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高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)題復(fù)習(xí)
專(zhuān)題9 定語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句
目 錄
考點(diǎn)1 定語(yǔ)從句的常見(jiàn)引導(dǎo)詞 4
考點(diǎn)2 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 6
1. 關(guān)系代詞who/whom 6
2. 關(guān)系代詞which 7
3. 關(guān)系代詞that 7
4. 關(guān)系代詞whose 8
5. as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 8
考點(diǎn)3 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 10
1. 關(guān)系副詞when/where 10
2. 關(guān)系副詞why 11
考點(diǎn)4 關(guān)系代詞which和that的區(qū)別 12
1. 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that，不能用which作關(guān)系代詞的情況 12
2. 只用which，不能用that作關(guān)系代詞的情況 13
考點(diǎn)5 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 14
考點(diǎn)6 定語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 16
七、專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí) 18
八、答案解析 25
定語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)：由單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句對(duì)名（代）詞修飾和限制，該名（代）詞稱(chēng)為中心詞。定語(yǔ)一般前置，短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ)要后置，翻譯成“……的”。除了形容詞，名詞、數(shù)詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）、介詞短語(yǔ)也可以作定語(yǔ)。
a beautiful girl（形容詞作前置定語(yǔ)）一個(gè)美麗的女孩
a girl in white（介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)）一個(gè)穿白色衣服的女孩
a girl who is singing（定語(yǔ)從句，a girl為先行詞）一個(gè)正唱歌的女孩
定語(yǔ)從句：用來(lái)說(shuō)明主句中某一名詞或代詞（有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明整個(gè)主句或主句中的一部分）而起定語(yǔ)作用的句子稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句也稱(chēng)為形容詞性從句。
定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉從句后，主句意思往往不明確。
A man who doesn’t learn from others can’t achieve much. 一個(gè)不向別人學(xué)習(xí)的人是不會(huì)有多少成就的。（A man被限定后，指一類(lèi)特定的人，此時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句是不能去掉的，否則主句就失去意義，含義不清，甚至讓人感到莫名其妙。）
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則不然，它只對(duì)所修飾的詞做進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明，去掉之后并不影響主句的含義。在形式上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
Finally we visited the Three Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present. 最后，我們參觀(guān)了長(zhǎng)江三峽大壩，它是目前世界上最大的水利樞紐工程。（該句若去掉從句，主句部分的含義仍然完整。）
另外，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞，對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾，這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。
The traffic of this city is quite bad, which is known to everyone.
這座城市的交通很糟糕，這一點(diǎn)大家都知道。
考點(diǎn)1 定語(yǔ)從句的常見(jiàn)引導(dǎo)詞
定語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞稱(chēng)為關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
引導(dǎo)詞 功能和作用 替代 (人、畢、物) 用于 限制/非限制 在定語(yǔ)從句中所作成分
關(guān)系代詞 that 人或物 限制 主、賓、表
which 事物 限制或非限制性 主、賓、表
who 人 限制或非限制性 主、賓、表
關(guān)系代詞 whom 人 限制或非限制性 賓、表
whose 人或物 限制或非限制性 定語(yǔ)
as 人或物 限制或非限制性 主、賓、表
關(guān)系副詞 when 時(shí)間 限制或非限制性 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
where 地點(diǎn)原因 限制或非限制性 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
why 人 限制 原因狀語(yǔ)
注意：① 定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與先行詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)保持一致。
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. 湯姆是眾多來(lái)自美國(guó)的男孩中的一個(gè)。
Tom is the only boy that is from the USA. 湯姆是唯一從美國(guó)來(lái)的男孩。
② that只引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
③ what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
④ 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞who, whom, which和that用作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)（介詞位于句末）時(shí)，可以省略。關(guān)系詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中不能省略。
Is there anything（that）you wanted 你想要什么東西嗎？
Who is the man, whom you were talking to 剛才和你講話(huà)的人是誰(shuí)？
考點(diǎn)2 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞主要有that, who, whom, whose, which, as等，其中who和whom只用于指人，which和as只用于指事物，whose和that既可用于指人也可用于指物，它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。
1. 關(guān)系代詞who/whom
關(guān)系代詞who/whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中分別作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。
The man who lives in that house is my uncle.
住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。（who指人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
The girl（whom）the teacher often praises is our monitor.
