資源簡介 高考英語語法專題復(fù)習專題1 冠詞、名詞、代詞和數(shù)詞目 錄一、冠詞 3考點1 不定冠詞 3考點2 定冠詞the的用法 9考點3 不用冠詞(零冠詞)的情況 16二、名詞 18考點1 常見名詞構(gòu)詞法 18考點2 抽象名詞具體化 20考點3 名詞的數(shù) 21考點4 名詞的所有格 24三、代詞 27考點1 人稱代詞主格與賓格的用法 27考點2 名詞性和形容詞性物主代詞的用法 28考點3 反身代詞的用法 29考點4 疑問代詞 31考點5 不定代詞 32考點6 替代詞it, that,(the)one(s), those的用法辨析 38考點7 it非人稱代詞的用法 40四、數(shù)詞 44考點1 基數(shù)詞 44考點2 序數(shù)詞 45考點3 考查倍數(shù)的表達法 46考點4 與數(shù)詞相關(guān)的主謂一致原則 47五、專項練習 49六、答案解析 56一、冠詞冠詞用在名詞之前,分不定冠詞(a/an)和定冠詞(the)兩類。考點1 不定冠詞1. 表初次提及,非特指表示第一次提及某人或某物,非特指,需使用不定冠詞。The Wilsons live in an A-shaped house near the coast. It is a 17thcentury cottage.威爾遜先生一家住在海邊一個A 字形的房子里,那是一個17世紀的小屋。2. 表數(shù)量“一個”不定冠詞可以表示數(shù)量“一個”,意為one;不定冠詞用于人名前,表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事,意為a certain。—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith 您好,我可以和史密斯先生通話嗎?—Sorry, wrong number. There isn’t a Mr. Smith here.對不起,您打錯電話了。這里沒有叫史密斯的人。3. 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后或so(as, too,how)+形容詞之后不定冠詞可用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后或者用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后。This room is rather a big one. 這個房間確實很大。She is so lovely a girl that all of us like her very much.她是如此可愛的一個女孩,我們都非常喜歡她。4. 用于某些抽象名詞之前不定冠詞可用于某些抽象名詞之前,表示具體化。It would be a pity to cut down these trees. 如果把這些樹砍掉,那太可惜了。He is a great success as a scientist. 作為科學家,他是一位了不起的成功人士。具有類似用法的單詞還有pleasure, pride, honor, failure, comfort,promise, danger, reality等。5. 含有不定冠詞的常見固定短語a bit(of)有一點;相當a couple of 兩個,一對;兩三個;幾個a crowd of 一大群;很多a few 少數(shù);幾個a good few 相當多;不少a good/great many 很多;極多a great/good deal [表數(shù)量,也可修飾動詞或形容詞的比較級]很多;大量;……得多a great/good deal of [后接不可數(shù)名詞]大量的a group of 一群;一組a kind of 一種;有幾分;稍稍a lack of 缺少a large quantity of 大量a little 少量;有點a lot 非常;很;……得多a lot of 很多;許多a matter of 關(guān)乎……的事情a number of 若干;許多a pair of 一雙/對;一把/副a piece of 一張/片/塊等;一篇/首/幅等a place of interest 名勝a series of 一連串的;一系列的a variety of 種種;各種各樣的a wide range of 眾多的;范圍廣泛的all of a sudden 突然arrive at a conclusion 得出結(jié)論as a consequence 結(jié)果;因此as a consequence of 由于……的緣故as a matter of fact 事實上;其實as a result 結(jié)果;因此as a result of 作為……的結(jié)果at a loss 不知所措;虧本地at a time 一次;同時bring... to a close 結(jié)束catch a cold 感冒come to a conclusion 得出結(jié)論come to a stop 停止draw a conclusion 得出結(jié)論earn/make a living 謀生;度日for a moment 片刻;一會兒get into a panic 陷入恐慌give sb. a lift 讓某人搭便車give/lend(sb.)a hand 幫忙,拉一把go on a diet 節(jié)食have a quarrel with sb. over/about sth. 因……與某人爭吵have a word with 與……談一談have/take a look(at)看have/take a seat 坐下have a population of 擁有……人口in a... style 以……的方式/風格/式樣in a good/bad mood 心情好/不好in a minute 馬上;立刻in a sense 從某種意義上說in a way 有點兒;在某種程度上just a minute 等一下make a choice 做選擇make a difference 有影響;有重要作用make a face 做鬼臉make a fool of... 愚弄not a bit 一點兒也不not a little 相當多(=much)once in a while 偶爾;間或pay a visit to 參觀;訪問;拜訪play a joke on 戲弄;拿……開玩笑play a role in 在……中起作用play/act a part(in)(在……中)扮演角色/起作用quite/not a few 相當多;不少reach a conclusion 得出結(jié)論run/take a risk 冒險take a chance 冒險一試;碰運氣take a vacation 休假teach sb. a lesson 給某人一個教訓turn a deaf ear to 對……置若罔聞with a smile 微笑著without a stop 不停地bring an end to 結(jié)束;終止come to an end 告終;結(jié)束;完結(jié)have an argument with sb. 與某人爭論/爭吵keep an eye on 注意make an apology 道歉make an appointment with sb. 與某人約定make an effort 努力put an end to 終止;廢除set an example to sb./set sb. an example 為某人樹立榜樣take an interest in 對……感興趣6. 不定冠詞a/an使用區(qū)分(1)以元音音素開頭的單詞前面加不定冠詞時要用an,如an eraser, an apple。注意:hour, honest, honor等單詞雖以輔音字母h開頭,但其發(fā)音是以元音開頭,因此,前面的不定冠詞也用an。If a person is dishonest, no one wants to be his friend. He will soon become an outcast. By contrast, an honest man wins the respect of others. 如果一個人不誠實,沒有人愿意和他做朋友。他很快就會成為一個異類。相比之下,一個誠實的人會贏得他人的尊重。(2)以輔音讀音開頭的單詞前面加不定冠詞時要用a,如a book。注意:useful, university, usual, united, European, one-eyed, one-way等單詞雖然以元音字母開頭,但其發(fā)音以輔音開頭,故其前的不定冠詞仍要用a。Fifty years ago my grandfather was a university student of physics in a European country. 50年前我爺爺是在一個歐洲國家學習物理的一名大學生。(3)在26個英文字母中,a, e, i, o, f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x等字母的讀音是以元音音素開頭,前面應(yīng)用an,其他以輔音開頭,要用a。There is an “m” and a “u” in the word “mysterious”.在mysterious這個單詞中有一個m和一個u。考點2 定冠詞the的用法1. 表示上文已提及或雙方均已知曉指上文提到過的人或物或者雙方都知道的人或事物時用定冠詞the。相當于this(這),that(那),these(這些),those(那些)。A waiter came and waited. John caught my look and we both got up and,ignoring the waiter, made our way to the buffet.一個侍者走了過來,候在附近。約翰領(lǐng)會了我的眼神,我們兩個都站了起來,沒有理睬那個侍者,朝自助餐臺走去。2. 用于獨一無二的事物前在表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前用定冠詞the。如the earth(地球),the sky(天空),the sun(太陽),the moon(月亮),the solar system(太陽系), the universe(宇宙)等情況。Copernicus concluded that the earth goes round the sun.哥白尼斷定地球圍繞著太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。3. 用于序數(shù)詞、最高級前定冠詞the用于序數(shù)詞前或形容詞與副詞的最高級前。Tom is the last person that I want to see.湯姆是我最不想見的人。Is Shanghai the second largest city in China 上海是中國第二大城市嗎?He is the smartest boy in our class.他是我們班最聰明的男生。注意:① 序數(shù)詞前面使用不定冠詞表示“再,又”。It’s the second time I’ve read the book. I want to read it a third time.這是我第二次讀這本書。這本書我想讀第三次。② 用于“the+比較級”表示“兩者中較……的”那一個人或事物。Of the two sisters, Betty is the younger one, but she is the tallest girl in her class.這姊妹倆中,貝蒂是較小的那個,但在她班里她是最高的女生。③ 有時most 表示“非?!?,而不是最高級,此種情況下most之前不用the。