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Unit 3 Environmental Protection單元知識(shí)清單
一、詞組搭配
（一）動(dòng)詞詞組
on behalf of：代表（代替）某人。
例句：He gave a speech on behalf of all the students.
（他代表全體學(xué)生發(fā)表了演講。）
seize the initiative：抓住主動(dòng)權(quán)。
例句：We should seize the initiative to protect the environment.
（我們應(yīng)該抓住主動(dòng)權(quán)來保護(hù)環(huán)境。）
submit...to：提交；呈遞；屈服 。
例句：The report must be submitted to the committee before Friday.
（這份報(bào)告必須在周五前提交給委員會(huì)。）
undergo：經(jīng)歷；經(jīng)受（變化、不快等）。
例句：The city has undergone great changes in recent years.
（這座城市近年來經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化。）
implement：使生效；貫徹；執(zhí)行。
例句：The government plans to implement new environmental protection policies.（政府計(jì)劃實(shí)施新的環(huán)境保護(hù)政策。）
restore：恢復(fù)；使復(fù)原；修復(fù) 。
例句：They are trying to restore the damaged forest.
（他們正努力恢復(fù)受損的森林。）
dispose of：去掉；清除；處理。
例句：We should dispose of waste properly to protect the environment.
（我們應(yīng)該妥善處理垃圾以保護(hù)環(huán)境。）
campaign for：為…… 發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng)；為…… 進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)。
例句：They campaigned for better environmental protection measures.
（他們?yōu)闋?zhēng)取更好的環(huán)境保護(hù)措施而發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng)。）
（二）介詞詞組
in response to：回答；答復(fù)；作為對(duì)…… 的回應(yīng)。
例句：The company took action in response to the customers' complaints.
（公司針對(duì)客戶的投訴采取了行動(dòng)。）
result in：導(dǎo)致；造成。
例句：His carelessness resulted in the failure of the project.
（他的粗心導(dǎo)致了項(xiàng)目的失敗。）
lead to：導(dǎo)致；通向。
例句：Cutting down too many trees will lead to environmental problems.
（砍伐過多樹木會(huì)導(dǎo)致環(huán)境問題。）
be responsible for：對(duì)…… 負(fù)責(zé)；是…… 的原因。
例句：Everyone should be responsible for protecting the environment.
（每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該對(duì)保護(hù)環(huán)境負(fù)責(zé)。）
（三）詞匯練習(xí)題
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases above.用以上短語的正確形式填空。
She was chosen to speak ___________ the team at the conference.
We must ___________ and take action to reduce pollution.
All applicants are required to ___________ their forms ___________ the office by next week.
The area has ___________ many natural disasters in the past decade.
The new regulations will be ___________ next month.
They are working hard to ___________ the ancient building.
It's important to find a proper way to ___________ household waste.
They decided to ___________ stricter environmental laws.
___________ the public's concerns, the government launched an investigation.
His irresponsible behavior may ___________ serious consequences.
Heavy traffic often ___________ delays.
Who should ___________ this mess
Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases above.用上面的短語把下面的句子翻譯成英語。
他代表學(xué)校參加了國(guó)際會(huì)議。
為了應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化，我們應(yīng)該采取行動(dòng)。
這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)在地震后經(jīng)歷了重建。
我們必須執(zhí)行新的垃圾分類政策。
你打算如何處理這些舊書？
他們發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng)以提高人們的環(huán)保意識(shí)。
大量砍伐森林會(huì)導(dǎo)致水土流失。
司機(jī)應(yīng)該對(duì)這次事故負(fù)責(zé)。
二、語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
（一）直接引語變間接引語
陳述句：直接引語是陳述句時(shí)，間接引語用 that 引導(dǎo)（that 可省略），從句中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等要作相應(yīng)變化。例句：
直接引語：The expert said, “Climate change is a serious problem.”
間接引語：The expert said that climate change was a serious problem.
