor children in the mountainous area and has donated a lot of money.”，此句表示他致力于幫助山區(qū)貧困兒童且捐了很多錢，“be committed to” 表示 “承諾；保證（做某事、遵守協(xié)議或安排等）；忠于；全心全意投入（工作、活動等）”，to 為介詞，后接動名詞，句子時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，主語 He 是第三人稱單數(shù)，be 動詞用 is，所以填 “is committed to”。
答案：insisted on
解析：“She... going to the concert, so I had to go with her.”，句子意思是她堅(jiān)決要求去聽音樂會，所以 “我” 不得不陪她去，“insist on” 表示 “堅(jiān)決要求”，on 為介詞，后接動名詞，句子時態(tài)為一般過去時，所以填 “insisted on”。
答案：sum up
解析：“Can you briefly... the main ideas of this article ”，詢問能否簡要總結(jié)文章的主要觀點(diǎn)，“sum up” 表示 “總結(jié)；概括”，“Can you” 后接動詞原形，所以填 “sum up”。
答案：acknowledge defeat
解析：“Faced with difficulties, we should never... but keep trying.”，表達(dá)面對困難不應(yīng)承認(rèn)失敗而要繼續(xù)嘗試，“acknowledge defeat” 表示 “承認(rèn)失敗”，“should never” 后接動詞原形，所以填 “acknowledge defeat”。
答案：with the objective of
解析：“The research was carried out... finding a new treatment for the disease.”，說明開展研究的目標(biāo)是找到治療疾病的新方法，“with the objective of” 表示 “以…… 為目標(biāo)”，of 為介詞，后接動名詞，所以填 “with the objective of”。
答案：Due to
解析：“... the heavy rain, the sports meeting was postponed.”，表示因?yàn)榇笥赀\(yùn)動會被推遲，“due to” 表示 “因?yàn)椋挥捎凇保蠼用~短語，位于句首，首字母大寫，所以填 “Due to”。
答案：wear and tear
解析：“The machine has suffered a lot of... after years of use.”，描述機(jī)器經(jīng)過多年使用有很多磨損，“wear and tear” 表示 “（正常使用造成的）磨損；損耗”，符合語境，所以填 “wear and tear”。
答案：As a consequence of
解析：“... his carelessness, he failed the exam.”，意思是由于他的粗心，他考試不及格，“as a consequence of” 表示 “由于…… 的結(jié)果”，后接名詞短語，位于句首，首字母大寫，所以填 “As a consequence of”。
答案：took up
解析：“He... a position as a manager in a large company last month.”，表示他上個月在一家大公司擔(dān)任經(jīng)理職位，“take up a position” 表示 “擔(dān)任；任職”，句子時態(tài)為一般過去時，所以填 “took up”。
（二）Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases above
答案：After the new president came to power, he reformed the tax system.
解析：“新總統(tǒng)上臺后” 翻譯為 “After the new president came to power”，“came to power” 表示 “上臺”；“對稅收制度進(jìn)行了改革” 翻譯為 “he reformed the tax system”，使用一般過去時與前文時態(tài)一致。
答案：They are committed to promoting the development of scientific research.
解析：“他們致力于” 翻譯為 “They are committed to”，“be committed to” 后接動名詞；“推動科學(xué)研究的發(fā)展” 翻譯為 “promoting the development of scientific research”，“promote” 表示 “推動”，“the development of...” 表示 “…… 的發(fā)展”。
答案：She insisted on finishing the task by herself.
解析：“她堅(jiān)決要求” 翻譯為 “She insisted on”，“insist on” 后接動名詞；“自己完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)” 翻譯為 “finishing the task by herself”，“by oneself” 表示 “獨(dú)自”。
答案：Please sum up the main content of this article.
解析：“請總結(jié)一下” 翻譯為 “Please sum up”；“這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容” 翻譯為 “the main content of this article”，“sum up” 表示 “總結(jié)”，“the content of...” 表示 “…… 的內(nèi)容”。
答案：Even in the face of failure, we should not easily acknowledge defeat.
解析：“即使面臨失敗” 翻譯為 “Even in the face of failure”；“我們也不能輕易承認(rèn)失敗” 翻譯為 “we should not easily acknowledge defeat”，“acknowledge defeat” 表示 “承認(rèn)失敗”。
答案：They launched this project with the objective of raising public awareness of environmental protection.
解析：“他們開展這個項(xiàng)目” 翻譯為 “They launched this project”；“目的是” 翻譯為 “with the objective of”，后接動名詞；“提高公眾的環(huán)保意識” 翻譯為 “raising public awareness of environmental protection”，“raise awareness of...” 表示 “提高…… 的意識”。
答案：We were late due to the traffic jam.
解析：“我們遲到了” 翻譯為 “We were late”；“由于交通堵塞” 翻譯為 “due to the traffic jam”，“due to” 后接名詞短語表示原因。
答案：Long - term use has caused a lot of wear and tear on this bicycle.
解析：“長時間的使用” 翻譯為 “Long - term use”；“使…… 有了很多磨損” 翻譯為 “has caused a lot of wear and tear on...”，“wear and tear” 表示 “磨損”；“這輛自行車” 翻譯為 “this bicycle”。
答案：As a consequence of his efforts, he won the first prize in the competition.
解析：“由于他的努力” 翻譯為 “As a consequence of his efforts”；“他在比賽中獲得了第一名” 翻譯為 “he won the first prize in the competition”，使用一般過去時，“win the first prize” 表示 “獲得第一名”。
答案：He took up a position as an engineer in a well - known enterprise last year.