He is the most famous doctor in this hospital and he is a most amazing person.他是這個醫(yī)院里最著名的醫(yī)生,同時他也是一個非常了不起的人。4. 用于“the more..., the more...”結(jié)構(gòu)用于“the+比較級,the+比較級”,表示“越……越……”。The more money you make, the more you can spend.你掙的錢越多,能花的錢也越多。The harder you work, the more progress you will get.你越努力,進步就越大。5. 定冠詞還可以用于下列幾種情況:(1)用于復(fù)數(shù)姓氏前表示某某夫婦或者一家人,通??闯蓮?fù)數(shù),如the Smiths(史密斯夫婦)。(2)用在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,表示年代,如in the 1990s(在20世紀90年代)。(3)用在表示西洋樂器的名詞之前,但球類運動前不加the,如play the violin,play football。(4)用于“動詞+人+介詞+the+人體部位”,用the,而不用物主代詞,如beat him on the shoulder(打了他肩膀一下)。(5)用于單位名詞前表示標準:即用于“單位詞”(hour, day,month, year, dozen, gallon, ton, yard等)前表示計量標準,相當于漢語的“按”“論”“每”等。但by表示“依據(jù)”講的時候后面跟抽象名詞是不用任何冠詞的,by weight,by length,by width等,不用冠詞。(6)用于“the+某些形容詞或過去分詞”中表示一類人,如the rich,the poor。(7)用于“the+police/public等集合名詞”中表示這類人的總稱。(8)用于修飾same, only, very等形容詞:即用于“the same/only/very+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中。試閱讀下面的短文,體會定冠詞the的用法:In the 1980s, the Smiths were already in their thirties and lived in a village. Their daughter liked playing the piano while their son liked playing football. Near their house there was a fair where bananas are usually sold by weight and eggs by the dozen. It was the only fair in the area. The fair was open to the public only during two open-house weekends. Both the poor and the rich went there. The old took the children in the hand tightly in case they got lost.在20世紀80年代,史密斯夫婦已經(jīng)30多歲了,他們居住在一個小山村。他們的女兒喜歡彈鋼琴,而他們的兒子喜歡踢足球。在他們的房子旁邊有個集市,通常按分量賣香蕉、論打出售雞蛋。這是該地區(qū)唯一的集市,僅在兩個周末接待日才對公眾開放。窮人和富人都會去那里。老人緊緊地抓著孩子的手以防他們走丟。6. 含有定冠詞的常見固定短語all the time 一直;始終all the year around 一年到頭at the age of 在……歲時at the same time 同時at the beginning of 在……開始時at the end of 在……結(jié)束時by the end of 在……結(jié)束前in the end 最后in the beginning 最初,起初in the daytime 在白天in the afternoon/evening/morning 在下午(晚上、早晨)the day before yesterday 前天the day after tomorrow 后天the other day 前些日子at the bottom of 在……底部at the edge of 在……邊緣at the foot of 在……腳下at/in/on the corner of 在……角上by the side of 在……旁邊in the direction of 向……方向in the distance 在遠處in the middle of 在……中間in the sky在空中in/on the street 在大街上in/on/to the east of 在……東面on the left/right 在左/右邊on the ground 在地上on the way to 在去……的路上on the other side of 在……對面at the top of one’s voice 大聲by the way 順便說一下in the darkness 在黑暗中in the form of 以……形式on/over the radio 通過收音機under the leadership of 在……的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下with the help of 在……的幫助下break the law 犯法form the habit of doing sth. 養(yǎng)成做某事的習慣join the army/league 參軍/入團keep the balance of nature 保持生態(tài)平衡listen to the radio 聽收音機make the bed 收拾床鋪make the best use of 充分利用put sb. to the trouble of doing sth. 麻煩某人做某事take the side of 支持tell the truth 說實話考點3 不用冠詞(零冠詞)的情況1. 職位、身份、頭銜名詞前表示職位、身份、頭銜的名詞前不加冠詞。He was elected chairman of the committee. 他當選為委員會主席。2. 球類、棋類名詞前表示球類、棋類等運動項目的名稱前不加冠詞。play football 踢足球play chess 下國際象棋3. 一日三餐的名詞之前在表示一日三餐的名詞前不用冠詞。have breakfast/lunch/supper 吃早飯/午飯/晚飯4. 交通方式名詞前與by或on連用表示使用某種交通方式或交通工具的名詞前不用冠詞。by bike騎自行車(=on a bike)by ship 坐船by plane 坐飛機on foot 步行5. 一些表示地點的名詞前在一些表示地點的名詞前,如bed, church, school, hospital, prison等。當人們?nèi)ミ@些地方做在這些地方原本應(yīng)該做的事時,不加冠詞。go to school 去上學go to church 去教堂祈禱in hospital 住院注意:如果在上述詞組中的名詞前面加上定冠詞the,則表示去這些場所做其他的事情。His mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take care of her.他媽媽生病住院了,他就一直在醫(yī)院里面照顧她。6. 使用定冠詞與不使用定冠詞的短語辨析固定短語中含定冠詞與不含定冠詞時含義有差別。in the front of在……(范圍內(nèi)的)前面 in front of在……(范圍外的)前面at table吃飯;進餐 at the table 在桌旁go to school開始求學;到校上課 go to the school去學校 (但不一定是上學)in charge of (=take charge of)主管,負責,看管 in the charge of在……的管理之下at sight 一看見就 at the sight of在看到…時in case of假使;如果;萬一 in the case of就……來說last week(month..)指現(xiàn)在講話時以前的那個星期(月…) the last week(month...)指相對于過去某個時間而言的上一個星期(月…)go to sea 出航;當水手 go to the sea 去海邊二、名詞名詞是表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞,有專有名詞和普通名詞之分,還有可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞之分。考點1 常見名詞構(gòu)詞法常見的構(gòu)成抽象名詞的后綴1. 由-ment構(gòu)成-ment表示行為結(jié)果或具體工具。move(移動,使運動)—movement(移動,運動)develop(發(fā)展)—development(發(fā)展)measure(測量)—measurement(測量)equip(裝備)—equipment(裝備,設(shè)備)achieve(達到,完成)—achievement(達到;成就)agree(同意;商定)—agreement(同意;協(xié)議)2. 由-tion, -ation, -sion構(gòu)成-tion, -ation, -sion等表示行為的過程。explain(解釋)—explanation(解釋)produce(生產(chǎn))—production(生產(chǎn))divide(劃分)—division(劃分)express(表示,表達)—expression(表示,表達)3. 由-ness構(gòu)成形容詞后加后綴-ness。cold(寒冷的)—coldness(寒冷)dark(黑暗的)—darkness(黑暗)useful(有用的)—usefulness(用處,實用性)exact(精確的)—exactness(精確)4. 由-ence, -ance構(gòu)成某些動詞或形容詞后面加后綴-ence或-ance可構(gòu)成相應(yīng)的抽象名詞。enter(進入)—entrance(入口處)resist(抵抗)—resistance(抵抗)depend(依靠,依賴)—dependence(依靠,依賴)different(不同的)—difference(不同,差別)absent(缺席的,不在的)—absence(缺席,不在)refer(參考)—reference(參考)important(重要的)—importance(重要性)5. 由-y, -ty, -ity構(gòu)成某些形容詞后面加-y, -ty, -ity等表示性質(zhì)狀態(tài)的后綴,構(gòu)成抽象名詞。difficult(困難的)—difficulty(困難)electric(電的)—electricity(電)safe(安全的)—safety(安全)cruel(殘酷的)—cruelty(殘酷)able(有能力的)—ability(能力)active(積極的,活躍的)—activity(活動)注意:下列動詞變名詞時變化形式較靈活,易出現(xiàn)拼寫錯誤,需加以注意。