一般疑問句：直接引語是一般疑問句時(shí)，間接引語用 if 或 whether 引導(dǎo)，從句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序，時(shí)態(tài)等也要作相應(yīng)變化。例句：
直接引語：The reporter asked, “Will the government take measures to reduce pollution ”
間接引語：The reporter asked whether the government would take measures to reduce pollution.
特殊疑問句：直接引語是特殊疑問句時(shí)，間接引語保留原來的疑問詞，從句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序，時(shí)態(tài)等作相應(yīng)變化。例句：
直接引語：The student asked, “How can we protect the environment ”
間接引語：The student asked how they could protect the environment.
祈使句：直接引語是祈使句時(shí)，間接引語通常將祈使句改為動(dòng)詞不定式短語，根據(jù)祈使句的語氣，使用 ask/tell/order/advise 等動(dòng)詞。例句：
直接引語：The teacher said, “Please turn off the lights.”
間接引語：The teacher asked us to turn off the lights.
（二）練習(xí)題
Change the following direct speech into indirect speech.把下列直接引語改為間接引語。
“I am studying environmental science,” Tom said.
“Do you like recycling ” the girl asked me.
“Where did you find the lost cat ” the woman asked her son.
“Don’t litter,” the teacher said to the students.
“Let’s plant more trees,” the volunteer suggested.
Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech, making necessary changes.用間接引語改寫下列句子，并作必要的修改。
“I will attend the environmental conference next week,” the expert told me.
“Can you help me clean up the river ” the old man asked the young man.
“What are you doing to protect the wildlife ” the reporter asked the scientist.
“Be careful with the chemicals,” the teacher warned the students.
“We should save water,” the speaker said.
三、重要句式句型分析
（一）“There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.”
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“There is little doubt that...” 為固定句型，意為 “毫無疑問……”，其中 “that” 引導(dǎo)同位語從句，解釋說明 “doubt” 的內(nèi)容 。
（二）“Without this process, Earth could not sustain life.”
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：“without + 名詞” 構(gòu)成的介詞短語表示 “如果沒有……”，在此句中作條件狀語，句子使用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
（三）翻譯練習(xí)題
毫無疑問，塑料污染已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題。
如果沒有清潔的水源，人類無法生存。
大家都相信，通過共同努力，我們能夠改善環(huán)境。
四、單元書面表達(dá)寫作指導(dǎo)
（一）重要詞匯詞組搭配積累
環(huán)境問題相關(guān)詞匯：climate change（氣候變化），air pollution（空氣污染），water pollution（水污染），deforestation（森林砍伐），desertification（沙漠化），global warming（全球變暖），extinction（滅絕）
環(huán)境保護(hù)措施相關(guān)詞匯：environmental protection（環(huán)境保護(hù)），sustainable development（可持續(xù)發(fā)展），recycle（回收利用），reduce waste（減少浪費(fèi)），conserve energy（節(jié)約能源），plant trees（植樹），clean up（清理），limit emissions（限制排放）
其他相關(guān)詞匯：ecology（生態(tài)），habitat（棲息地），renewable energy（可再生能源），fossil fuel（化石燃料），greenhouse gas（溫室氣體），carbon footprint（碳足跡）
詞組搭配：on behalf of，seize the initiative，submit...to，undergo，implement，restore，dispose of，campaign for，in response to，result in，lead to，be responsible for
（二）高分句式積累
It is high time that we took action to...
例句：It is high time that we took action to protect the environment.
（是時(shí)候我們采取行動(dòng)保護(hù)環(huán)境了。）
As is known to all, ...
例句：As is known to all, environmental protection is of great importance.
（眾所周知，環(huán)境保護(hù)非常重要。）
Not only...but also...
例句：Protecting the environment not only benefits ourselves but also future generations.（保護(hù)環(huán)境不僅對(duì)我們自己有益，也對(duì)子孫后代有益。）
With the development of...,...
例句：With the development of industry, environmental problems are becoming more and more serious.（隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展，環(huán)境問題變得越來越嚴(yán)重。）
（三）參考范文
Environmental Protection: Our Responsibility
With the rapid development of modern society, environmental problems have become increasingly serious. Global warming, air pollution, and water pollution are all threatening our living environment. It is high time that we took action to protect the Earth.
