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主從復(fù)合句----定語從句
找出定語的位置：
1. This is a flower basket.
2. This is a basket full of flowers.
3. This is a basket that I want to put flowers in.
01 定語從句概述
定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中，修飾限定某一名詞或代詞的句子，叫定語從句。定語從句在復(fù)合句中相當(dāng)于形容詞，在句中作定語，故又稱為形容詞性從句。
先行詞：指被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞，通常為名詞（如人、物、地點(diǎn)、時間等），也可以是整個主句的內(nèi)容。
關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語或狀語，同時替代先行詞。根據(jù)其用法分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who, whom, whose, as
關(guān)系代詞 先行詞 在從句中的作用
who 人 主語、賓語
whom 人 賓語
which 物，主句 主語、賓語
that 人或物 主語、賓語、表語
whose 人或物 定語
as 人或物，主句 主語、賓語
關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞 先行詞 在從句中的作用
when 時間名詞 時間狀語
where 地點(diǎn)名詞 地點(diǎn)狀語
why 原因名詞reason 原因狀語
分類：定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩類。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉后句意不完整，無逗號。非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不密切，是一種補(bǔ)充說明，刪除后不影響整個意思的表達(dá)，一般用逗號分開。
This is the school where I studied ten years ago.（無逗號，限制性定語從句）
He bought a house, whose roof was painted red.（有逗號，非限制性定語從句）
分割型定語從句：指先行詞與定語從句之間被其他成分（如謂語動詞、介詞短語等）隔開的結(jié)構(gòu)。這種分隔是為了避免句子頭重腳輕原則（將較長成分置于句尾）。
The days (are gone)when we had to rely on manual labor.
He is the only person (in the company)who can solve this problem.
02 只用that不用which的情況
1.先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, few, none等指物的不定代詞時。
I've done everything that I can to help you. 我已盡我所能幫助你。
2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞和最高級修飾時。
This is the first book that I bought with my own money.這是我用自己錢買的第一本書。
She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.她是我見過最美的女孩。
3.先行詞被the only, the very,the just,the last,the right,all,little,no等限定詞修飾時。
He is the only person that can solve this problem. 他是唯一能解決這個問題的人。
This is the very book that I am looking for these days.
4.先行詞中既為人又為表示物的名詞時。
They talked about the people and things that they remembered. 他們談?wù)摿擞浀玫娜撕褪隆?br/>5.主句以 who/which 開頭的疑問句時。
Who is the man that is standing over there 站在那邊的人是誰？
Which is the book that you want 哪本是你想要的書？
6.主句以there be 引導(dǎo)時,先行詞是物。
There is a shop that is not large at the end of the street.
7.當(dāng)先行詞做主句的表語,而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也做表語時.
China isn't the country (that)it used to be.
【警告】1注意關(guān)系代詞that作主語時不能省略，作賓語時可以省略。
The book (that) I read last night was fascinating. 我昨晚讀的書很精彩。
【警告】2注意that不能用于非限制性定語從句，前邊有逗號為標(biāo)志。
He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.他又遲到了，這次這讓他的老師非常生氣。
【警告】3當(dāng)先行詞是the way在句中作方式狀語時，后面用that或者in which或者省略。
The way in which he handled the situation impressed me.他處理情況的方式給我留下了深刻印象。
The way (that) he handled the situation impressed me.他處理情況的方式給我留下了深刻印象。
當(dāng)先行詞是the way在從句中作主語或賓語時，后面用that或which,做賓語時還可省略。
The way (that/which) he told me yesterday impressed me.
The way that/which was told by him impressed me.
【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】
1．The local market has everything _________ shows the area’s cooking culture, from fresh seafood to handmade pasta.
2．There is one point _________we must insist on.
3．I have found the very shop _________ has everything we need.
4．I like the writers and their works _________ you mentioned the other day.
5．The concert hall has the most wonderful atmosphere _________can make the audience fully immersed in the music.
6．Festivals are occasions_________ allow us to forget about our work for a little while.
7．The reason _________ he explained at the meeting was not reasonable at all.
8．You may not control all the events _________ happen to you, but you can decide not to be reduced by them.
9．My mother was so proud of all _________ I had done that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.
10．In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way _________ emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.
11. I don’t like they way _________ you talk to me.
03只用which不用that典型用法
1.引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句（不用逗號分隔）,先行詞指物，對句子意思的表達(dá)起著關(guān)鍵作用。
You should select the option which best suits your requirements. 你要挑選最符合你需求的選項。
2.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句（用逗號和主句分隔），先行詞可以是一個名詞，也可以指代前面整個主句的內(nèi)容。
The book, which I read last night, is extremely captivating. 我昨晚讀的那本書特別吸引人。
She resigned from her job, which was quite unexpected. 她辭去了工作，這十分出人意料。
3.用于“介詞 + which”結(jié)構(gòu)，that不能用于介詞后。
The city in which I was born is located in the southern part of the country.我出生的城市位于這個國家的南部。
【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】
1. July 1, 1921 was the day ________ we will not forget.
2. Lillian works in a government office in ________ there are many different departments.
3. Please tell me the reason ___________can explain your absence reasonably.
4.(2020全國II卷改編) Thank you for your letter, ___________ really made me happy.
