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Unit 4 Adversity and Courage單元知識(shí)總結(jié)清單
一、詞組搭配
（一）動(dòng)詞詞組
turn sb down：拒絕（某人）。
例句：She turned down his invitation to the party.
（她拒絕了他參加派對(duì)的邀請(qǐng)。）
make fire：生火。
例句：They had to make fire to keep warm in the cold wilderness.
（在寒冷的荒野中，他們不得不生火取暖。）
give off：放出（熱、光、氣味或氣體）。
例句：The flower gives off a sweet smell.（這朵花散發(fā)出甜甜的香味。）
abandon the ship：棄船。
例句：When the ship was in danger, the captain ordered to abandon the ship.
（當(dāng)船遭遇危險(xiǎn)時(shí)，船長(zhǎng)下令棄船。）
keep one’s spirits up：使某人精神振作起來(lái)。
例句：She tried to keep her spirits up during the difficult time.
（在困難時(shí)期，她努力讓自己精神振作起來(lái)。）
persevere in：堅(jiān)持；孜孜以求。
例句：He persevered in his study of English and finally achieved great progress.（他堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，最終取得了巨大進(jìn)步。）
resolve to do sth：決定；決心做某事。
例句：She resolved to finish the project on time.（她決心按時(shí)完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。）
（二）介詞詞組
on board：在船（飛機(jī)、公共汽車等）上。
例句：All the passengers were on board the ship before it set sail.
（在船啟航前，所有乘客都已上船。）
in the direction of：朝…… 方向。
例句：He walked in the direction of the train station.
（他朝著火車站的方向走去。）
from bad to worse：每況愈下。
例句：His health has gone from bad to worse recently.
（他的健康狀況最近每況愈下。）
（三）詞匯練習(xí)題
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases above.
用以上短語(yǔ)的正確形式填空。
He applied to join the club but was ___________.
They needed to ___________ to cook their food.
The factory ___________ a lot of harmful gases every day.
Facing the danger, they had no choice but to ___________.
She listened to music to ___________ while waiting for the result.
Despite many difficulties, he ___________ trying and finally succeeded.
She ___________ work harder to improve her grades.
We saw him walking ___________ the park.
Their living conditions were getting ___________.
Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases above.
用上面的短語(yǔ)把下面的句子翻譯成英語(yǔ)。
他拒絕了那份工作邀請(qǐng)，因?yàn)樗胱非笞约旱膲?mèng)想。
露營(yíng)時(shí)，我們學(xué)會(huì)了如何生火。
這種新型材料會(huì)發(fā)出柔和的光。
當(dāng)船開始下沉?xí)r，船員們被迫棄船。
他通過(guò)和朋友聊天來(lái)振作精神。
她堅(jiān)持練習(xí)鋼琴多年，最終成為了一名出色的鋼琴家。
他決心在新的一年里養(yǎng)成良好的習(xí)慣。
飛機(jī)朝著東方飛去。
由于缺乏資金，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的情況越來(lái)越糟。
二、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
（一）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
構(gòu)成：have/has been + 現(xiàn)在分詞
用法：
表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，并且還可能持續(xù)下去。
例句：I have been studying English for five years.
（我學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)五年了，并且還會(huì)繼續(xù)學(xué)下去。）
強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性、重復(fù)性或漸進(jìn)性。
例句：It has been raining all day.（雨下了一整天了。）
與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成或結(jié)果，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行。
例句對(duì)比：I have read this book.（我已經(jīng)讀過(guò)這本書了，強(qiáng)調(diào)讀完的結(jié)果。）
I have been reading this book.
（我一直在讀這本書，強(qiáng)調(diào)讀書這個(gè)動(dòng)作一直在持續(xù)。）
（二）練習(xí)題
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets using the present perfect continuous tense.
用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的正確形式完成句子。
She ________ (work) in this company for ten years and still enjoys her job.
They ___________ (prepare) for the exam since last month.
