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中小學教育資源及組卷應用平臺
初中英語語法：介詞及介詞短語
【語法講解】
◆ 介詞的功能
介詞是一種虛詞，用來表示名詞或相當于名詞的其它詞語句中其它詞的關系，不能單獨使用。介詞可與名詞或相當于名詞的其它詞構成介詞短語。介詞短語可在句中作定語，狀語，表語和賓語補足語。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定語)
The girl will be back in two hours. (狀語)
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表語)
Help yourself to some fish. (賓語補足語)
◆ 介詞和種類
(1) 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 復合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
◆不同介詞的用法
（1）表時間的介詞
1）at, in on
表示時間點用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某個世紀，某年，某月，某個季節以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上時，用in。例如：in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上時，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2） since, after
由since和after 引導的詞組都可表示從過去某一點開始的時段，但since詞組表示的時段一直延續到說話的時刻，因而往往要與現在完成時連用。而after詞組所表示的時段純系過去，因而要與一般過去時連用。例如：
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
3） in, after
in與將來時態連用時，表示“過多長時間以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段時間的詞語。After與將來時態連用時，后面只能跟表示時間點的詞語。After與過去時態連用時，后面才能跟表示一段時間的詞語。例如：
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
（2）表示地點的介詞
1）at, in, on
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某個范圍之內；on往往表示“在某個物體的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2） over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反義詞是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反義詞是below。On指兩個物體表面接觸，一個在另一的上面。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
3） across, through
across和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊”，但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關，表示動作在某一物體的表面進行。Through的含義與in有關，表示動作是在三維空間進行。例如：
The dog ran across the grass.
The boy swam across the river.
They walked through the forest.
I pushed through the crowds.
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某個范圍以外；in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某個范圍以內。例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
◆常用介詞的用法辨析
一. at/ in /on .
1.表示時間：
1).表示某一具體時間點，某一時刻/ 年齡
at six o’clock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night
2)in表示時間段,一天的三個時間段以及月份,年,季節,世紀,人生的某個時期(某人幾十歲時)
in the morning/afternoon /evening　　in spring /in 2007/in March　　in the twenty-first century　　in his fifties
3)on表示星期幾/某一具體的日子/具體某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三個時間段名詞前有修飾語或后有修飾語時.
On Monday on New Year’s Day on Sunday morning on a rainy night　　on the evening of April 1st ,2007
2表地點:
1)at 一般指較小的地點或較具體的位置 at the station at the cinema
2)in 表示在較大的地點或一個有限空間里.　　in China in the classroom
3)on 指在某物體的表面上.　　on the desk
注意:寫街道時,若有門牌號用at ,否則用on / in 都可.　　He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street.
二.介詞in /on / to 表方位:
1.in表示A地在B地范圍之內.(包含關系)　　Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China .
2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切關系)　　Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .
3.to表示A,B兩地有一定的間距.(外離關系)　　Japan is _____ the east of China .
三. between / among 在……之間
1.between :指兩者之間. 在…….之間.
2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之間. 在……之中.
You sit _____ him and me .
The song is popular ______ the students.
四.after / in 在……之后
1. after
1)after + 時間段. 表示以過去某一時刻為起點的一段時間之后, 用于過去時.
2)after 作介詞. after doing sth
2.in +一段時間. 表示說話時或以現在為起點的將來一段時間之后.用于將來時.
He came back ______ two days .
He will go home___finishing his homework .
He will come back _____ two days . |||
五.with / in / by 表示 “用……”
1.with 表示 “用…” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人體器官.
He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .
注: with 表伴隨, “帶有,含有”
He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
2.in表示用某種語言,方式,途徑. 或書寫/繪畫所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.
Can you say it _____English
He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
3.by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法
I study for a test _____ working with a group .
He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .
注意: 同義詞組
1).by phone = on the phone
2).by car = in a car
3).in pen = with a pen = with pens
六.across / through / over / by 經過
1.across 指橫穿,穿過. 表示動作從某一物體表面上經過.
2.through 指穿過,透過,表示從某一物體空間內通過.
3.over 表示從某人或某物的上空經過或越過,不與表面接觸.
4.by 表示從某人/某物的旁邊經過.
Can you swim ______ the river
the elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .
I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence.
I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday . |||
七.in front of / in the front of
1.in the front of 表示在…….內部的前面
2.in front of 表示在……外面的前面
There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom .
There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.
八.其它介詞的用法：
1.at的其它用法.
1).表示 “從事或正在做某事”,其后加的名詞往往不加冠詞.She is at work now = She is working now .