Firstly, we should raise public awareness of environmental protection. As is known to all, only when everyone realizes the importance of the environment can we make real progress. We can use various media platforms to spread environmental protection knowledge and encourage people to take part in environmental protection activities.
Secondly, governments around the world should seize the initiative and implement effective environmental protection policies. They should limit the emissions of greenhouse gases, promote the use of renewable energy, and punish those who damage the environment severely. For example, they can impose high taxes on factories that cause serious pollution and provide subsidies for companies that use clean energy.
As individuals, we also have a responsibility to protect the environment. We can start from small things in our daily lives, such as reducing waste, recycling, conserving energy, and using public transportation instead of private cars. Every small action counts and can contribute to a greener world.
In conclusion, environmental protection is a global issue that requires the joint efforts of governments, organizations, and individuals. Only by working together can we create a sustainable and beautiful environment for future generations.
一、詞組搭配練習(xí)題答案及解析
（一）Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases above
答案：on behalf of
解析：“She was chosen to speak...the team at the conference.”，句子表達(dá)她被選中在會(huì)議上代表團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)言，“on behalf of” 意為 “代表（代替）某人”，符合語境，所以填 “on behalf of”。
答案：seize the initiative
解析：“We must...and take action to reduce pollution.”，結(jié)合句意，我們必須采取行動(dòng)減少污染，首先要抓住主動(dòng)權(quán)，“seize the initiative” 表示 “抓住主動(dòng)權(quán)”，且 “must” 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后接動(dòng)詞原形，故填 “seize the initiative”。
答案：submit; to
解析：“All applicants are required to...their forms...the office by next week.”，句意為所有申請(qǐng)人被要求在下周前將表格提交到辦公室，“submit...to” 表示 “提交；呈遞”，“to” 后接提交的對(duì)象，“are required to do sth.”（被要求做某事），to 后接動(dòng)詞原形，所以填 “submit; to” 。
答案：undergone
解析：“The area has...many natural disasters in the past decade.”，該地區(qū)在過去十年應(yīng)該是經(jīng)歷了許多自然災(zāi)害，“undergo” 表示 “經(jīng)歷；經(jīng)受”，“has + 過去分詞” 構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，“undergo” 的過去分詞是 “undergone”，所以填 “undergone”。
答案：implemented
解析：“The new regulations will be...next month.”，新規(guī)定應(yīng)該是在下個(gè)月被實(shí)施，“implement” 表示 “使生效；貫徹；執(zhí)行”，句子是一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài) “will be + 過去分詞”，“implement” 的過去分詞是 “implemented”，所以填 “implemented”。
答案：restore
解析：“They are working hard to...the ancient building.”，他們努力做的事情是修復(fù)古建筑，“restore” 表示 “恢復(fù)；使復(fù)原；修復(fù)”，“to” 在這里是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞原形，所以填 “restore”。
答案：dispose of
解析：“It's important to find a proper way to...household waste.”，找到的合適方法是處理家庭垃圾，“dispose of” 表示 “去掉；清除；處理”，“to” 是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞原形，所以填 “dispose of”。
答案：campaign for
解析：“They decided to...stricter environmental laws.”，他們決定做的事情是為更嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境法律發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng)，“campaign for” 表示 “為…… 發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng)；為…… 進(jìn)行斗爭(zhēng)”，“decide to do sth.”（決定做某事），to 后接動(dòng)詞原形，所以填 “campaign for”。
答案：In response to
解析：“...the public's concerns, the government launched an investigation.”，政府發(fā)起調(diào)查是對(duì)公眾擔(dān)憂的回應(yīng)，“in response to” 表示 “作為對(duì)…… 的回應(yīng)”，句首字母大寫，所以填 “In response to”。
答案：result in
解析：“His irresponsible behavior may...serious consequences.”，他不負(fù)責(zé)任的行為可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果，“result in” 表示 “導(dǎo)致；造成”，“may” 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后接動(dòng)詞原形，所以填 “result in”。
答案：leads to
解析：“Heavy traffic often...delays.”，交通擁堵經(jīng)常會(huì)導(dǎo)致延誤，“l(fā)ead to” 表示 “導(dǎo)致；通向”，句子時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語 “Heavy traffic” 是不可數(shù)名詞，視為單數(shù)，所以 “l(fā)ead” 用第三人稱單數(shù)形式 “l(fā)eads”，填 “l(fā)eads to”。
答案：be responsible for
解析：“Who should...this mess ”，句子詢問誰應(yīng)該對(duì)這一團(tuán)糟的情況負(fù)責(zé)，“be responsible for” 表示 “對(duì)…… 負(fù)責(zé)”，“should” 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，后接動(dòng)詞原形，所以填 “be responsible for”。
（二）Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases above
答案：He attended the international conference on behalf of the school.