I ___________ (look for) my lost key everywhere, but I haven't found it yet.
The children _________ (play) outside all afternoon and now they are tired.
Rewrite the following sentences using the present perfect continuous tense.
用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)改寫下列句子。
He started to write a novel two months ago and is still writing it.
They began to build the bridge last year and it is still under construction.
She started to learn French last week and is still learning it.
Choose the correct tense (present perfect or present perfect continuous) to complete the sentences.選擇正確的時(shí)態(tài)（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)）來(lái)完成句子。
I ___________ (live) in this city for five years.
She ___________ (clean) the house all morning and it looks very tidy now.
We ___________ (see) this movie before.
They ___________ (work) on this project since they came here.
三、重要句式句型分析
（一）MEN WANTED for a dangerous journey: small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, and safe return uncertain.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：這是一個(gè)省略句，完整形式為 “MEN ARE WANTED for a dangerous journey...” 。“for a dangerous journey” 為目的狀語(yǔ)，后面 “small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, and safe return uncertain” 是對(duì)此次危險(xiǎn)旅程情況的具體描述。
（二）But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly went aboard his ship, the Endurance, and hid in a small cupboard.
結(jié)構(gòu)分析：運(yùn)用 “so...that...” 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，“so + 形容詞（enthusiastic） + about...” 表示 “對(duì)…… 如此熱情”，從句中 “went aboard” 和 “hid” 為并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 。
（三）翻譯練習(xí)題
招聘志愿者：工作辛苦，報(bào)酬低，需要長(zhǎng)時(shí)間戶外工作，有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
他對(duì)繪畫如此著迷，以至于每天都花大量時(shí)間在畫室里。
她對(duì)旅行充滿熱情，所以她決定獨(dú)自環(huán)游世界。
四、單元書面表達(dá)寫作指導(dǎo)
（一）重要詞匯詞組搭配積累
困境相關(guān)詞匯：adversity（困境；逆境），miserable（痛苦的；令人難受的），rough（洶涌的；艱難的），bitter（嚴(yán)寒的；痛苦的）
勇氣與堅(jiān)持相關(guān)詞匯：courage（勇氣），perseverance（毅力；韌性），persevere（堅(jiān)持），resolve（決心），resolution（堅(jiān)定），loyal（忠誠(chéng)的）
行為動(dòng)作相關(guān)詞匯：abandon（舍棄；拋棄；放棄），assign（分派；布置；分配），join the expedition（參加探險(xiǎn)），make fire（生火），keep one’s spirits up（使某人精神振作起來(lái)）
其他相關(guān)：voyage（航海；航行），crew（全體工作人員），guidance（指導(dǎo)；引導(dǎo)），recreation（娛樂；消遣）
（二）高分句式積累
It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.
例句：It is important for us to learn from the spirit of those who overcome adversity.（對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)，學(xué)習(xí)那些戰(zhàn)勝逆境的人的精神很重要。）
Not only...but also...
例句：He not only showed great courage in the face of adversity but also inspired others around him.
（他不僅在面對(duì)逆境時(shí)表現(xiàn)出巨大的勇氣，還激勵(lì)了他周圍的人。）
With + 名詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞 / 過(guò)去分詞 / 介詞短語(yǔ) ，表示伴隨情況。
例句：With the ship sinking, they had to make a quick decision.
（隨著船下沉，他們不得不迅速做出決定。）
What + 主語(yǔ) + need/require/want is...
例句：What we need most in adversity is perseverance.
（我們?cè)谀婢持凶钚枰氖且懔Α＃?br/>（三）參考范文
The Power of Perseverance
Adversity is an inevitable part of life. Everyone will face difficulties and challenges at some point, but it is how we respond to them that defines who we are. The story of Ernest Shackleton and his crew during the Antarctic expedition is a powerful example of perseverance and courage in the face of extreme adversity.