2)at表示 “價格或速度”　　The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .
2.in的其它用法:
1)in表示 “在……方面”　　詞組:do well in = be good at be weak in
2)in 表示 “穿著”后接表顏色的詞或衣服.詞組: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服
3)in作副詞, “在家” = at home
3.like 的用法:
1).像/和……一樣. 常與系動詞連用.詞組: look like sound like
2).與what 連用, “是什么樣子, 怎樣”.What is he like He is kind .
4.off的用法:
1).從……下來, 脫離某物體.詞組: fall off
2).“休假”通常放在時間名詞之后.詞組: have +時間+ off
He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .
5.except / besides
1).except 除了…….之外, 都……. . 不包括在范圍之內.注: nothing but … 除了……之外,什么也沒有.
2).besdies除了……之外,還有…… . 包括在范圍之內.
We all went swimming ______ Lucy .
There is _______ a letter in the box .
We study Japanese and French____ English .
6.with / without
1).with具有,含有 -----反義詞: without 沒有 詞組: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to
without one’s help
2).without 的用法:
A).without + sb./ sth. 沒有某人或某物
B).without + doing sth .
He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us
C). without sth 常與if 引導的否定的條件句.
If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ . |||
7.on the tree /in the tree
on the tree 表示 “樹上本身長的東西” 在樹上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物體進入樹中” 人或物在樹上.
There are some apples _____ the tree .
There is a boy ____ the tree.
8.since / for注: since / for 用于現在完成時.
1).since :
a).since +時間點
b). 現在完成時+ since +一般過去時
c).since +一段時間+ ago.
2)for: for +一段時間= since +一段時間+ ago
9.be made +介詞的區別:
be made of 由…制成 (看得見原材料)
be made from由…制成 (看不見原材料)
be made in +地點 由哪兒生產
be made by sb. 由某人制造
10.表示 “數量的介詞”about , round around over
1). about , round around表示 “大約……”
2).over 表示 “超過”= more than.
11.inside / outside
Inside 在……里面 ------反義詞:outside在….外面
12.in the wall /on the wall
in the wall 表示“門窗在墻上” on the wall 表示“某東西張貼或掛在墻上”
九.不用介詞的情況:
1).當時間狀為: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等時,不用介詞.
What are you going to do tonight
2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等時間狀語.
He went to Wuhan last week .
3).以all 開頭的時間狀語前面不用介詞.
He has worked all day .4).以some ,any, one 等構成的時間狀語前不用介詞.
◆介詞短語
介詞和動詞、形容詞或名詞相結合后，形成復合詞，有特定的意思。如下：
（1） 動詞+介詞（如：talk about，look at）
（2） Be動詞+形容詞+介詞（如：be kind of）
（3） 介詞+名詞（如：at home，on foot，in time）
① 動詞+介詞
look up查看，查（字典）；
play with sth.玩某物（玩耍）Don’t play with fire.別玩火。
think of想起，想到；hear from sb.收到某人的信；
talk about sth.談論某事；talk to/with sb.和某人談論；
look at注視；listen to傾聽；call on sb.拜訪某人；
arrive at/in 到達；take care of照顧；wait for等待；look for尋找。
add…to 加到……上 agree with 同意(某人)
arrive at(in) 到達 ask for 詢問
begin…with 從……開始 believe in 相信
break into 闖入 break off 打斷 break out 爆發 bring down 降低
bring in 引進 bring up 教育，培養
build up 建起 burn down 燒光
call back 回電話 call for 要求約請
call in 召來 call on 拜訪 訪問
care for 喜歡 carry on 繼續開展
carry out 實行開展 check out 查明 結帳
clear up 整理，收拾 come about 發生，產生
come across (偶然)遇見 come out 出來
come to 共計 達到 compare…with 與……比較
compare to 比作 cut off 切斷
date from 始于 depend on 依靠
devote to 獻于 die out 滅亡
divide up 分配 dream of 夢想
fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒
feed on 以……為食 get down to 專心于
get through 通過 give in 讓步，屈服
give out 分發 give up 放棄
go abroad 出國 go against 反對
go on with 繼續 go through 瀏覽
grow up 生長 hand down 傳下來
hear about 聽說 hold out 伸出
join up 連接起來 keep off 讓開，不接近
keep on 繼續 lead to 導致
live on 靠……為生 look down upon 看不起
look forward to 盼望 look into 調查
look out 當心 look(a) round 仔細查看
set off 動身 set up 建立