老師經(jīng)常表?yè)P(yáng)的那個(gè)女孩是我們的班長(zhǎng)。
Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.
彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了，你在倫敦見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常可用who 來(lái)代替。
The man（whom/who）you met just now is my old friend.
你剛才見(jiàn)到的那位男士是我的老朋友。
2. 關(guān)系代詞which
關(guān)系代詞which 指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
The book which cost me a lot of money is very interesting.
我花很多錢(qián)買(mǎi)來(lái)的那本書(shū)很有趣。
My sister likes the gift（which）I gave her yesterday. 妹妹喜歡我昨天送她的禮物。
European football is played in 80 countries, which makes it one of the most popular sports in the world. 有80個(gè)國(guó)家在踢歐式足球，這使它成為全世界最流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)之一。
3. 關(guān)系代詞that
關(guān)系代詞that 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
The bag that（=which）lies on the ground is hers. 地上的那個(gè)包是她的。
The old man that（=whom/who）I visited yesterday is my teacher.我昨天拜訪(fǎng)的那位老人是我的老師。
4. 關(guān)系代詞whose
關(guān)系代詞whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
我拜訪(fǎng)了一位全國(guó)知名的科學(xué)家。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.
我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。
注意:指人或物時(shí)，常用of whom/of which結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替：
Do you know the doctor, whose son is a doctor too =Do you know the doctor, the son of whom/of whom the son is a doctor too
你認(rèn)識(shí)那位醫(yī)生嗎？他的兒子也是一名醫(yī)生。
There is a church, whose door faces south.=There is a church, the door of which/of which the door faces south.
有一座教堂，窗戶(hù)朝南。
5. as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
（1）as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句：
as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它通常要與such, the same, as搭配，即構(gòu)成such... as..., the same... as..., as... as... 這樣的固定搭配，同時(shí)as在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像看上去那樣愚蠢。
He rides as expensive a bike as he can afford. 他騎一輛他買(mǎi)得起的最貴的自行車(chē)。
I have bought the same watch as you have. 我買(mǎi)了一塊和你一樣的手表。
（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一塊，故由as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。）
This is the same watch that I lost. 這就是我丟的那塊手表。
（這塊手表和我丟的手表是同一塊，故由that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。）
（2）as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，代替整個(gè)主句，對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，通常用于as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，且引出的從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。as有“正如……，就像……”之意。
As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great writer.
美國(guó)人都知道，馬克·吐溫是一位偉大的作家。（as在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神貫注地工作，他過(guò)去經(jīng)常這樣。（as在從句中作表語(yǔ)）
As we all know, the earth is round.
眾所周知，地球是圓的。（as在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
考點(diǎn)3 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where和why，其中when表示時(shí)間，where表示地點(diǎn)，why表示原因，它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中均用作狀語(yǔ)。
1. 關(guān)系副詞when/where
關(guān)系副詞when/where 既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，又可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞是時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)名詞，在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”。
October 1, 1949 was the day when（=on which）the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國(guó)成立的日子。（限制性定語(yǔ)從句）
This is the school where（=in which）I studied a few years ago.
這就是我?guī)啄昵白x書(shū)的學(xué)校。
I will never forget the day, when（=on which）I joined the Party.
我入黨的那一天，我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記。（非限制性定語(yǔ)從句）
Let’s go to the concert, where（=in which）you will find much fun.我們?nèi)ヂ?tīng)音樂(lè)演唱會(huì)吧，在那里你會(huì)找到很大的樂(lè)趣。
where有時(shí)還可用于抽象名詞后引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。常見(jiàn)此類(lèi)抽象名詞有point, degree, stage, position, case, condition等。
We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我們到了必須要改變的地步。
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作。
2. 關(guān)系副詞why
關(guān)系副詞why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞只有reason一詞，在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于for+which。
Do you know the reason why（=for which）he is not here now
你知道他還沒(méi)有來(lái)這兒的原因嗎？
注意:用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用（即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑Ｔ嚤容^：
I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一個(gè)我們可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which/that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.我知道一個(gè)以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過(guò)的日子。
This is the reason why he was dismissed. 這就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that/which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.這就是他向我解釋的他沒(méi)有參加會(huì)議的原因。
考點(diǎn)4 關(guān)系代詞which和that的區(qū)別
在先行詞是事物的限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，that和which一般可互換。關(guān)系代詞that只引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
1. 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that，不能用which作關(guān)系代詞的情況
（1）當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little,some等不定代詞時(shí)，或當(dāng)先行詞被every, any, all, some, no, little, few,much等詞修飾時(shí)。
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都做了。
（2）先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)、the only, the very, the last等詞修飾時(shí)。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
在倫敦他們參觀(guān)的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。
It’s the most important task that should be finished soon.