succeed—success 成功pronounce—pronunciation 發(fā)音explain—explanation 解釋decide—decision 決定enter—entrance 進入permit—permission 允許refuse—refusal 拒絕consider—consideration 考慮discover—discovery 發(fā)現(xiàn)bury—burial 埋葬conclude推斷—conclusion 結(jié)論arrive—arrival 到達weigh重—weight 重量考點2 抽象名詞具體化抽象名詞一般為不可數(shù)名詞,但當抽象名詞表示具體的東西時,可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化,這種語言現(xiàn)象叫抽象名詞的具體化。He had had six failures and would have a seventh try.他已經(jīng)歷六次失敗,并將進行第七次嘗試。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.懂英語對于做國際貿(mào)易來說是必不可少的。She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. 她為自己做錯了事向媽媽道歉。考點3 名詞的數(shù)1. 可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化(1)一般直接在詞尾加-s:清輔音后讀/s/。map—maps濁輔音和元音后讀/z/。bag—bags car—cars(2)以s, sh, ch, x等結(jié)尾的詞加-es,讀/iz/。bus—buses;watch—watches注意: stomach—stomachs(3)以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞或以元音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時,直接加-s。two Marys; the Henrys; monkey—monkeys; holiday—holidays(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時:若詞尾字母o的前面是輔音字母,變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時,有一些加-es。如:hero—heroes potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes助記:Heroes eat potatoes and tomatoes.(英雄吃馬鈴薯和西紅柿,簡稱“英雄吃二菜”)。注意:還有一些加-s。photo—photos piano—pianos radio—radios zoo—zoos助記:照綱(鋼)收租(zoo),只加-s。(5)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時,有的加-s, 有的變f或fe為v再加-es:① 只加-s的情況。chief—chiefs belief—beliefs roof—roofscliff—cliffs safe—safes gulf—gulfs助記:“長官”“信仰”“房頂”和“懸崖”是“安全”的“港灣”。② 變f或fe為v再加-es的情況。wife—wives half—halves knife—knives wolf—wolvesleaf—leaves life—lives thief—thieves助記:“妻子”用“半”把“刀”阻止“狼”成為偷盜“樹葉”“生命”的“小偷”。2. 可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化(1)child—children foot—feet tooth—teethmouse—mice man—men woman—women注意:由一個詞加man或woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。注意,German不是合成詞,故其復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans。(2)單復(fù)數(shù)同形,如deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese等。(3)以-s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞。① maths, politics, physics等學科名詞,一般是不可數(shù)名詞,為單數(shù)。② news為不可數(shù)名詞。③ 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名、劇名、報紙、雜志名,也可視為單數(shù)。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事書。④ 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,如glasses, trousers, clothes等,若表達具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量名詞pair(對,雙)和suit(套)等。如a pair of glasses, two pairs of trousers。另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時可表示特別含義,如goods(貨物), waters(水域),fishes(各種魚)。3. 不可數(shù)名詞比較常見的不可數(shù)名詞有:advice, news, information, progress, work,fun, weather, music, health, luck等。注意:① hair指一個人頭上的全部頭發(fā)時,是不可數(shù)名詞;但如果指每一根毛發(fā)時,就是可數(shù)的,可以說one hair(一根頭發(fā)),two hairs(兩根頭發(fā)等)。② 可以說drink beer(啤酒),drink coffee(咖啡),drink gin(杜松子酒),但在要酒水的時候應(yīng)說a(glass of)beer(一杯啤酒),a gin(一杯杜松子酒),two gins(兩杯杜松子酒)等。③ experience指“經(jīng)歷”時是可數(shù)名詞。He had an exciting experience/some exciting experiences last week.上星期他有一次/一些激動人心的經(jīng)歷。④ work意為“職業(yè),就業(yè),工作”時是不可數(shù)名詞。如:He is looking for work/for a job. 他在求職/找一份工作。works(只有復(fù)數(shù)形式)可以表示“工廠”。此外,works(通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式)還可指文學或音樂作品:Shakespeare’s complete works莎士比亞全集考點4 名詞的所有格在英語中,名詞的所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,它分-’s所有格和of所有格兩種形式。一般來說,’s所有格多用于有生命的東西,而of所有格往往用于無生命的東西。Tom’s best friend is Mary. 湯姆最好的朋友是瑪麗。(Tom’s 是所有格)The title of the book is interesting. 這本書的書名很有趣。(of the book是所有格)1. -’s所有格的構(gòu)成方法一般情況(包括單數(shù)名詞和不帶詞尾-s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞)加-’s:children’s books 兒童圖書today’s paper今天的報紙帶詞尾-s的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加省字撇(’):girls’ school 女子學校the Smiths’ car 史密斯家的小汽車注意:① 帶詞尾-s的單數(shù)名詞,通常仍加-’s:the boss’s plan 老板的計劃the hostess’s worry 女主人的擔心② 帶詞尾-s的人名,可加’s 或只加省字撇(’):Dickens’ novels 狄更斯的小說Charles’s job 查爾斯的工作③ 用and連接的并列名詞的所有格要分兩種情況,即表示各自的所有關(guān)系時,要分別在并列名詞后加-’s,表示共同的所有關(guān)系時,只在最后一個名詞后加-’s。Tom’s and Jim’s rooms 湯姆和吉姆(各自)的房間Tom and Jim’s room 湯姆和吉姆(共同)的房間2. of+名詞構(gòu)成的所有關(guān)系of所有格多用于無生命的東西,如:the cover of the book(這本書的封面)。但也有許多例外,如:the housing problem of the poor 窮人的住房問題the skills of the workers who have been well trained 訓練有素的工人的技能注意:有些表示時間、距離等無生命的名詞和表示世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等的名詞,也可以在詞尾加’s或撇(’),變成相應(yīng)的所有格。five minutes’ walk 五分鐘的路程today’s newspaper 今天的報紙3. 雙重所有格雙重所有格是指將-’s所有格與of所有格結(jié)合起來一起使用,即“of+名詞’s”的形式,表示整體中的一個或部分。用于修飾of前面的名詞,但此時of前面的名詞一定要有一個a(an), two, any, some, several,no, few, another或this, that, these, those之類的修飾語(這個修飾語一般不能是one和the)。Two classmates of my sister’s will come to join us. 我姐姐的兩個同學會加入我們。雙重所有格也可由“of+名詞性物主代詞”構(gòu)成。如:a friend of mine我的一位朋友。三、代詞代詞是代替名詞的詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞,按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、反身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞九種。考點1 人稱代詞主格與賓格的用法人稱代詞有主格和賓格之分,主格代詞在句中一般用作主語、表語等,賓格代詞在句中用作動詞的賓語和介詞的賓語。If you keep a pet, you need to spend some time taking care of it. 如果你養(yǎng)寵物,你需要花費一些時間照料它。(兩個you分別作主語,為主格;it指代前半句中的pet,作賓語,為賓格)注意:① we, you, they有時可用來泛指“人們”。They say prices are going to rise again. 據(jù)說,物價又要上漲了。② she可以用來代指國家、船只、大地、月亮等。China will always do what she has promised to do. 中國從來都是說話算話的。The Titanic was on her first voyage when she sank.泰坦尼克號巨輪是在首航途中沉沒的。③ 注意人稱代詞并列時的順序:You and I are good friends. 