show off 炫耀 shut up 住口
speed up 加速 stand for 代表，象征
stick to 堅持 suffer from 遭受
talk of 談論 think of 考慮，想起
try out 試驗 turn down 調低
turn off 關掉 worry about 擔心
② Be動詞+形容詞+介詞
be kind to對（某人）親切；be good at在……做得好；擅長于……
be late for遲到；be afraid of害怕；be sorry for sth.為……抱歉；
be absent from缺席；be proud of以……為自豪；
be found of 喜歡 be full of 充滿
be interested in 對…有興趣 be keen on 熱衷于
be confident in 對…有信心 be short of 缺乏
be sick of 厭惡 be proud of 對…感到驕傲
be loyal to 對…忠誠 be ashamed of 為…感到羞恥
be worried about 為…擔心 be aware of 意識到
be busy with 忙于(某事) be different from 和…不同
be famous for 因…而出名
③ 介詞+名詞
1)英語中有大量成語由介詞構成，單是一些常用介詞就可構成大量成語：
at:
at a stretch 一連，連續地 at a time 一次，每次
at ease 稍息，安心 at first sight 一見(鐘情)
at first 最初，開始時 at heart 在內心
at home 在家，隨便 at last 最后
at least 至少 at length 最后,詳細地
at most 至多 at once 立即，同時
at peace(war) 處于和平(戰爭)狀態 at play(work) 在玩耍(工作)
at present 現在，目前 at random 隨意地，胡亂地
at the risk of 冒…的風險 at the same time (與此)同時
at the start 一開頭 at the time 此刻，這時
at times 有時候 at will 任意地
by:
by accident 偶然 by air 航空
by all means 想一切辦法 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飛機等)
by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票
by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天
by day(night) 白天(夜間) by force 靠武力
by mistake 錯誤地，誤把… by turns 輪流
by surprise 突然，出其不意 by the way 順便說一句
in:
in a sense 從某種意義上說 in addition(to) 此外(除…之外)
in advance 事前 in all 總共
in any case (event) 不管怎樣，反正 in brief 簡而言之
in case 要是，如果 in case of 在…情況下
in comparison 比較起來 in danger 處于危險中
in debt 負債 in demand 有需求
in detail 詳細地 in fact 實際上
in general 一般說來 in one’s opinion 在(某人)看來
in order to (that) 以便，為了 in other words 換句話說
in part(s) 部分地 in person 親自
in practice 實際上 in public(private) 公開(私下)地
in regard to 關于 in short 總之
in the end 最后 in the middle of 在…中間
in time 及時地，經過一段時間 in vain 白白地，沒有結果
on:
on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表(某人)
on board 在船(飛機)上 on condition 在…條件下
on duty 值班 on fire 著火
on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕，值班
on hand 在身邊 on holiday 在休假
on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售
on strike 罷工 on the contrary 相反
on the way 在路上 on time 準時
on the top of 在…上面 on the run 正在逃竄
out of:
out of action 失靈 out of breath 氣喘吁吁
out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脫離危險
out of doors 在戶外 out of fashion 不時新
out of hand 失去控制 out of order 壞了
out of reach 無法得到(拿到) out of sight 看不見
out of temper 發脾氣 out of question 不可能
out of touch(with) 和…失去聯系 out of tune 走調
out of use 不再使用 out of work 失業
2)有些介詞夾在名詞之間構成成語：
day after day 日復一日地 year after year 年復一年
one after another 一個接一個地 one by one 一個接一個
little by little 一點一點地 side by side 并肩
step by step 一步步地 face to face 面對面
arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牽手地
day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地
day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天
heart to heart 互相交心的
3)還有一些成語包含兩個介詞：
from beginning to end 從頭至尾 from bad to worse 越來越糟
from time to time 不時地 from head to foot 渾身
from morning to night 從早到晚 from start to finish 從頭至尾
from door to door 挨門挨戶地 from place to place 到各地
from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover (書面) 全部地，從頭至尾
【實例分析】
1．He has been late for school three times _____ the morning of last Friday.
A. in B. on C. since D. until
分析：本題介詞的選擇取決于謂語動詞所用的時態。謂語動詞用了現在完成時，與之相對應的介詞應當是since。答案 C
2．I forgot to bring the key ______ my office.