這是需要馬上完成的最重要的任務(wù)。
（3）先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.
他們談?wù)摿怂麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。
（4）當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)，為避免混淆，不用which而用that。
Who is the man that is standing by the gate 站在門(mén)口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)
2. 只用which，不能用that作關(guān)系代詞的情況
（1）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能使用關(guān)系代詞which，不能使用關(guān)系代詞that。
He made another wonderful theory discovery, which I think is of great importance to science. 他做出了另外一項(xiàng)精彩的發(fā)現(xiàn)，我認(rèn)為這一發(fā)現(xiàn)具有重要的科學(xué)意義。
（2）在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只能使用關(guān)系詞which，不能使用that。
The house in which we live is very large. 我們住的房子非常大。
注意:如果介詞不放在關(guān)系代詞之前，which就可換為that。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.=This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. 這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過(guò)的問(wèn)題。
考點(diǎn)5 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。
The school in which he once studied is very famous. =The school（which/that）he once studied in is very famous. 他曾經(jīng)就讀過(guò)的學(xué)校很出名。
注意:
（1）定語(yǔ)從句中某些含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面，此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有：look for, look after, take care of等。
This is the watch（which/that）I am looking for. 這是我正在尋找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking.（×）
（2）關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞前置時(shí)，只能用which或whom, 不可用who, that。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.
你剛才跟他談話(huà)的那個(gè)人是我的鄰居。
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.
我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)很舒服。
（3）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both,neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
我們班總共有40個(gè)學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來(lái)自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten novels, three of which are about country life.
迄今為止，他寫(xiě)了10部小說(shuō)，其中3部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。
（4）以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。
The way（that/in which）he answered the questions was surprising.
他回答這些問(wèn)題的方式令人驚訝。
考點(diǎn)6 定語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞（短語(yǔ)）、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）、介詞短語(yǔ)等形式。
（1）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)化為兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、獨(dú)立主格或同位語(yǔ)形式。
I found many flowers in the garden, most of which were red.→
① I found many flowers in the garden; most of them were red.（兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句）
② I found many flowers in the garden. Most of them were red.（兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句）
③ I found many flowers in the garden, and most of them were red.（并列句）
④ I found many flowers in the garden and most of them were red.（并列句）
⑤ I found many flowers in the garden, most of them red.（獨(dú)立主格）
我在花園里看到了很多花兒，大部分都是紅色的。
We finally reached London, which was the end of our journey.→We finally reached London, the end of our journey.（同位語(yǔ)）
我們抵達(dá)了倫敦——我們行程的終點(diǎn)。
（2）限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化成含有形容詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞的短語(yǔ)。
1）在定語(yǔ)從句中，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，就用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)替換；如果是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，可用過(guò)去分詞替換；如果是單個(gè)動(dòng)詞要放在中心詞之前，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)要后置。
① The girl who is crying is my sister.→The crying girl is my sister. 正在哭泣的女孩是我的妹妹。
② The girl who is crying behind the tree is my sister.→The girl crying behind the tree is my sister. 在樹(shù)后哭泣的女孩是我的妹妹。
③ This is a story which was written by Charles Dickens.→This is a story written by Charles Dickens. 這是由查爾斯·狄更斯創(chuàng)作的一個(gè)故事。
④ The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking.→The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking.那輛車(chē)的車(chē)主將會(huì)因?yàn)檫`章停車(chē)而被罰款。
2）在定語(yǔ)從句中，如果含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或先行詞前有序數(shù)詞first,last, next等，可以將其轉(zhuǎn)化為含有不定式作定語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。
① You need someone who can look after you.→You need someone to look after you. 你需要有人來(lái)照顧。
② Mary was the first student who arrived at the square.→Mary was the first student to arrive at the square. 瑪麗是最先到達(dá)廣場(chǎng)的學(xué)生。
3）在定語(yǔ)從句中，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有be的形式，表語(yǔ)是介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞（短語(yǔ)），在不影響理解的前提下，可以轉(zhuǎn)化成上述短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。
① The girl who is behind the tree is my sister.→The girl behind the tree is my sister. 樹(shù)后面的那個(gè)女孩是我的妹妹。
② Soldiers must be people who are not afraid of death.→Soldiers must be people not afraid of death. 軍人必須是不畏犧牲的人。
七、專(zhuān)項(xiàng)練習(xí)