你和我是好朋友。(出于禮貌)Tom and I left home early this morning.湯姆和我今天一大早就離開了家。(出于禮貌)You and he must be there at seven o’clock.你和他必須7點鐘到達那里。(you較近,he較遠)You, he and I will be put in the same class.你、我、他將被分在同一個班。(注意漢英兩種語言的不同表達順序)考點2 名詞性和形容詞性物主代詞的用法物主代詞是表示所有關(guān)系的代詞,可以分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。形容詞性物主代詞不可單獨使用,必須放在名詞前作定語。My name is John Green. 我叫約翰·格林。They wash their hair every day. 他們每天都洗頭發(fā)。名詞性物主代詞可以獨立使用,相當于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”,可單獨作主語、賓語和表語。These are his books. Yours are over there. 這些是他的書。你的在那里。(用作主語)I forgot to bring my dictionary. Could I use yours 我忘了帶詞典,我可以用一下你的嗎?(用作賓語)Whose book is this —It’s hers. 這是誰的書?——是她的。(用作表語)考點3 反身代詞的用法反身代詞是一種表示反射或強調(diào)的代詞,表示“我(們)自己”“你(們)自己”“他/她/它(們)自己”。第一、二人稱的反身代詞是由形容詞性物主代詞加-self或-selves構(gòu)成,第三人稱的反身代詞由人稱代詞的賓格加-self或-selves構(gòu)成。反身代詞常用作賓語、表語和同位語。1. 作賓語有些動詞常與反身代詞連用,如bathe, amuse, blame, feed, dress, cut,enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。Little Albert is only four, but he can feed himself, wash himself and dress himself.小艾伯特剛四歲,但他能夠自己吃飯、洗臉和穿衣了。常用的由反身代詞構(gòu)成的表達:dress oneself 自己穿衣devote oneself to 致力于enjoy oneself 過得快樂help oneself to 隨便吃、隨便用hide oneself 把自己藏起來say to oneself 心里想seat oneself 坐下talk/speak to oneself 自言自語teach oneself 自學2. 作表語反身代詞可以用作表語。The boy in the picture is myself, not anyone else.照片上的男孩不是別人正是我自己。I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。3. 作同位語反身代詞可以用來加強名詞或代詞的語氣,強調(diào)“自己;親自;本人”等意思,通常跟在名詞、代詞之后,但也可位于句尾,此時的反身代詞應(yīng)重讀。I’m afraid I can’t help you. You’ll have to do it yourself.我恐怕不能幫你,你得自己做。(作主語You的同位語)You should ask the students themselves.你應(yīng)該問學生們自己。(作賓語students的同位語)此外,反身代詞還常和for, of, in, by等介詞搭配,構(gòu)成固定短語:for oneself 親自of oneself 自動地in oneself 本身固有by oneself 獨自考點4 疑問代詞疑問代詞有who(誰,主格),whom(誰,賓格),whose(誰的,所有格),what(什么)和which(哪個,哪些)等。疑問代詞一般都放在句首,并在句中作為某一句子成分。Who is going to speak to us tomorrow 明天誰來跟我們講話?(who作主語)Whom are you talking about 你們在說誰?(whom作賓語,但在句首時口語中常用who代替whom)Whose umbrella is this 這是誰的傘?(whose作定語)What did he say 他說什么?(what作賓語)Which is yours, the blue pen or the red one 藍筆和紅筆,哪一支是你的?(which作主語)疑問代詞可用于名詞性從句中,用在名詞性從句中時,原倒裝的語序需改為陳述句語序。Do you know what he has said 你知道他說了什么嗎?(疑問代詞what引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句,而它本身又在從句中作賓語)Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided.誰將負責這項工作現(xiàn)在還沒定。(疑問代詞who引導(dǎo)一個主語從句,它本身又在從句中用作主語)考點5 不定代詞1. both, either和neitherboth意為“(兩者)都”,either意為“(兩者中)任意一個”,neither意為“(兩者)都不”。若要指三者或三者以上,則用all表示“(三者)都”,用any表示“(三者中)任何一個”,用none表示“(三者)都不”等。比較:He has two sons, both of whom are clever. 他有兩個兒子,都很聰明。He has three sons, all of whom are clever. 他有三個兒子,都很聰明。He has two sons, either of whom is clever. 他有兩個兒子,哪個都很聰明。He has three sons, any of whom is clever. 他有三個兒子,哪個都很聰明。He has two sons, neither of whom is clever. 他有兩個兒子,兩個都不聰明。He has three sons, none of whom are clever. 他有三個兒子,個個都不聰明。2. each和everyeach可用作代詞、形容詞和副詞,every是形容詞,僅具有形容詞功能。(1)each指兩個或兩個以上的人或事物中的“每個”,強調(diào)one byone的含義;every是指三個以上的人或事物的“全體”,和all的意思相近。He gave a book to each of his parents. 他給他父母各送了一本書。Every worker was there and each did his own work.每個工人都在那兒,各人做各人的工作。(2)each作形容詞時,修飾單數(shù)名詞,接動詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式;作代詞時,單獨使用,接動詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式;放在復(fù)數(shù)名詞和代詞后作同位語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。若each of them作主語,謂語動詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Each man carries his own bag.(修飾單數(shù)名詞)各人背自己的包。We each have our own office.(作we的同位語)我們各有各的辦公室。Each carries his own bag.(代詞)各人背自己的包。Each of them are/is here.(代詞)他們每個人都在這兒。(3)every與not連用,表示部分否定;each作代詞時一般不與否定句連用,在否定句中多用neither, none, no等來代替。Every man is not honest. 并非每個人都誠實。(4)each的前面不可以使用almost, nearly, not等詞匯,但every之前可以采用。注意,each of不可以用于否定句中,需使用none of來表達。Almost every window was broken.幾乎每一扇窗戶都是破的。(不可用almost each)Not every child enjoyed the party.并非每一個孩子都喜歡這個派對。(不可用not each)None of the answers were correct.所有答案都是不正確的。(不可用each of... not...)注意:① every總是修飾單數(shù)名詞,其后接動詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式。Every child in the class passed the examination. 班上所有的孩子都通過了這次考試。② 代表each和every的物主代詞可以用his,也可以用their。Each carried their/his own bag. 各人背他們/他自己的包。3. some和anysome多用于肯定句,any多用于否定句、疑問句或條件句。在表示請求、建議、反問或是希望得到肯定回答的疑問句中,常用some而不用any。另外,some可與數(shù)詞連用,表示“大約”的意思。Would you mind buying me some candies on your way home 你能在回家的路上,幫我買些糖果嗎?Will you give me some paper 給我一點紙好嗎?She gained some 25 pounds in weight during pregnancy.懷孕期間她體重增加了大約25磅。4. few, a few, little, a little(1)few / a few用來修飾可數(shù)名詞。few表示否定意義,意為“沒有,幾乎沒有”;a few表示肯定意義,意為“有幾個”。例如:He has few friends here, so he feels lonely. 他在這里沒什么朋友,因此感到寂寞。There are a few eggs in the basket. 籃子里有幾個雞蛋。(2)little / a little用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞,little表示否定意義,意為“沒有,幾乎沒有”;a little 表示肯定意義,意為“有一點兒”,例如:There is little ink in my bottle. Can you give me a little ink 我的瓶子里幾乎沒有墨水了,你能給我點兒墨水嗎?5. another, the other, others(1)another或“another+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”泛指“另一個,再一個”,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是others或“other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,泛指“別的人(或事物)”。常見的搭配有“one... another...”,“some... others...”。This glass is broken. Give me another, please. 