解析：“他” 翻譯為 “He”；“參加” 用 “attended”；“國(guó)際會(huì)議” 是 “the international conference”；“代表學(xué)校” 用 “on behalf of the school”，直接套用詞組翻譯。
答案：In response to climate change, we should take action.
解析：“為了應(yīng)對(duì)” 用 “In response to”；“氣候變化” 是 “climate change”；“我們應(yīng)該采取行動(dòng)” 翻譯為 “we should take action”，“in response to” 引導(dǎo)狀語，說明采取行動(dòng)的原因。
答案：The town underwent reconstruction after the earthquake.
解析：“這個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)” 翻譯為 “The town”；“經(jīng)歷” 用 “underwent”，句子時(shí)態(tài)為一般過去時(shí)；“重建” 是 “reconstruction”；“在地震后” 翻譯為 “after the earthquake”，“undergo” 表示經(jīng)歷，符合語境。
答案：We must implement the new garbage classification policy.
解析：“我們” 翻譯為 “We”；“必須” 用 “must”；“執(zhí)行” 用 “implement”，“must” 后接動(dòng)詞原形；“新的垃圾分類政策” 是 “the new garbage classification policy”，直接套用 “implement” 表示執(zhí)行政策的用法。
答案：How do you plan to dispose of these old books
解析：“如何” 用 “How” 提問；“你打算” 翻譯為 “do you plan”；“處理” 用 “dispose of”；“這些舊書” 是 “these old books”，“dispose of” 用于詢問處理舊書的方式 。
答案：They campaigned for raising people's awareness of environmental protection.
解析：“他們” 翻譯為 “They”；“發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng)” 用 “campaigned for”；“提高人們的環(huán)保意識(shí)” 翻譯為 “raising people's awareness of environmental protection”，“for” 是介詞，后接動(dòng)名詞形式，體現(xiàn) “campaign for” 為某事發(fā)起運(yùn)動(dòng)的用法。
答案：Cutting down a large number of forests will lead to soil erosion.
解析：“大量砍伐森林” 用動(dòng)名詞短語 “Cutting down a large number of forests” 作主語；“會(huì)導(dǎo)致” 用 “will lead to”，一般將來時(shí)；“水土流失” 是 “soil erosion”，“l(fā)ead to” 表示導(dǎo)致某種結(jié)果，符合句子邏輯。
答案：The driver should be responsible for this accident.
解析：“司機(jī)” 翻譯為 “The driver”；“應(yīng)該” 用 “should”；“對(duì)…… 負(fù)責(zé)” 用 “be responsible for”，“should” 后接動(dòng)詞原形；“這次事故” 是 “this accident”，套用詞組準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)責(zé)任歸屬 。
二、語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)練習(xí)題答案及解析
（一）Change the following direct speech into indirect speech
答案：Tom said that he was studying environmental science.
解析：直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用 that 引導(dǎo)（可省略），從句中的人稱 “I” 根據(jù)主句主語 “Tom” 變?yōu)?“he”，時(shí)態(tài)由現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) “am studying” 變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時(shí) “was studying” 。
答案：The girl asked me if/whether I liked recycling.