03關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose典型用法
who用作關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，先行詞指人，可以與that替換,。
注意：
(1)先行詞是指人的不定代詞，如all,anyone anybody, nobody, someone, everyone, no one， one,ones，the one,everyboday時,或these/those指人時只用who，不用that。
She is the girl who/that won the first prize in the competition.她就是在比賽中獲得一等獎的那個女孩。
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.任何違反規(guī)則的人都會受到懲罰。
Those who love reading often have rich inner worlds.熱愛閱讀的人往往有豐富的內(nèi)心世界。
在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞是人時，只能用 who不能用that。
There is a young man who wants to see you.（有一個年輕人想見你。）
2. whom用作關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作賓語，先行詞指人，可以與that/who替換。作賓語，可以省略。
The girl whom you saw at the party is a famous singer.（whom引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句）
你在派對上看到的那個女孩是位著名歌手。
The author, whom the students admire, gave a speech.（whom引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句）
那位受學(xué)生欽佩的作家做了演講。
3.whom可以用于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，who不能。
This is the professor from whom I learned a lot.這就是我從他身上學(xué)到很多東西的教授。
4. whose既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中作定語。在非限制性定語從句中，whose修飾物時，“whose＋名詞”可用“the＋名詞＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名詞”來代替。
Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful 你認(rèn)識那個書法非常漂亮的男孩嗎？
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一個窗戶朝向大海的房間。
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】
1. The old man has two sons, both of _________ are lawyers.
2. The girl _________ won the first prize in the contest is from Zhejiang.
3. One _________ has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
4. In my opinion, anyone _________ is anxious about the result will fail after all.
5. The rescue teams attempted to rescue the people________ were trapped in the ruins and dust.
6. There is a lake near our schoolyard ________ depth is beyond your expectation.
7. They want to establish a committee or a special academy _______ job is to give recognition to new drugs.
8. An idiom is a group of words _________ meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words.
9.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, __________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.
10.The woman __________you saw just now is our English teacher.
04關(guān)系代詞as的典型用法
1. as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的用法
as用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，作從句的主語、賓語或表語，as不可省略，用于such…as…, so…as…, the same…as…句型。
Don’t trust such people as praise you to your face.不要相信當(dāng)面表揚(yáng)你的這種人。
They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他們從來都沒有讀過像我去年讀過的那些書。
★易錯提醒1：the same…as…強(qiáng)調(diào)“和……是同一類”；the same…that…強(qiáng)調(diào)“和……是同一個”。
This is the same dictionary as I lost yesterday. 這本詞典和我昨天丟的那本一樣。（不是同一本詞典）
He is the same boy that helped me yesterday. 他是昨天幫過我的那個男孩。（指同一個男孩）
★易錯提醒2：so…that…, such…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，that只起連接作用不作句子成分。
She is such a kind girl that many students like her.
她是個善良的女孩所以很多學(xué)生喜歡她。(狀語從句是完整的，前面的that只起引導(dǎo)作用，不作成分。)
She is such a kind girl as many students like.
她是個善良的女孩所以很多學(xué)生喜歡她。(定語從句缺少賓語，前面的as代替先行詞girl，作賓語。)
【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。
1. Los Angeles is such an attractive place _______everyone likes to visit.
2. Los Angeles is such an attractive place _______everyone likes to visit it.
3. This is ______difficult a problem _____no one can work out.
4. This is ______difficult a problem _____no one can work it out.
5. My pen is missing. I’d like to buy the same pen _______I lost.
6. Jenny is so happy, for she has found the same pen ______ she lost yesterday.
2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的用法
as用作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從；as從句位于主句的前、中、后，強(qiáng)調(diào)前后邏輯一致，表示“正如……；從句多含有see, know, expect, tell, report等動詞。
As is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China.
眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國。（as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句且位于句首）
Taiwan, as is known to all, belongs to China.
眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國。（as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句且位于句中）
She has married again, as was expected.