這個杯子破了,請給我另拿一個。There are many people in the park. Some are walking, some are jogging,and others are dancing. 公園里有許多人,一些在散步,一些在慢跑,還有一些在跳舞。(2)the other(+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)特指兩者中的另一個,常有“one... the other...”的搭配;其復(fù)數(shù)形式the others或“the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”特指在某些人或物中,除去一部分之后“其余的,剩下的”人或物。He has a book in one hand, and a pen in the other.他一只手拿著一本書,另一只手拿著一支鋼筆。Of the four boys, one is in Grade One, the others are in Grade Two.在這四個男生中,一個是一年級的,其余的是二年級的。(3)another還可以用于“another+基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”中,如another three cups(再來三杯)。與other和another相關(guān)的習慣用語:other than(除……之外)each other=one another(相互)one after another(一個接一個)6. 復(fù)合不定代詞由some, any, no, every加上-body, -one, -thing構(gòu)成的不定代詞,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞。常見的復(fù)合不定代詞有:somebody 某人someone 某人something 某物,某事anybody 任何人anyone 任何人nobody 無一人everybody 每個人everyone 每個人everything 每件事物;一切nothing 無一物復(fù)合不定代詞相當于名詞,在句中可以作主語、賓語和表語,而不能作定語。Everything goes as planned. 一切都按計劃進行。(作主語)I don’t have anything to say. 我沒什么要說的。(作賓語)Money is not everything. 金錢不是萬能的。(作表語)注意:復(fù)合不定代詞被定語所修飾時,定語必須放在它們的后面。There is nothing wrong with the machine.這臺機器沒有什么問題。考點6 替代詞it, that,(the)one(s), those的用法辨析1. 替代詞it, one, that辨析it/one/that三者均可用作代詞,指代前面提到的名詞。一般說來,it指代的是上文提到的同一物品,簡單來說,就是指代同名同物;one與that則指代同名異物。I have lost my umbrella; I’m looking for it.我的傘丟了,我正在找它。(該句中it指前面提到的my umbrella)I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one. 我的傘丟了,我想我必須買一把了。(one在該句中表泛指,因為my umbrella已經(jīng)丟了)The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought. 你買的傘要比我買的那把便宜。(替代詞that在該句中特指the umbrella I bought,以區(qū)別the umbrella you bought)2. one與ones的區(qū)別one=a/an+上文出現(xiàn)的名詞,復(fù)數(shù)用ones,主格和賓格相同。There are many schoolbags. I want to buy one.有很多書包,我想買一個。(= I want to buy a schoolbag.)The only jokes I tell are the ones that I hear from my friends.我講的笑話都是我從朋友那里聽來的。(the ones相當于the jokes)3. that與the+名詞that=the+上文出現(xiàn)的名詞,包括可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞時用those。The weather in Nanjing is hotter than that in Beijing. 南京的天氣要比北京的熱。(that=the weather,但并非指上文的天氣,而是另外一個天氣)注意:① 替代單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時用one和that均可,一般泛指用one(相當于a/an+名詞);特指時用that(相當于the+名詞)。I don’t have a computer, and I’ve decided to buy one.我沒有電腦,我決定買一臺。(表泛指,one=a computer)The computer is different from that we are using. 這臺電腦和我們正用的那臺不一樣。(表特指,其中that也可表示為the one,含義相當于the computer)② 后跟of短語時,一般只能用that(those)。The light of the sun is much brighter than that of the moon.太陽的光線要比月亮上的光線強烈得多。③ 代替特指的可數(shù)名詞時,若無前置定語,that或the one可以互相換用。This film is more interesting than that(the one)we saw last night.這部電影比我們昨天晚上看的那部有趣得多。考點7 it非人稱代詞的用法1. it表示時間、距離、價值、天氣、氣候及溫度等it 作非人稱代詞時,主要用于指時間、距離、價值、天氣、氣候及溫度等。It’s too late to go there now. 現(xiàn)在去那兒已經(jīng)太遲了。It rained all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。It can get very hot here. 這里有時會很熱。2. it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句型it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)為:It+be+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他。此類強調(diào)句由普通句子轉(zhuǎn)換而來,用來強調(diào)句子的主語、賓語或狀語等。Karl bought Mary a bicycle on her birthday.卡爾在瑪麗生日那天給她買了一輛自行車。It was Karl that/who bought Mary a bicycle on her birthday.是卡爾在瑪麗的生日那天給她買了一輛自行車。(強調(diào)主語)It was a bicycle that Karl bought Mary on her birthday.卡爾在瑪麗生日那天給她買的是一輛自行車。(強調(diào)直接賓語)注意:not... until...句型也可用于強調(diào)句型,其結(jié)構(gòu)為:It is not until+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他,表示“直到……才……”。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a film star.=I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.=Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a film star.直到她摘下墨鏡,我才意識到她是一位電影演員。3. it用作形式主語當不定式、動名詞、從句等復(fù)雜成分用作句子主語時,為保持句子平衡,通常把真正的主語放在句末,而在句首使用形式主語it。(1)It+be+adj.+for/of sb. to do sth. 意為“某人做某事……”,在該結(jié)構(gòu)中,當形容詞側(cè)重描述某人的品質(zhì)、特征時,需使用of,當側(cè)重動作本身時則需用for。It’s very kind of you to help me with my English.你幫助我學習英語,真是太好了。It’s very hard for me to answer such a complicated question.回答這樣一個復(fù)雜的問題對于我來說太難了。(2)It takes sb.+時間段+to do sth. 意為“某人做某事花了……時間”。It took me two months to finish writing this book.我花了兩個月的時間寫完了這本書。(3)It is said/reported/learned that...意為“據(jù)說/據(jù)報道/據(jù)悉……”。It is reported that a female worker in the gas station put out the fire.據(jù)報道,加油站的一位女工撲滅了這起火災(zāi)。(4)It is suggested/ordered that...意為“據(jù)建議/有命令……”,主句中的過去分詞是表示請求、建議、命令等詞時,that后的從句要用虛擬語氣,謂語部分采用“should+動詞原形”的形式,其中should可以省略。It is suggested that some measures(should)be taken to protect the special plant.有人建議采取一些措施來保護這種特殊植物。4. it作形式賓語當不定式、動名詞、從句等復(fù)雜成分用作賓語且其后跟有賓語補足語時,通常會使用形式賓語it代替,而將真正的賓語移至句末,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“動詞+it+賓語補足語+不定式(動名詞或從句)”。常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel, take等。I find it hard to translate this Chinese sentence into English.我發(fā)覺把這句漢語翻譯成英文很難。注意:某些表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”的動詞,如like, enjoy, love, hate等,往往不能直接跟賓語從句,需使用it作形式賓語。I don’t like it that he’s so lazy.我不喜歡他那么懶惰。5. it用于表示時間的固定句型(1)It’s time for sth. 意為“該做某事了”。It’s time for class. 該上課了。(2)It’s time to do sth. 意為“該做某事的時候了”。It’s time to have lunch. 到吃午餐的時間了。(3)It’s time for sb. to do sth. 