In 1914, Shackleton led an expedition to Antarctica on the ship Endurance. However, the ship became stuck in the ice, was crushed, and eventually sank. The crew was left stranded on the ice, facing bitter cold, lack of food, and the constant danger of death. Despite these seemingly insurmountable challenges, Shackleton did not give up. He showed great leadership and resolve, assigning tasks to the crew, making sure they kept their spirits up, and never losing hope of survival.
The crew, too, demonstrated remarkable perseverance. They followed Shackleton’s guidance, worked together as a team, and endured the harsh conditions with unwavering determination. They made fire to keep warm, hunted for food, and waited patiently for rescue. Their loyalty to each other and their leader was unshakable, and this unity gave them the strength to overcome the difficulties.
This story teaches us that no matter how difficult the situation may seem, as long as we have the courage to face it and the perseverance to keep going, we can overcome any adversity. We should learn from Shackleton and his crew, and never lose faith in ourselves and our ability to succeed. When we encounter difficulties in our lives, we should not be afraid. Instead, we should take action, stay positive, and keep moving forward. Only in this way can we turn adversity into an opportunity for growth and achieve our goals.
一、詞組搭配練習(xí)題答案及解析
（一）Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases above
答案：turned down
解析：“He applied to join the club but was...”，句子表達(dá)他申請(qǐng)加入俱樂部卻被拒絕，“turn sb down” 表示 “拒絕（某人）”，這里是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，結(jié)合一般過(guò)去時(shí)，“turn” 的過(guò)去分詞為 “turned”，所以填 “turned down”。
答案：make fire
解析：“They needed to...to cook their food.”，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，他們需要生火來(lái)做飯，“make fire” 表示 “生火”，“need to do sth.” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，to 后接動(dòng)詞原形，故填 “make fire”。
答案：gives off
解析：“The factory...a lot of harmful gases every day.”，工廠每天會(huì)放出有害氣體，“give off” 表示 “放出（熱、光、氣味或氣體）” ，句子是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ) “The factory” 是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以 “give” 要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式 “gives”，填 “gives off”。
答案：abandon the ship
解析：“Facing the danger, they had no choice but to...”，面對(duì)危險(xiǎn)，他們除了棄船別無(wú)選擇，“abandon the ship” 表示 “棄船”，“have no choice but to do sth.”（除了做某事別無(wú)選擇），to 后接動(dòng)詞原形，因此填 “abandon the ship”。
答案：keep her spirits up
解析：“She listened to music to...while waiting for the result.”，她聽音樂是為了在等待結(jié)果時(shí)讓自己精神振作起來(lái)，“keep one’s spirits up” 表示 “使某人精神振作起來(lái)”，根據(jù)主語(yǔ) “She”，one’s 變?yōu)?“her” ，to 后接動(dòng)詞原形，所以填 “keep her spirits up”。
答案：persevered in
解析：“Despite many difficulties, he...trying and finally succeeded.”，盡管困難重重，他堅(jiān)持嘗試并最終成功，“persevere in” 表示 “堅(jiān)持；孜孜以求”，句子是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，“persevere” 的過(guò)去式是 “persevered”，所以填 “persevered in”。
答案：resolved to
解析：“She...work harder to improve her grades.”，她決心更加努力學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)提高成績(jī)，“resolve to do sth” 表示 “決定；決心做某事”，句子是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，“resolve” 的過(guò)去式是 “resolved”，所以填 “resolved to”。
答案：in the direction of
解析：“We saw him walking...the park.”，句子表示我們看到他朝著公園的方向走去，“in the direction of” 表示 “朝…… 方向”，符合語(yǔ)境，所以填 “in the direction of”。
答案：from bad to worse
解析：“Their living conditions were getting...”，他們的生活條件應(yīng)該是變得越來(lái)越糟，“from bad to worse” 表示 “每況愈下”，所以填 “from bad to worse”。
（二）Translate the following sentences into English, using the phrases above
答案：He turned down the job offer because he wanted to pursue his dream.