A. of B. for C. with D. to
分析：在英語中，表達“門的鑰匙”、“練習的答案”要用key這個詞，它需要用介詞to與后面的名詞連用，這是習慣用法。其他的例子還有：an answer to the question 問題的答案，a reply to our letter 對我們信的答復，the entrance to the building 大樓入口處，the monument to the heroes 英雄紀念碑，等等。答案 D
3. You’ll get one thousand dollars _____.
A after all B at all C in all D all together
分析： “after all”意為“到底”、“畢竟”、“終于”；“at all”通常與“not”連用，意為“完全不”、“一點也不”；“in all”通常用于數量詞后面，意為“總共”，同義詞是“altogether”。所以本題答案應該選“C”。
【課堂作業】
I. 用適當的介詞填空。
1.I’m sorry I can’t say it ______ Chinese.
2.Do you usually go to school ______bike
3.Look, the farmer is carrying apples _____ a truck.
4.Is anyone _____ home
5.Please look ______my bird when I’m away.
6.Are Jim and Li Lei ______ the same class
7.There is a hole ______ the wall.
8. _______ the beginning of this term, I met my new friend, Jim .
9.There are a few leaves _______the tree.
10.The girl ______ the red coat is my sister.
11.Could you give an orange ______ me
12.It’s time to go ______bed.
13.I can see a bottle ______ orange.
14.Put the basket _______ there.
15.What’s wrong ______ your watch
16.One ______ the students is in the classroom.
17.I think the shop is closed ______ this time of day.
18.My father teaches English _______ a school.
19.We have lunch _______ the middle of the day.
20.You can buy some school things ______ your way home.
21.I was born _______ July 1st, 1982 .
22.May I borrow a pencil _____ you
23.Don’t sleep ____ the open air.
24.I often help my mother ______ the housework.
25.It’s time ____ school.
26.I have quite a lot _____homework to do.
27.What’s the time It’s half _____ five.
28.Ducks are good ______ swimming.
29.What are you talking _______
30.He is sitting _____ the front of the car.
31.The eraser was passed _____ one student _____ another.
32.Did you live _____Beijing in 1997
33.When did you arrive _____ the village
34.I think Mary is _____ duty today.
35.Eating too much isn’t good ______ your health.
36.I’m afraid he is _____ the cinema _____ the moment.
37.Thanks _____ asking me to your party.
38.My watch is very different ______ yours.
39.What’s the weather ______ today
40.The student is asking his teacher ______the sports meeting.
II.選擇填空。
( )41. ______ the money, she bought a new coat ______ her father.
A. With, for B. With, to C. For, with D. To, with
( )42. The beautiful bottle was made ______ glass.
A. from B. in C. of D. by
( )43. This is a map_______China.
A. in B. at C. of D. on
( )44. A group______ boys and girls are dancing in the park.
A. with B. of C. for D. to
( )45. Tom always comes late_______school.
A. at B. inside C. to D. for
( )46. Mr. Smith caught hold______ Bob and said, "This is a good lesson_______ you.
A. of, for B. for, of C. of, of D. for; for
( )47. The shop______ clothes is _______the right side _______ the street.
A. of, at, beside B. for, on, at C. for, on, of D. of, in, of
( )48 .It’s hot ____summer in Beijing .
A .by B .on C .at D .in
( )49 .China is famous ______ her Great Wall .
A .as B .for C .to D .of
( )50 .These knives are made ____ metal and wood .
A .from B .of C .by D .in
( )51 .My father returned at 10 o’clock _____ of June 15.
A .in the night B .by the night C .on the night D .at night
( )52 . _______ your help, we finished the work on time.
A .Thanks B .Thanks of C .Thank for D .Thanks to
( )53. China built a Great Wall ___ the northern part _____the country.
A. to, in B. across, of C. across, on D. at, of
( )54. He often mistakes me ______my brother.
A .to B .as C .for D .with
( )55. The woman _____a red dress is my aunt.
A .in B .at C .of D .on
( )56. I remember Susan left _____a very cold morning of January.
A .in B .on C .at D .from
( )57. Thank you very much ______lending the eraser _____ me.
A. for, at B. to, to C. for, to D. to, for
( )58. Don’t tell anybody about it .Keep it ______ you and me.
A .among B .between C .in D .with
( )59. I enjoy reading, but I can’t _____much time _____ it.
A. spend, on B. pay, in C. take, in D. cost, on
( )60. No one can stop her _____ leaving for Shanghai.