不出所料，她又結(jié)婚了。（as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句且位于句末）
★易錯提醒：which和as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句用法區(qū)別：
①位置上：which從句只能位于主句之后，as從句位于主句的前、中、后；
②意思上：which意思是“這，這一點(diǎn)”；as意思，“正如”；
③指代上：as在非限制性定語從句中只能指代主句整個句子，which既可以指代主句也可以指代主句里的一個名詞或代詞。
As is often the case, girls like dolls while boys like guns. 女孩子喜歡玩具而男孩子喜歡槍，正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣
He sold his new car, which made me surprised. 他把他的新車車賣掉了，這讓我很吃驚。
He sold his new car, which was bought last year. 他把他的新車賣掉了，這個車是去年買的。
【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。
1.（2023全國甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _________Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”.
2．After reading this novel, we were all impressed by such integrity _________was shown by the leading character.
3.The teacher asked such a difficult question _________ no one could answer.
4.Last week our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem _________ none of us worked it out.
5. _________the book mentions, you had better not do such things _________ you are unsure about.
6．I worked at a panda conservation center in China, _________ saw a significant increase in panda population numbers.
7．People from the UK are called “British”, _________ means the UK is also often referred to as Britain or Great Britain.
05關(guān)系副詞when, where, why典型用法
1. when用作關(guān)系副詞，在定語從句作時間狀語。其先行詞是具體時間名詞，如day, month, year；還可以是抽象名詞，如age, stay, occasion等。=介詞+which
Do you remember the day when we first met
你還記得我們第一次見面的那一天嗎？（定語從句是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，不缺少賓語）
There are occasions when one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。（先行詞occasions是典型時間名詞）
★易錯提醒：
當(dāng) time 表示“次數(shù)”時，用 that 引導(dǎo)從句（可省略）；當(dāng) time 表示“時間”時，用 when 引導(dǎo)從句。
This is the first time that I’ve heard this song.
I’ll never forget the time when we worked together in the village.
2. where用作關(guān)系副詞，在定語從句作地點(diǎn)狀語=介詞+which。注意定語從句可能是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。其先行詞既可以是具體地點(diǎn)名詞，如school, museum, centre；還可以是抽象名詞，如point, case, situation, stage, race, position, job等（熱點(diǎn)，須牢記）。
This is the hospital where my sister used to work.
The shop where I bought this shirt is not far from here.
我買這件襯衫的商店離這里不遠(yuǎn)。（定語從句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，不缺少賓語）
There are many cases where this rule doesn’t apply.
在許多情況下，這條規(guī)則不適用。（先行詞cases是抽象地點(diǎn)）
why用作關(guān)系副詞，先行詞是reason在定語從句作原因狀語=for which。why還可以用于The reason why…is that…句型。
注意:(1)非限制性定語從句不能用why,只能用for which.
(2)如果先行詞是reason但在定語從句中做主語或賓語，則用關(guān)系代詞that或which。
The reason why he is late is that he failed to catch the first bus.
他遲到的原因是他沒能趕上第一班公共汽車。（關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語）
The reason that he gave is that he failed to catch the first bus.
他給出的原因是他沒能趕上第一班公共汽車。（關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語）
【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】
1.（2023全國甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables.
2.（2021天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
3．Attending the charity event was an occasion __________I realized the importance of giving back to the community.
4．The reason __________ we should reduce plastic use is that it significantly reduces pollution and protects marine life. 5
5.．I will go sightseeing in Beijing with my parents in September, __________ the weather is neither too hot nor too cold.
01 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞混淆
1.先行詞是地點(diǎn)名詞，關(guān)系詞不一定用where；先行詞是時間名詞，關(guān)系詞不一定用when；先行詞是原因名詞，關(guān)系詞不一定用why。
2.竅門：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語等；關(guān)系副詞代替表示時間、地點(diǎn)、原因的先行詞，并在定語從句中作時間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語。
★易錯提醒：學(xué)會分析句子成分，原句含有主謂賓或者不缺少賓語才能用關(guān)系副詞；原句缺少主語或賓語用關(guān)系代詞。
I remember the year _________he was born.
I remember the year_________saw great changes.
This is the park _________ we had a picnic.
This is the park _________ we visited.
The reason _________ he left is still unknown.
The reason _________he gave for being late was acceptable.
1．He often recalls his childhood, ___________he lived with his grandparents in the countryside.
2．The author ___________ whom all of us are familiar will visit our company.
3．In a word, we reached a point___________ we wish to enjoy and understand literature.
4．Asians ___________ diets are like Westerners’ experience more disease and weight problems.
5．The reason ___________ we should reduce plastic use is that it significantly reduces pollution and protects marine life.
6．She often reminds herself of the good days ___________they spent together working out the problem in the distant rural area.
7．It’s the only Thai restaurant ___________ ranks among the top 10 of the world’s 50 best restaurants list.
8．The app uses AR to transform the way ___________ visitors interact with the park’s wildlife.
9．The students benefiting most from college are those ___________ are totally engaged in academic life.
11．I don’t think the number of the people to ___________ this happens is very large.
12. He was often late, __________ made his teacher very angry.

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