解析：“他” 翻譯為 “He”；“拒絕” 用 “turned down”，句子時(shí)態(tài)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)；“那份工作邀請(qǐng)” 是 “the job offer”；“因?yàn)椤?用 “because” 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句；“想追求他的夢(mèng)想” 翻譯為 “wanted to pursue his dream”，“turn sb down” 中的 “sb” 在這指 “the job offer”。
答案：When camping, we learned how to make fire.
解析：“露營(yíng)時(shí)” 翻譯為 “When camping”，是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；“我們” 是 “we”；“學(xué)會(huì)” 用 “l(fā)earned”，一般過(guò)去時(shí)；“如何生火” 翻譯為 “how to make fire”，“make fire” 表示 “生火” ，符合短語(yǔ)用法。
答案：This new material gives off a soft light.
解析：“這種新型材料” 翻譯為 “This new material”；“會(huì)發(fā)出” 用 “gives off”，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)；“柔和的光” 是 “a soft light”，“give off” 表示 “放出（光）”，準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)句子意思。
答案：When the ship began to sink, the crew was forced to abandon the ship.
解析：“當(dāng)船開始下沉?xí)r” 翻譯為 “When the ship began to sink”，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；“船員們” 是 “the crew”；“被迫” 用 “was forced”，一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；“棄船” 用 “abandon the ship”，“be forced to do sth.”（被迫做某事），to 后接動(dòng)詞原形 。
答案：He kept his spirits up by chatting with friends.
解析：“他” 翻譯為 “He”；“振作精神” 用 “kept his spirits up”，一般過(guò)去時(shí)；“通過(guò)和朋友聊天” 翻譯為 “by chatting with friends”，“by” 表示通過(guò)某種方式，“keep one’s spirits up” 中的 “one’s” 根據(jù)主語(yǔ)變?yōu)?“his” 。
答案：She persevered in practicing the piano for many years and finally became an excellent pianist.
解析：“她” 翻譯為 “She”；“堅(jiān)持練習(xí)鋼琴” 用 “persevered in practicing the piano”，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，“persevere in” 后接動(dòng)名詞；“多年” 是 “for many years”；“最終成為” 翻譯為 “finally became”；“一名出色的鋼琴家” 是 “an excellent pianist”，體現(xiàn) “persevere in” 短語(yǔ)的用法。
答案：He resolved to form good habits in the new year.
解析：“他” 翻譯為 “He”；“決心” 用 “resolved to”，一般過(guò)去時(shí)；“養(yǎng)成良好的習(xí)慣” 翻譯為 “form good habits”；“在新的一年里” 是 “in the new year”，“resolve to do sth” 中 to 后接動(dòng)詞原形 。
答案：The plane flew in the direction of the east.
解析：“飛機(jī)” 翻譯為 “The plane”；“飛去” 用 “flew”，一般過(guò)去時(shí)；“朝著東方” 翻譯為 “in the direction of the east”，“in the direction of” 表示 “朝…… 方向” 。
答案：Due to lack of funds, the situation of this project is getting from bad to worse.
解析：“由于缺乏資金” 翻譯為 “Due to lack of funds”，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)；“這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的情況” 是 “the situation of this project”；“越來(lái)越糟” 用 “is getting from bad to worse”，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，“from bad to worse” 表示 “每況愈下” 。
二、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)練習(xí)題答案及解析
（一）Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets using the present perfect continuous tense
答案：has been working
解析：“She...(work) in this company for ten years and still enjoys her job.”，句子表示她在這家公司工作了十年并且還在繼續(xù)工作，符合現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) “表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，并且還可能持續(xù)下去” 的用法，主語(yǔ) “She” 是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以用 “has been working”。
答案：have been preparing
解析：“They...(prepare) for the exam since last month.”，從上個(gè)月開始他們就一直在為考試做準(zhǔn)備，且可能還在準(zhǔn)備，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，主語(yǔ) “They” 是復(fù)數(shù)，所以填 “have been preparing”。
答案：have been looking for
解析：“I...(look for) my lost key everywhere, but I haven't found it yet.”，我一直在到處找鑰匙，強(qiáng)調(diào)尋找這個(gè)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，還沒找到，符合現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)用法，主語(yǔ) “I” 用 “have been looking for”。
答案：have been playing
解析：“The children...(play) outside all afternoon and now they are tired.”，孩子們整個(gè)下午都在外面玩，強(qiáng)調(diào)玩耍動(dòng)作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行，導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)在很累，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，主語(yǔ) “The children” 是復(fù)數(shù)，所以填 “have been playing”。
（二）Rewrite the following sentences using the present perfect continuous tense
答案：He has been writing a novel for two months.