I. 單句改錯(cuò)。（僅限1處）
1. The citizens welcomed the new mayor, most of who are workers.
2. Who is the soldier gave us a speech last month
3. All what she could do was to go to church.
4. I, who is in Australia, feel proud of being a Chinese.
5. The girl failed in the exam, that made us disappointed.
6. We got on the school bus and which took us straight to the People’s Park.
7. He built a transparent wall through that he could observe what was going on.
8. This is the only English-Chinese dictionary which I could find in the shop.
9. I don’t like the way which he spoke to his teacher.
10. Don’t leave the medicine bottle which the little boy can reach it.
II. 在空白處填寫(xiě)1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
11. I live next door to a couple ______ children often make a lot of noise.
12. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ______ the weather may be better.
13. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved.
14. ① He is the only one of the teachers who ______（know）French in our school.
② This is one of the rooms that ______（be）free now．
15. We’d better fix a date ______ which we will practice speaking English next week.
16. Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth’s surface ______ may cause great damage.
17. ① ______ is well known to all, China has the largest population in the world.
② He didn’t win the championship, ______ I hadn’t expected.
18. That Peter will marry Alice, ______ has not been announced yet, has spread around.
19. ① The novel which ______（give）by the professor yesterday mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
② The novel ______（give）by the professor yesterday mainly discusses the development of Chinese economy.
20. ① On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park,______ parents seated together joking.
② On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______parents were seated together joking.
III. 單項(xiàng)選擇。
21. The 11th of September is a special date, ______, I think, that will be remembered by the Americans forever.
A. what
B. it
C. which
D. one
22. The factory produced many famous cars, none of ______ shipped to foreign countries.
A. them
B. which
C. it
D. what
23. It wasn’t such a good present ______ my cousin had promised me.
A. that
B. as
C. which
D. what
24. ① ______ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
② ______ who leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
③ ______ who leave the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone
B. Who
C. Those
D. Whoever
25. This is the only way ______ you can find. By the way, I don’t like the way ______ he spoke to his mother.
A. that; 不填
B. in which; 不填
C. which; which
D. which; that
26. ① Is this museum ______ they visited last month
② The teacher tells us that ______ cleans the blackboard is to be praised.
A. that
B. the one
C. which
D. the one who
27. ① It was eleven o’clock ______ they went out of the cinema.
② It was at eleven o’clock ______ they went out of the cinema.
A. which
B. that
C. when
D. on which
28. —Where did you get to know her
—It was on the farm ______ we worked.
A. that
B. there
C. which
D. where
29. Edward is the boy ______ I think scored the winning points for the basketball team.
A. whom
B. which
C. what
D. who
30. I shall never forget those years ______ I lived in the country with farmers, ______ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which
B. when; which
C. which; that
D. when; who
IV. 閱讀下列短文，在空白處填寫(xiě)1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。
Scientists 31 study primates（靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)）say that we are moving towards a time 32 species like gorillas（大猩猩）will no longer be found in the wild. Jo Setchell is a primatologist at Durham University in Britain. She studies primates, the group of mammals 33 includes gorillas, chimps and monkeys. And, of course, humans.
In all, there are an estimated 600 different species of primates. They include the little creature called the mouse lemur（鼠狐猴）, 34 body is only about six centimeters long. Then, there is the largest of the species, the gorilla, 35 weighs up to 250 kilograms.
Primates face one common threat: loss of habitat, the places in nature 36 they live. Primatologists like Setchell say human activity is to blame. More than half of all primate species are grouped in four countries: Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Paul Garber says each of these countries is working to help protect the primates in their areas, 37 there is neither the funds, community support nor in-country expertise to address their conservation problems.
Madagascar is a good example of these problems, he says. It is home to over 100 primate species, almost all of 38 live nowhere else. And 94 percent of them are endangered. Ninety percent of the original forests of Madagascar have been cut down, Garber says.Neither Garber nor Setchell have any easy answers about how to stop this road to extinction.