意為“某人該做某事了”。It’s time for us to go home. 我們該回家了。(4)It’s(about/high)time+that從句,意為“某人該做某事了”,從句謂語動詞需用過去式,有時也用“should+動詞原形”的形式,其中should不可省略。It’s high time you started thinking about saving for your old age.你早就該開始考慮存錢以養(yǎng)老了。(5)It’s the first(second)time+that從句,意為“某人第一/二次做某事”,從句謂語動詞需用現(xiàn)在完成時。It’s the first time that the boy has spoken to a foreigner.這是這個小男孩第一次和外國人說話。(6)It’s+時間段+since從句,意為“自從……有一段時間了”。How time flies! It’s three months since I saw you last time.光陰似箭!距離我們上次見面已經(jīng)三個月了。(7)It’s+時間段+before從句,意為“過多長的時間才……”。It was several minutes before we realised what was happening.過了幾分鐘之后,我們才意識到發(fā)生了什么。四、數(shù)詞考點1 基數(shù)詞1. 基數(shù)詞的基本用法用作基數(shù)詞單位的hundred, thousand, million, billion 通常不帶復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s,但若用于表示數(shù)百、數(shù)千、數(shù)百萬這樣的泛指,則用復(fù)數(shù)。About two thousand people died in the earthquake.大約有兩千人在地震中喪生。Thousands of people go to the seaside every year.每年成千上萬的人到海濱去。2. 表示整十的基數(shù)詞的用法表示整十的基數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示人的大概歲數(shù)或某個年代。He is in his early twenties.他的年紀在二十出頭。This story took place in the 1930s.故事發(fā)生在20世紀30年代。考點2 序數(shù)詞1. 序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成大多數(shù)的序數(shù)詞是由基數(shù)詞加-th構(gòu)成,如:seven—seventh, ten—tenth以-t結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞只在詞尾加-h,如:eight—eighth以-ve結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞改-ve為f再加-th,如:five—fifth, twelve—twelfth以-y結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞改-y為-ie再加-th,如:twenty—twentieth, thirty—thirtieth幾十幾的序數(shù)詞只在個位數(shù)體現(xiàn),如:twenty-one—twenty-first,thirty-three—thirty-third特殊的序數(shù)詞:one—first, two—second, three—third, nine—ninth2. 不定冠詞a與序數(shù)詞連用序數(shù)詞前加冠詞a表示“再一次”。例如:Can I try a second time 我可以再試一次嗎?3. 序數(shù)詞用于分數(shù)中描述分數(shù)時,分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞,分子大于1時,分母加s。例如:1/5:one fifth2/3:two thirds考點3 考查倍數(shù)的表達法英語中表達倍數(shù)常用下列句型:A is three/four... times the size/height/length/width... of B.A is three/four... times as big/high/long/wide... as B.A is three/four... times bigger/higher/longer/wider... than B.... times+more+名詞+than...... times+as many(或much)+名詞+as...... times+what從句用times表示倍數(shù)時,一般只限于三倍或三倍以上的倍數(shù),表示兩倍常用twice或double。The box is one-third bigger than that one. 這個盒子比那個盒子大三分之一。This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library.這本詞典的厚度是你從圖書館借的那本(厚度)的5倍。This river is three times the depth of that one.這條河是那條河的3倍深。He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago.他現(xiàn)在掙的錢比十年前掙的多5倍。He has got three times as many books as his sister.他所擁有的書的數(shù)量是他妹妹的3倍。The price of the meat is twice what it was last year.肉價是去年的兩倍。考點4 與數(shù)詞相關(guān)的主謂一致原則1. 表示時間、路程、金錢或重量等復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)量名詞的主謂一致當名詞詞組中心詞為表示時間、路程、金錢或重量等復(fù)數(shù)名詞時,往往根據(jù)意義一致的原則,把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看作一個整體,謂語采用單數(shù)形式。Twenty dollars is not enough.二十美元是不夠的。Two months has passed before we realized that.過了兩個月我們才意識到那一點。但是如果數(shù)詞(大于1)單獨使用來表示人或物,謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.在那起事故中,三人喪生,十人失蹤。2. 分數(shù)、百分數(shù)中的主謂一致如果句子主語是“分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+of+名詞或代詞”的形式,謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of介詞短語中的名詞或代詞的數(shù):如果of介詞短語中的名詞或代詞為單數(shù)含義或為不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;如果of介詞短語中名詞或代詞為復(fù)數(shù)含義,謂語動詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.地表的三分之二被水覆蓋。Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.在場的人中有三分之二反對這項計劃。3. “many a/more than one+單數(shù)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的主謂一致如果主語是“many a/more than one+單數(shù)名詞”的形式,盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù),但謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。Many a student in this class has expected a long break.班級里的很多學生都期待能多休息一會兒。五、專項練習I. 單句改錯。(僅限1處)1. It is said the early European playing-cards were designed for entertainment and education.2. There are about three hundreds people in the park on National Day.3. This tree is three times as taller as that one.4. What a nice weather it is today!5. In fact this is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.6. I often see pens here and there in the room, but I can never find it when I want to write.7. There are more than fifty students in his class, but only few of them like music.8. Did you have any difficulties in working out the math problem 9. At a moment she is on holiday, but she’ll be back tomorrow.10. In England as early as the twelve century, young people enjoyed playing football.II. 在空白處填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。