解析：原句 “He started to write a novel two months ago and is still writing it.”，表示他從兩個(gè)月前開始寫小說(shuō)且一直在寫，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)改寫，“for two months” 表示時(shí)間段，“has been writing” 體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作的持續(xù) 。
答案：They have been building the bridge since last year.
解析：原句 “They began to build the bridge last year and it is still under construction.”，從去年開始建橋且一直在建設(shè)中，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，“since last year” 表示時(shí)間起點(diǎn)，“have been building” 符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則 。
答案：She has been learning French since last week.
解析：原句 “She started to learn French last week and is still learning it.”，上周開始學(xué)法語(yǔ)且持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，“since last week” 表明時(shí)間，“has been learning” 正確改寫句子 。
（三）Choose the correct tense (present perfect or present perfect continuous) to complete the sentences
答案：have lived
解析：“I...(live) in this city for five years.”，強(qiáng)調(diào)在這個(gè)城市居住五年的結(jié)果，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)更合適，表示動(dòng)作完成，所以填 “have lived”。
答案：has been cleaning
解析：“She...(clean) the house all morning and it looks very tidy now.”，整個(gè)上午一直在打掃房子，強(qiáng)調(diào)打掃動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，主語(yǔ) “She” 是第三人稱單數(shù)，所以填 “has been cleaning”。
答案：have seen
解析：“We...(see) this movie before.”，表示曾經(jīng)看過(guò)這部電影這個(gè)結(jié)果，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，“have seen” 符合語(yǔ)境。
答案：have been working
解析：“They...(work) on this project since they came here.”，自從來(lái)到這里就一直在做這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能繼續(xù)，用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，所以填 “have been working”。
三、重要句式句型分析翻譯練習(xí)題答案及解析
答案：VOLUNTEERS WANTED: hard work, low pay, long - time outdoor work, and some risks.
解析：仿照 “MEN WANTED for a dangerous journey: small wages, bitter cold, long months of complete darkness, constant danger, and safe return uncertain.” 的省略句結(jié)構(gòu)，“招聘志愿者” 翻譯為 “VOLUNTEERS WANTED”；后面依次列出工作辛苦 “hard work”、報(bào)酬低 “l(fā)ow pay”、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間戶外工作 “l(fā)ong - time outdoor work” 和有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn) “some risks” 。
答案：He is so fascinated by painting that he spends a lot of time in the studio every day.
解析：依據(jù) “But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly went aboard his ship, the Endurance, and hid in a small cupboard.” 中 “so...that...” 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，“他對(duì)繪畫如此著迷” 翻譯為 “He is so fascinated by painting”；“以至于每天都花大量時(shí)間在畫室里” 翻譯為 “that he spends a lot of time in the studio every day” 。
答案：She is so passionate about traveling that she decides to travel around the world alone.
解析：同樣運(yùn)用 “so...that...” 結(jié)構(gòu)，“她對(duì)旅行充滿熱情” 翻譯為 “She is so passionate about traveling”；“所以她決定獨(dú)自環(huán)游世界” 翻譯為 “that she decides to travel around the world alone”，體現(xiàn)該句式的用法。

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