解析：直接引語是一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用 if 或 whether 引導(dǎo)，從句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序，即 “I liked recycling”，時(shí)態(tài)由一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) “do like” 變?yōu)橐话氵^去時(shí) “l(fā)iked” 。
答案：The woman asked her son where he had found the lost cat.
解析：直接引語是特殊疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，保留疑問詞 “where”，從句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序 “he had found the lost cat”，時(shí)態(tài)由一般過去時(shí) “did find” 變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí) “had found”，因?yàn)?“找貓” 這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在 “問” 之前 。
答案：The teacher told the students not to litter.
解析：直接引語是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，根據(jù)祈使句的語氣（這里是命令），用 “told”，將祈使句 “ Don’t litter” 改為動(dòng)詞不定式短語 “not to litter” 。
答案：The volunteer suggested that they should plant more trees.
解析：直接引語是 “Let’s” 開頭的祈使句，表示建議，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用 “suggested that” 引導(dǎo)，從句中 “Let’s” 變?yōu)?“they should”，后接動(dòng)詞原形 “plant more trees” 。
（二）Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech, making necessary changes
答案：The expert told me that he would attend the environmental conference the next week.
解析：直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用 that 引導(dǎo)，從句中的人稱 “I” 根據(jù)主句主語 “the expert”（這里假設(shè)為男性，可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況調(diào)整）變?yōu)?“he”，時(shí)態(tài)由一般將來時(shí) “will attend” 變?yōu)檫^去將來時(shí) “would attend”，時(shí)間狀語 “next week” 變?yōu)?“the next week” 。
答案：The old man asked the young man if/whether he could help him clean up the river.
解析：直接引語是一般疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用 if 或 whether 引導(dǎo)，從句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序 “he could help him clean up the river”，時(shí)態(tài)由一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) “can help” 變?yōu)橐话氵^去時(shí) “could help”，人稱根據(jù)語境進(jìn)行相應(yīng)變化 。
答案：The reporter asked the scientist what he was doing to protect the wildlife.
解析：直接引語是特殊疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，保留疑問詞 “what”，從句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序 “he was doing to protect the wildlife”，時(shí)態(tài)由現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) “are doing” 變?yōu)檫^去進(jìn)行時(shí) “was doing” 。
答案：The teacher warned the students to be careful with the chemicals.
解析：直接引語是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，根據(jù)祈使句的語氣（這里是警告），用 “warned”，將祈使句 “Be careful with the chemicals” 改為動(dòng)詞不定式短語 “to be careful with the chemicals” 。
答案：The speaker said that we should save water.
解析：直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用 that 引導(dǎo)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不變（因?yàn)?“should” 是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，沒有過去式變化），人稱不變，直接變?yōu)?“The speaker said that we should save water” 。
三、重要句式句型分析翻譯練習(xí)題答案及解析
答案：There is little doubt that plastic pollution has become a serious environmental problem.
解析：參照 “There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer.” 的結(jié)構(gòu)，“毫無疑問” 用 “There is little doubt that...”；“塑料污染” 翻譯為 “plastic pollution”；“已經(jīng)成為” 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) “has become”；“一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題” 是 “a serious environmental problem” 。
答案：Without clean water sources, human beings could not survive.
解析：依據(jù) “Without this process, Earth could not sustain life.” 的結(jié)構(gòu)，“如果沒有清潔的水源” 翻譯為 “Without clean water sources”；“人類” 是 “human beings”；“無法生存” 用 “could not survive”，使用虛擬語氣，表示假設(shè)沒有清潔水源的情況 。
答案：There is a belief that through joint efforts, we can improve the environment.
解析：可仿照 “There is little doubt that...” 的結(jié)構(gòu)，“大家都相信” 翻譯為 “There is a belief that...”；“通過共同努力” 是 “through joint efforts”；“我們能夠改善環(huán)境” 翻譯為 “we can improve the environment” 。

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