11. The police gained a great deal of useful ______(inform)about the organization.12. I wasn’t interested in novels, so I didn’t get much ______(enjoy)out of that novel.13. The railway station is at a ______(distant)of two miles from our school.14. The ______(interview)can get a chance to show his confidence,working ability and educational background.15. I would appreciate ______ if you can help me to solve the technical problem.16. In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ______ in the UK.17. Spain is ______ European country.18. It was in 1956 ______ Susanna started the work on the garden.19. This e-dictionary doesn’t belong to ______(I).20. My parents are in ______(agree)on what color to paint the house.21. Every possible means ______(use)to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.22. I have finished a large part of the novel written by Dickens, the rest of which ______ very difficult.23. —How about ______ talent show yesterday —I should say it was ______ great success.24. It is not rare in the1980s that people in their ______(fifty)are going to university for further education.25. It took thousands of people many years ______(build)the Great Wall.26. I knew that ______ would ever discourage him; he would never give up wanting to be a director.27. When righting, pay close attention to the ______(nine)or end paragraph in the translation.28. This bridge is three times the ______(long)of that one.29. You may drop in or just give me a call. ______ will do.30. We should make every effort to prevent violence happening at school, for more and more students would drop out of school if their personal ______(safe)could not be guaranteed.Ⅲ. 單項選擇。31. Many people in the west make ______ a rule to buy Chinese presents for their relatives and friends.A. thisB. itC. thatD. them32. ______ of the land in that district ______ covered with trees and grass.A. two fifth; isB. Two fifth; areC. Two fifths; isD. Two fifths; are33. —Bring me ______, please.—How would you like it, black or white A. coffeeB. a coffeeC. the coffeeD. coffees34. I know you don’t like ______ music very much. But what do you think of ______ music in the film we saw yesterday A. /; /B. the; theC. the; /D. /; the35. Tom made the same mistake for ______ second time, dropping ______ “n” in the word “government”.A. a; /B. a; aC. the; /D. a; an36. Miss Liu is in ______ charge of our class and Class Two is in ______ charge of Mr. Wang.A. a; /B. the; /C. /; theD. a; the37. The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which ______ saved for other purposes.A. isB. areC. wasD. were38. A poet and artist ______ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.A. isB. areC. wasD. were39. We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have ______ one this month.A. the otherB. someC. anotherD. other40. It is reported that the single country uses ______ energy as the whole of Europe.A. as three timesB. three times muchC. three times much asD. three times as muchIV. 閱讀下列短文,在空白處填寫1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。“Line” is a simple, four-letter word, but it has many 41 (mean),making a simple word complex.Let’s say a friend of 42 (you), Simone, is an accountant. She has a good job and is in line for 43 promotion at work. Simone doesn’t make much money. So, you hope she gets the high-level, better paying position.But, Simone doesn’t feel the same way. She has dreams of becoming a professional singer. She takes voice lessons every night and joins a singing group on the weekends. These 44 (activity)change her lifestyle. She stays out late at night and comes in late to work. And she often sings at her desk! This 45 (behave)puts the likelihood of her promotion on the line.Something “on the line” is at a critical point or is at risk. Sometimes when using this 46 (express), a person says simply there is a lot on the line or too much on the line, meaning that much can be lost. In fact, things get worse. She often leaves town for weeks at a time, touring around the country with her singing group. Now, her job is really on the line.You walk the line between warning her about landing on the unemployment line and respecting her privacy. “Walk the line” has two meanings. 47 is to hold a position, usually on middle ground, between two very different 48 (choose). The other meaning of walk the line is the one Johnny Cash sings about. In his song, he sings about behaving well with the love of his life.“I find 49 very, very easy to be true. I find 50 (I)alone when each day is through. Yes, I’ll admit that I’m a fool for you. Because you’re mine, I walk the line.”六、答案解析I.1. said后面加that 考查it為形式主語的主語從句。句意:據(jù)說,早期歐洲的紙牌是為娛樂和教育設(shè)計的。此處應(yīng)采用It is said that...這一固定句型。相當于People say that the early European playing-cards were designed for entertainment and education.2. hundreds改為hundred 考查數(shù)詞用法。hundred前面有具體數(shù)字three,因而需用單數(shù)形式;hundreds of是一個概數(shù),表示“數(shù)以百計的”。3. taller改為tall 考查倍數(shù)表示法。句意:這棵樹的高度是那棵樹的三倍。表示“……是……倍”,由“倍數(shù)+as+形容詞原形+as”結(jié)構(gòu)組成。4. 去掉a 考查冠詞的用法。weather是不可數(shù)名詞。5. this改為it 考查代詞。it可用在句中作形式主語。this不能作形式主語。6. it改為one 考查代詞。it指代前文提到過的具體的物品,為同一物;one表示泛指,指代前文提到過的物品中的任意的一個。7. few改為a few 考查不定代詞。根據(jù)句中的only一詞可以判斷,該句意在表示“喜歡音樂的學生只有幾個”,因而應(yīng)采用a few,表示肯定含義。8. difficulties改為difficulty 考查不定代詞。在表示“做某事有……困難”的句型have/has... difficulty(in)doing sth.中,difficulty為不可數(shù)名詞。9. a改為the 考查冠詞。at the moment意為“眼下,目前”,為固定短語。10. twelve改為twelfth 考查數(shù)詞。表示第幾用“the+序數(shù)詞+名詞”或“名詞+基數(shù)詞”表示。II.11. information 考查構(gòu)詞法。句意:警方得到了大量與該組織相關(guān)的有用信息。根據(jù)空前a great deal of useful判斷空格處應(yīng)填入名詞。a great deal of修飾不可數(shù)名詞。inform為動詞,意為“通知;使活躍,使充滿”,其名詞形式為information,為不可數(shù)名詞。12. enjoyment 考查構(gòu)詞法。句意:我對小說不感興趣,所以我并沒有從那本小說里得到多少樂趣。根據(jù)空前much可知此處空格需要填入不可數(shù)名詞。enjoy為動詞,其名詞形式為enjoyment,意為“樂趣;令人愉快的事”。