“We knew that primates were in trouble, but I think even for those of us 39 work in primate conservation, it was still shocking to discover quite what the scale of the problem is.”
40 the scientists know, the clearest way is to slow human activity in primates’ habitats. The decrease is reversible if humans make primate and habitat conservation a top concern.
八、答案解析
I.
1. who改為whom 考查關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代詞who不可以放在介詞后面。
2. 在gave前加that或把gave改為giving 考查定語(yǔ)從句或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。注意關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)不能省略，因句中已有who，為避免歧義，本句不能使用who。若改為giving，則為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。
3. 刪除what或者把what改為that 考查定語(yǔ)從句。all為不定代詞，充當(dāng)先行詞時(shí)需用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，此處that在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)do的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。what不是關(guān)系詞，不可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。當(dāng)然，本句還可以把a(bǔ)ll刪除，將what的首字母大寫(xiě)（此時(shí)what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句），但是這涉及兩處改動(dòng)。
4. is改為am 考查定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致。應(yīng)根據(jù)先行詞I確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式。
5. that改為which或as 考查定語(yǔ)從句。which和as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可以代替整個(gè)句子。注意：位于句首時(shí)只能用as，即As made us disappointed, the girl failed in the exam.
6. which改為it或者把a(bǔ)nd刪除，或者把a(bǔ)nd改為逗號(hào)考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)。若改which，整句為and連接的并列句，若改and，which引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句。
7. that改為which 考查“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句中如果介詞提前，介詞后只能跟which/whom。
8. which改為that 考查關(guān)系代詞。當(dāng)先行詞被only修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)。
9. which改為that，或在which前加in，或去掉which 考查關(guān)系代詞。先行詞為way（方式，方法）時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句可以用that/in which引導(dǎo)，也可以省略。
10. which改為where 考查定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。句意：別把藥瓶放在孩子可以夠到的地方。這是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句（由where引導(dǎo)），而不是定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)闆](méi)有先行詞。
II.
11. whose 考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞。句意：我的隔壁住著一對(duì)夫婦，他們的孩子經(jīng)常很吵。 a couple是先行詞，這對(duì)夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所屬關(guān)系，故用whose作定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于the children of whom。
12. when 考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：我們將把公園野餐推遲到下個(gè)星期，那時(shí)天氣可能會(huì)更好。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是next week，定語(yǔ)從句中不缺少主賓表，缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故為when。
13. which 考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：關(guān)于人類(lèi)為什么哭的時(shí)候會(huì)流淚，科學(xué)家已經(jīng)提出了很多理論，沒(méi)有一個(gè)被證明了。先行詞是theories，指物，定語(yǔ)從句中用which引導(dǎo)。
14. ① knows 考查定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致。句意：他是我們學(xué)校中唯一懂法語(yǔ)的教師。因?yàn)閛ne前有the only之類(lèi)限定詞，定語(yǔ)從句在意義上修飾的是the only one，是單數(shù)，而不是復(fù)數(shù)名詞the teachers。② are考查定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致。句意：這是目前空著的房間之一。因?yàn)閛ne前沒(méi)有the only之類(lèi)的限定詞，定語(yǔ)從句在意義上修飾的是名詞復(fù)數(shù)the rooms，而不是單數(shù)one。
15. on 考查“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。當(dāng)先行詞表示時(shí)間，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)，此時(shí)也可選用表示時(shí)間的“介詞+which”來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞when。
16. which/that 考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：地震是地球表面突然的震動(dòng)，地震會(huì)造成重大的損失。定語(yǔ)從句中缺乏主語(yǔ)，故為which/that。
17. ① As 考查as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：眾所周知，中國(guó)擁有世界上最多的人口。
② which 考查which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。句意：他沒(méi)獲得冠軍，這一點(diǎn)是我沒(méi)預(yù)料到的。表示“正如”的含義時(shí)，通常用as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可用which引導(dǎo)；但置于句首時(shí)，只能用as引導(dǎo)。當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是否定含義時(shí)，只能用which，而不用as引導(dǎo)。
18. which 考查which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。句意：彼得要娶愛(ài)麗斯這件事還沒(méi)宣布卻已傳得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的which可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指前面整個(gè)句子的含義。句子中的which指“彼得要娶愛(ài)麗斯”這整個(gè)句子的意思。
19. ① was given ② given 前者考查定語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)；后者考查過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。
20. ① their ② whose 考查獨(dú)立主格及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。前者their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，而是一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，空格后的動(dòng)詞seated 不是謂語(yǔ)，而是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞，因?yàn)閟eat作動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，是及物動(dòng)詞。后者whose parents were seated together joking為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)槠浜笥型暾闹^語(yǔ)were seated。
III.