解析：“他去年” 翻譯為 “He last year”；“在一家知名企業(yè)擔(dān)任了工程師的職位” 翻譯為 “took up a position as an engineer in a well - known enterprise”，“take up a position as...” 表示 “擔(dān)任…… 職位” 。
二、語法知識點(diǎn)練習(xí)題答案及解析
（一）Choose the correct relative pronoun or adverb to complete the sentences
答案：who
解析：“The girl... is singing on the stage is my sister.”，先行詞是 “The girl”，指人，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，所以用關(guān)系代詞 who。
答案：that
解析：“This is the house... my grandparents lived in.”，先行詞是 “the house”，指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中作 “l(fā)ived in” 的賓語，可用 which 或 that，所以填 that。
答案：why
解析：“I know the reason... he didn't come to school yesterday.”，先行詞是 “the reason”，表示原因，關(guān)系詞在從句中作原因狀語，所以用關(guān)系副詞 why。
答案：which
解析：“The book... I bought last week is very interesting.”，先行詞是 “the book”，指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中作 “bought” 的賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞 which。
答案：whose
解析：“Do you know the man... daughter won the first prize in the competition ”，先行詞是 “the man”，關(guān)系詞在從句中作 “daughter” 的定語，表示 “某人的”，所以用關(guān)系代詞 whose。
（二）Rewrite the following sentences using 定語從句
答案：The man who gave us a lecture yesterday is a famous scientist.
解析：先行詞是 “The man”，指人，在從句中作主語，用關(guān)系代詞 who 引導(dǎo)定語從句 “who gave us a lecture yesterday”，修飾先行詞 “The man” 。
答案：I like the movie whose theme is about love.
解析：先行詞是 “the movie”，關(guān)系詞在從句中作 “theme” 的定語，表示 “電影的”，用關(guān)系代詞 whose 引導(dǎo)定語從句 “whose theme is about love”，修飾先行詞 “the movie” 。
答案：This is the school where I studied ten years ago.
解析：先行詞是 “the school”，表示地點(diǎn)，關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，用關(guān)系副詞 where 引導(dǎo)定語從句 “where I studied ten years ago”，修飾先行詞 “the school” 。
答案：The boy whose father is a doctor is my classmate.
解析：先行詞是 “The boy”，關(guān)系詞在從句中作 “father” 的定語，表示 “男孩的”，用關(guān)系代詞 whose 引導(dǎo)定語從句 “whose father is a doctor”，修飾先行詞 “The boy” 。
答案：I still remember the day when I met him.
解析：先行詞是 “the day”，表示時間，關(guān)系詞在從句中作時間狀語，用關(guān)系副詞 when 引導(dǎo)定語從句 “when I met him”，修飾先行詞 “the day” 。
（三）Correct the mistakes in the following sentences
答案：The book which I borrowed from the library is very useful.
解析：原句 “The book which I borrowed it from the library is very useful.” 中，“which” 引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作 “borrowed” 的賓語，“it” 多余，應(yīng)刪去。
答案：The man who is talking with me is my teacher.
解析：原句 “The man who he is talking with is my teacher.” 中，“who” 引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作主語，“he” 多余，應(yīng)刪去。
答案：This is the place that/which we visited last year.
解析：原句 “This is the place where we visited last year.” 中，先行詞 “the place” 在從句 “we visited last year” 中作 “visited” 的賓語，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)用 that 或 which，而 where 是關(guān)系副詞，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，所以應(yīng)把 where 改為 that 或 which。
答案：I don't know the reason why he was late.
解析：原句 “I don't know the reason which he was late.” 中，先行詞 “the reason” 在從句 “he was late” 中作原因狀語，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)用 why，而 which 在從句中作主語或賓語，所以應(yīng)把 which 改為 why。
答案：The girl whose name is Lucy is my best friend.
解析：原句 “The girl whose her name is Lucy is my best friend.” 中，“whose” 表示 “某人的”，已經(jīng)包含 “她的” 的意思，“her” 多余，應(yīng)刪去。
三、重要句式句型分析翻譯練習(xí)題答案及解析
答案：This year’s Literature Prize has been awarded to that famous writer, whose works are deeply loved by readers.
解析：參照 “This year’s Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria.” 的結(jié)構(gòu)，“今年的文學(xué)獎授予了” 翻譯為 “This year’s Literature Prize has been awarded to”，使用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)；“那位著名作家” 翻譯為 “that famous writer”；“他的作品深受讀者喜愛” 翻譯為 “whose works are deeply loved by readers”，用 whose 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞 “writer”，“works” 表示 “作品” 。
答案：Einstein, a highly talented and creative scientist, put forward the theory of relativity.
解析：參考 “Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.” 的結(jié)構(gòu)，“愛因斯坦” 翻譯為 “Einstein”；“一位極具天賦且富有創(chuàng)造力的科學(xué)家” 翻譯為 “a highly talented and creative scientist”，作同位語；“提出了相對論” 翻譯為 “put forward the theory of relativity”，“put forward” 表示 “提出” 。
答案：This doctor, a dedicated and kind - hearted person, has worked in the hospital for thirty years and saved countless lives.
解析：同樣參考上述結(jié)構(gòu)，“這位醫(yī)生” 翻譯為 “This doctor”；“一位敬業(yè)且善良的人” 翻譯為 “a dedicated and kind - hearted person”，作同位語；“在醫(yī)院工作了三十年，拯救了無數(shù)生命” 翻譯為 “has worked in the hospital for thirty years and saved countless lives”，使用現(xiàn)在完成時表示從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作和結(jié)果 。

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