13. distance 考查構(gòu)詞法。句意:火車站離我們學校兩英里路程。根據(jù)空前的冠詞判斷此處需要名詞,括號中給出的distant為形容詞,意為“遙遠的”,其名詞形式為distance,意為“距離”。【拓展】一些以-t 結(jié)尾的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞時,應(yīng)把-t 改為-ce。此類名詞往往是不可數(shù)名詞。例如:different—difference, silent—silence,confident—confidence,important—importance, absent—absence, brilliant—brilliance, intelligent—intelligence等。14. interviewee 考查構(gòu)詞法。句意:應(yīng)聘者會得到一個機會來展現(xiàn)其信心、工作能力和教育背景。根據(jù)空格前the 判斷此處需填入名詞。interview既可作動詞表示“采訪;面試”,又可作名詞表示“面試”,而此處應(yīng)該是“被面試者,被接見者”,因此應(yīng)填入interviewee。注意表示“……者”,一般都是以-er結(jié)尾,而表示“被……者”常以-ee結(jié)尾,例如:interviewer(面試者,面試官)—interviewee(被面試者,被接見者);employer(雇主,老板)—employee(員工,受雇者)。15. it 考查形式賓語。句意:要是你能幫我解決這個技術(shù)問題,我將非常感激。it可用作形式賓語,指代if you can help me to solve the technical problem。16. that 考查代詞。句意:在很多方面,美國的教育體制和英國的教育體制沒有多大區(qū)別。that指代the education system。代詞that可用來代替前面提到的單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,但這一名詞在第一次出現(xiàn)時須有后置定語,以區(qū)別于第二次所指之物,當前面提到的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,則后面要用those代替。17. a 考查冠詞。句意:西班牙是一個歐洲國家。此處表示數(shù)量“一個”,且European的音標第一個音是[j],為輔音,故用a。18. that 考查強調(diào)句型(it is... who/that...)。句意:蘇珊娜是從1956年開始修建這個花園的。此處強調(diào)時間狀語,故連接詞應(yīng)用that。19. me 考查代詞。句意:這本電子詞典不屬于我。belong to 中的to為介詞,因此后面的代詞應(yīng)使用賓格形式。20. agreement 考查構(gòu)詞法。句意:我父母親對于房子刷成什么顏色意見一致。此處需用agree的名詞形式agreement,in agreement 意為“意見一致”。21. has been used 考查主謂一致和時態(tài)語態(tài)。句意:每一種可能的方法都已經(jīng)被用來預(yù)防空氣污染了,但是天空仍然不明凈。本題主語中的名詞means是一個單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞,要在具體語境中判斷是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。本句中的形容詞every后面通常要接單數(shù)名詞,根據(jù)句意可知,這是已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故使用現(xiàn)在完成時。22. is 考查主謂一致和時態(tài)。句意:我已經(jīng)看完了狄更斯寫的這部小說的大部分內(nèi)容,其余的很難。定語從句中的主語是the rest of which,主語是“the rest of+名詞”的時候,謂語取決于其中的名詞,這里which指的是the novel,所以謂語是單數(shù),而且“這部分很難”是敘述現(xiàn)在的情況,需用一般現(xiàn)在時。23. the; a 考查冠詞。第一個空格指說話雙方都知道的才藝表演,需使用定冠詞the;第二個空格所在句中success前面加了形容詞great,表示“一次巨大成功”,因此屬于抽象名詞具體化的情況,故應(yīng)用不定冠詞a。24. fifties 考查數(shù)詞。句意:在20世紀80年代,50多歲的人上大學深造并不罕見。此處為“in one’s fifties”的結(jié)構(gòu),意為“在某人50多歲的時候”。25. to build 考查形式主語。句意:數(shù)以千計的人用了很多年時間修建了長城。此處為It takes sb. some time to do sth.的句型,其中it為形式主語,后面的動詞不定式為真實主語。26. nothing 考查不定代詞。句意:我知道沒有什么能夠阻止他;他決不會放棄做一名導(dǎo)演的念頭。根據(jù)后面提到的never give up可知前面相應(yīng)地也要用否定性的不定代詞nothing。27. nineth 考查序數(shù)詞。句意:改稿時請?zhí)貏e注意譯文的第九段,即最后一段。 根據(jù)空前the可以判斷此處為序數(shù)詞。28. length 考查構(gòu)詞法。句意:這座橋是那座橋的三倍長。根據(jù)空前的the判斷此處需使用名詞。這里為倍數(shù)表達方式之一:“倍數(shù)+the size/length/weight...+of+比較對象”,形容詞long對應(yīng)的名詞為length。29. Either 考查不定代詞。句意:你可以來訪也可以給我打電話,哪個都行。either用作代詞,意為“(兩者之中)任一,任何一個”。根據(jù)所提供的情景You may drop in or just give me a call.可判斷,這里只有兩種可能性,其中的任何一種都是可以的。30. safety 考查構(gòu)詞法。句意:我們應(yīng)該盡一切努力防止校園暴力的發(fā)生,因為如果學生的個人安全沒有保障,越來越多的學生會輟學。根據(jù)their personal判斷后面需用名詞。Ⅲ.31. B 考查代詞。句意:許多西方人把給親戚朋友買中國禮物當成了一個慣例。此處it作形式賓語,真實賓語為后面的動詞不定式,其中a rule是名詞充當賓語補足語。32. C 考查分數(shù)表達和主謂一致。句意:那個區(qū)五分之二的地方覆蓋著樹木和草。分子大于1時,分母需用復(fù)數(shù);“分數(shù)+of+名詞”充當主語時,謂語單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。33. B 考查名詞。句意:——請給我一杯咖啡?!闶窍矚g原味咖啡還是加奶的?coffee一般是不可數(shù)的,需要借助相應(yīng)量詞,例如:a cup of coffee,但在口語中,也可直接用coffee表示“一杯咖啡”,此時為可數(shù)名詞。34. D 考查零冠詞和定冠詞。句意:我知道你不是很喜歡音樂,但你覺得昨天我們看的那部電影里的音樂怎樣?第一空后的music為泛指,故不填冠詞;第二個music被定語in the film we saw yesterday所修飾,特指電影中的音樂,故要用定冠詞。解答此題的關(guān)鍵在于把握語境,應(yīng)具體情況具體分析,避免定勢思維。35. D 考查冠詞的用法。句意:湯姆又一次犯了同一個錯誤,他在單詞“government”中漏掉一個“n”。一般來說,序數(shù)詞需與定冠詞the連用,表示“第幾,第幾個”,但有時序數(shù)詞也可以和不定冠詞連用,表示“再一個(次),又一個(次)”的意思,相當于another。36. C 考查冠詞。句意:劉老師負責我們班,王老師負責二班。be in charge of意為“負責;管理;掌控”, be in the charge of意為“由……負責,管理”。37. D 考查主謂一致和時態(tài)。句意:工廠使用了這種原材料的65%,剩余部分節(jié)省下來作為他用。定語從句中先行詞是the raw materials,故定語從句應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)一致,用復(fù)數(shù),上文時態(tài)為過去時,故選D。38. A 考查冠詞及主謂一致。句意:這位詩人兼畫家明天下午會來跟我們講中國文學和繪畫方面的內(nèi)容。由時間狀語tomorrow afternoon判斷,此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進行時表將來,故排除C、D兩項。a poet and artist指一位詩人兼畫家,謂語動詞用單數(shù),故選A項。此題形式上考查主謂一致和時態(tài),但解題的關(guān)鍵在于把握與冠詞相關(guān)的知識。39. C 考查不定代詞的用法。句意:上學期我們舉行了一次野餐,很有趣,所以這個月我們再舉行一次吧。the other意為“(兩者中的)另外一個”;some意為“一些”;another意為“再一,又一個”;other意為“別的,其他的”,四個選項中只有another符合題意。40. D 考查倍數(shù)表達法。句意:據(jù)報道,這個國家使用的能源是整個歐洲的3倍。此處使用了倍數(shù)表達固定句型:“...倍數(shù)+as+形容詞(或形容詞+名詞)或副詞+as...”。IV.語篇解讀:文章以描述西蒙娜的生活為例,介紹了一些與line 有關(guān)的短語。41. meanings 考查名詞構(gòu)詞法及復(fù)數(shù)。根據(jù)空格前的many 判斷,應(yīng)填mean的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式meanings。42. yours 考查代詞。此處為雙重所有格,意為“你的一個朋友”,故應(yīng)填入名詞性物主代詞。43. a 考查冠詞?!耙淮螘x升”即a promotion。44. activities 考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。根據(jù)指示代詞these 判斷,應(yīng)填入acitivity的復(fù)數(shù)形式。45. behavior 考查名詞構(gòu)詞法。根據(jù)空前this 判斷,此處應(yīng)填入動詞behave的名詞單數(shù)形式。46. expression考查名詞構(gòu)詞法。根據(jù)空前this 判斷為此處應(yīng)填入名詞,且為單數(shù)形式或不可數(shù)名詞。47. One 考查代詞。根據(jù)前文has two meanings和后文The other meaning of walk...可知,此處應(yīng)填入One。此處為one... the other...的搭配。48. choices 考查名詞構(gòu)詞法以及復(fù)數(shù)形式。根據(jù)空前two very different判斷,此處應(yīng)填入choose的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式choices。49. it 考查代詞。此處it 為形式賓語,真實賓語為動詞不定式to be true。 這是“find+it+形容詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。50. myself 考查反身代詞。此處反身代詞作動詞find的賓語。 展開更多...... 收起↑ 資源預(yù)覽 縮略圖、資源來源于二一教育資源庫