A .of B .from C .to D .for
參考答案
介 詞
1 .in 2 .by 3 .with 4 .at 5 .after 6 .in 7 .in 8 .At 9 .on 10 .in 11 .to 12 .to 13 .of 14 .over 15 .With 16 .of 17 .at 18 .in 19 .in 20 .on 21 .on 22 .from 23 .in 24 .with 25 .for 26 .of 27 .past 28 .at 29 .about 30 .in 31 .from ,to 32 .in 33 .at 34 .on 35 .for 36 .at ,at 37 .for 38 .from 39 .like 40 .about 41-45 ACCBC 46-50 ACDBB 51-55 CDBCA 56-60 BCBAB
【家庭作業】
一、用適當的介詞填空：
1. You can find the post office ________ a fruit shop and a book shop.
2. We have friends all ________ the world.
3. You have to write a line ________ the last name ________ the book.
4. The answer ________ the question was quite difficult.
5. The children are not allowed to look ________ ________ the window in class.
6. They have stayed in the hotel ________ nearly ten days.
7. The teacher is standing ________ ________ ________ the students.
8. ________ the time the firemen arrived, the big fire had been put out.
9. My house is _____ the other side _____ river, so I have to go _____ the bridge.
10. They all went to sleep ___ young Tom. He was listening to music ___ the radio.
11. The students go to school ________ Monday ________ Friday.
12. My office is ________ ________ theirs.
13. Do not throw any litter ________ the river.
14. What do you think ________ the movie — Wonderful!
15. The dead leaves on the ground also keep the water ________ running away.
16. The trees can be planted ________ the lake.
17. We got on together just ________ old friends.
18. I was told that we could do that ________ different ways.
19. What do you want to do after you graduate ________ school
20. Can you see the broom ________ the door
二、單項選擇
1、 He has poor eyesight _______computer work.
A. because too many B. because too many
C. because of too much D. because of much too
2、---Lucy likes sports very much.
---Yes, she is good ________ playing badminton.
A. at B. for C. in D. to
3、--- Is Jack at school now
--- No. He is at home ________ his illness.
A. because B. because of C. for D. when
4、 John arrived _________ London _________ a cold morning.
A. on; at B. at; at C. in; on D. at; in
5、— Do you like your English teacher
— Yes. He is very friendly to us, and he is also strict ______ us ______ our lessons.
A. with; in B. with; with C. in; with D. in; in
6、 Children in China start school ________ 6 years old.
A. in B. on C. to D. at
7、— I think drinking milk is good _____ our health.
— Yes. I agree _____ you.
A. for; with B. to; to C. with to D. at; with
8、It’s dangerous ______ with the wild animal.
A. for us to play B. of us playing C. for us playing D. of us to play
9、 People from different parts of the world will go to London ____the Olympic Games this summer .
A.in B. from C. to D. for
10、—Would you please show me the way _________ the bank
—Yes, go straight ahead. It’s opposite a school.
A. in B. for C. with D. to
11、 Tony and I are good friends. We usually learn a lot ____ each other.
A. of B. from C. across
12、 Our teachers are very strict ______ us.
A. with B. to C. on
13、______ an Englishman, John is looking forwards ______the 2012 Olympic Games.
A. Of; in B. With; for C. For; at D. As; to
14、 Bill has made great progress ______ the help of his teachers.
A. for B. with C. under
15、 His grade in the exam put him ________ the top students in his class.
A. between B. over C. among D. above
16、Project Hope has built many schools ____ big classrooms and libraries.
A.in B.of C.for D.with
17、 The 2012 London Olympic Games will soon start ____ the coming July.
A. on B. in C. at D. to
18、 The 30th London Olympic Games will begin________27th July 2012.
A. in B. on C. at D. for
19、 — The charity walk begins________9.00 a. m. Don’t be late.
—No problem.
A. in B. at C. on D. to
20、 Yesterday I downloaded a new program ______the Internet. Now I can watch TV and movies
______ my computer.
A. from;on B. with;in C, in;with D. on;from
21、 On the way _______ the mountain village, we found the local houses different from ours.
A. to B. by C. at D. on
22、When was David born
? He was born ______June 12?1989.
A.at B.in C.on D.for
23、 I like going to school _____my bike.
A.in B.on C.by D.at
24、 Don’t waste water. Water is very important and no one can live __________it.
A. without B. with C. except D. besides
25、 Bill has made great progress _____________the help of his teachers.
A. for B. with C. under
參考答案:
一、1. between 2. over 3. under, in 4. to 5. out of 6. for 7. in front of 8. By 9. on, of, across 10. except, on 11. from, to 12. next to 13. into 14. of 15. from 16. around 17. like 18. in 19. from 20. behind
二、1-5、D ABCA 6-10 DAADD 11-15 BADBC 16-20 DBBBA 21-25 ACBAB
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