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高考英語中的插入語
在英語中，插入語（Parenthesis）是一種特殊的語法成分，它獨立于句子的主干結構，通常用于補充說明、表達語氣、提供額外信息或打斷話語節奏，去掉后不影響句子的基本語法和意義。以下從插入語的特點、常見類型、位置及用法舉例等方面詳細說明：
一、插入語的特點
1. 獨立性：不充當句子的主謂賓定狀補等核心成分，與句子其他部分沒有語法上的直接聯系。
2. 補充性：主要功能是補充信息、表達態度（如肯定、懷疑、推測）、或使語氣更委婉。
3. 可省略性：去掉插入語后，句子依然完整通順，語法結構不受影響。
4. 標點提示：通常用逗號（,）、破折號（—）或括號（( )）與句子其他部分隔開，其中逗號最常見。
二、常見的插入語類型及舉例
根據內容和功能，插入語可分為以下幾類：
1. 單詞或短語類插入語
●副詞：表示語氣或態度（如肯定、懷疑、轉折等）。
例：
He, certainly, knows the answer.（他當然知道答案。）
This task, however, is not easy.（然而，這項任務并不容易。）
（常見副詞：certainly, indeed, perhaps, maybe, actually, obviously, fortunately, luckily 等）
●介詞短語：多表示時間、地點、方式或附加說明。
例：
The meeting, in my opinion, should be postponed.（在我看來，會議應該推遲。）
We’ll have a picnic tomorrow, weather permitting.（天氣允許的話，我們明天去野餐。）
（常見短語：in my opinion, in fact, by the way, on the other hand, for example 等）
●分詞短語：多為現在分詞短語，表伴隨或補充說明。
例：
The girl, smiling happily, waved at us.（那個女孩，開心地笑著，向我們揮手。）
The plan, if carried out properly, will succeed.（這個計劃，如果執行得當，會成功的。）
2. 從句類插入語
●陳述句從句：常用 that 引導（that 可省略），表事實或看法。
例：
The news, (that) he won the prize, surprised everyone.（他獲獎的消息讓所有人都很驚訝。）
●疑問句從句：多為 wh- 從句（如 what, who, when 等），表疑問、不確定或補充信息。
例：
The team, who knows when they will arrive, is delayed.（那支隊伍，誰知道他們什么時候到，已經延誤了。）
This book, why she bought it, is still a mystery.（她為什么買這本書，仍是個謎。）
●感嘆句從句：表強烈情感（如驚訝、贊嘆）。
例：
The movie, how exciting it was, left a deep impression.（那部電影，多刺激啊，留下了深刻印象。）
3. 固定搭配類插入語
這類插入語是約定俗成的短語，常用于口語或非正式語境，表達特定語氣：
●表肯定 / 同意：of course（當然）, certainly（無疑）, sure enough（果然）
例：This method, of course, works well.（這種方法當然很有效。）
●表懷疑 / 不確定：perhaps（或許）, maybe（可能）, probably（大概）, I suppose（我猜）
例：He, maybe, will come tomorrow.（他或許明天會來。）
●表轉折 / 補充：by the way（順便說）, however（然而）, on the contrary（相反）
例：We can’t go, by the way.（順便說一句，我們去不了。）
●表總結：in a word（總之）, in short（簡言之）, generally speaking（總的來說）
例：In short, the project was a success.（總之，這個項目很成功。）
三、插入語在句中的位置
插入語的位置靈活，可位于句首、句中或句尾：
1. 句首：常用逗號與主句隔開，強調開篇的補充信息。
例：Honestly, I don’t agree with you.（說實話，我不同意你的看法。）
2. 句中：最常見位置，多插在主謂之間，用逗號隔開。
例：The teacher, as far as I know, is from Canada.（據我所知，這位老師來自加拿大。）
3. 句尾：補充說明，語氣較委婉。
例：He will come back soon, I think.（我想他很快會回來。）
四、注意事項
1. 標點使用：
●句中插入語通常用逗號；若插入語較長或需強調，可用破折號；括號則用于較次要、可忽略的信息。
例：The city — one of the oldest in Europe — attracts millions of visitors.（這座城市 —— 歐洲最古老的城市之一 —— 吸引了數百萬游客。）
2. 主謂一致：插入語不影響主句的主謂一致，謂語動詞仍與主語保持一致。
例：The girl, together with her parents, is visiting the museum.（女孩和她的父母正在參觀博物館。）（謂語與 the girl 一致）
總之，插入語是英語中增強表達靈活性和豐富性的重要手段，掌握其用法能讓句子更生動、信息更完整，尤其在口語和寫作中可使語氣更自然。
四、高考試題中的插入語
（2025年全國一卷D篇)
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龍頭): boiling and filtering (過濾) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸鈣) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
1. Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.