21. D 考查代詞及定語(yǔ)從句。one作date的同位語(yǔ)，后面跟that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，I think是插入語(yǔ)。
22. A 考查獨(dú)立主格。句意：這個(gè)工廠(chǎng)生產(chǎn)很多名牌汽車(chē)，其中沒(méi)有一輛運(yùn)往國(guó)外。ship在這里是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“運(yùn)送……到”；shipped是過(guò)去分詞，此處是“代詞+過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如果在shipped前面加was，則應(yīng)該選B項(xiàng)，構(gòu)成非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
23. B 考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：這不是我表兄曾經(jīng)答應(yīng)給我買(mǎi)的那樣好的禮物。先行詞前面有such修飾，因此選擇as，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
24. ① D ② A ③ C 句意：最后離開(kāi)這個(gè)房間的人應(yīng)該關(guān)上燈。 ①考查主語(yǔ)從句，whoever 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句；② 考查定語(yǔ)從句，anyone為先行詞，后面who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，anyone who... 相當(dāng)于whoever；③ 考查定語(yǔ)從句，those既為整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)，也是定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，后面為who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
25. A 考查定語(yǔ)從句。第一空先行詞為way，前面有the only 修飾，故關(guān)系代詞用that，由于在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，也可以省略。第二空中的way意為“方式”，當(dāng)way表示“方式，方法”且在句中作先行詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句可用that，也可用in which，也可以省略。
26. ① B ② D考查定語(yǔ)從句。句①陳述語(yǔ)序?yàn)門(mén)his museum is _____they visited last month. 句子中缺乏表語(yǔ)，因此選the one作表語(yǔ)，同時(shí)為先行詞，在后面定語(yǔ)從句they visited last month 作賓語(yǔ)，故關(guān)系代詞可以省略；句②中that后面為賓語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句中缺乏主語(yǔ)，主干應(yīng)該為the one is to be praised，而the one作主語(yǔ)，同時(shí)為先行詞，在后面定語(yǔ)從句cleans the blackboard中作主語(yǔ)，故指代它的關(guān)系代詞who不可以省略。
27. ① C ② B 前者考查時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，句中when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；后者考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。
28. D 考查定語(yǔ)從句和省略。這道題很多考生誤選A，因?yàn)閺?qiáng)調(diào)句型的經(jīng)典結(jié)構(gòu)“it is+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+that+從句”。此題中，“that+從句”已被省略，正確答案為where。句中where we worked是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the farm。該強(qiáng)調(diào)句補(bǔ)充完整應(yīng)為：It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.
29. D 考查定語(yǔ)從句。本句中，who引導(dǎo)一個(gè)嵌入式定語(yǔ)從句：who scored the winning points for the basketball team，先行詞為the boy，而I think相當(dāng)于插入語(yǔ)，由于關(guān)系詞指人，又在從句中起主語(yǔ)作用，故應(yīng)選用who。
30. B 考查定語(yǔ)從句。第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，因此第一空應(yīng)該使用關(guān)系副詞when；第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞指代前面整句話(huà)，因此用which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
IV.
語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文主要介紹了大猩猩之類(lèi)的野生靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物瀕臨滅絕的狀況。
31. who/that 考查限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為scientists，定語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ)，故填who或that。
32. when 考查限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為a time，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
33. that/which 考查限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為the group of mammals，定語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ)，故填that或which。
34. whose 考查限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為mouse lemur，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少定語(yǔ)，故填whose。
35. which考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為the gorilla，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，故填which。
36. where 考查限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為the places，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故填where，相當(dāng)于in which。
37. where 考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為their areas，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故填where，相當(dāng)于in which。
38. which考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為primate species，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，故填which。
39. who考查限制性定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞為those of us，定語(yǔ)從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，故填who。
40. As 考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前或者主句之后，which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as 有“正如……，正像……”的意思。

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