解析：“they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow”為插入語，列舉微塑料污染的具體范圍，補充說明其普遍性。
2. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
解析：“then filtering it after it cools”為插入語，補充說明 “boiling tap water” 之后的操作步驟。
3. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult.
解析：“a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult”為插入語，解釋 “reducing microplastic exposure” 的難度，補充說明現狀。
4. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns.
解析：“— but what they do know has raised concerns”為插入語，（轉折補充科學家對微塑料危害的已知信息及擔憂。
5. Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist.
解析：“an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research”為插入語，介紹 Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay 的身份及與研究的關系。
五、針對性訓練
（一）找出文章中的插入語
（2025年全國二卷C篇）
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating,” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.
（二）找出下列句子中的插入語，并用括號標出來。
1. In my opinion, the plan will work.
2. She is the best, I believe.
3. He will succeed, no doubt.
4. Frankly speaking, I dislike the movie.
5. The task, fortunately, was completed on time.
6. This book, which I read last week, is very inspiring.
7. We can, by the way, discuss this problem at tomorrow’s meeting.
8. The team, who knows when they will arrive, is stuck in traffic.
9. Generally speaking, children learn foreign languages faster than adults.
10. The festival, how lively it was, left me an unforgettable memory.
（三）翻譯句子
1. 幸運的是，她沒受傷。
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2. 順便說一下，明天的會議取消了。
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3. 我認為，這個決定不夠明智。
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4. 說實話，我對這個結果并不滿意。
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5. 那座橋，據說是去年建成的，現在可以通車了。
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6. 可能，我們需要重新考慮這個方案。
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7. 簡言之，我們必須盡快采取行動。
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8. 那個女孩，笑著向我們揮手，是我的妹妹。
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9. 這臺機器，如果操作得當，可以用十年。
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10. 他的演講，事實上，贏得了全場的掌聲。
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參考答案與解析：
（一）
1. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida.
解析：“a researcher from the University of Florida”為插入語，用于補充說明 “Dr. Melinda Knuth” 的身份，說明她是佛羅里達大學的研究人員。
2. Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
解析：“the stress hormone (激素) in our body”為插入語，用于解釋 “cortisol”（皮質醇）是什么，說明它是人體中的壓力激素。
（二）1. (In my opinion), the plan will work.
2. She is the best, (I believe).
3. He will succeed, (no doubt).
4. (Frankly speaking), I dislike the movie.
5. The task, (fortunately), was completed on time.
6. This book, (which I read last week), is very inspiring.
7. We can, (by the way), discuss this problem at tomorrow’s meeting.
8. The team, (who knows when they will arrive), is stuck in traffic.
9. (Generally speaking), children learn foreign languages faster than adults.
10. The festival, (how lively it was), left me an unforgettable memory.
（三）
1. Luckily, she isn’t injured.
2. By the way, tomorrow’s meeting is canceled.
3. This decision, I think, is not wise enough.
4. To be honest, I’m not satisfied with the result.
5. The bridge, which is said to have been built last year, is now open to traffic.
6. We, perhaps, need to rethink this plan.
7. In short, we must take action as soon as possible.
8. The girl, smiling and waving at us, is my younger sister.
9. This machine, if operated properly, can be used for ten years.
10. His speech, in fact, won applause from the whole audience.
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