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定語從句
一、概念
定語從句：在復(fù)合句中起形容詞作用，作定語，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。
關(guān)系詞：連接先行詞和從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。
Lucy is a girl（先行詞）who（關(guān)系詞） is ready to help others.（定語從句）
名師點津：
關(guān)系詞指代先行詞，并在句子中起連接作用，連接主向和從句，同時又在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分（主、賓、表、狀等）
關(guān)系詞根據(jù)其在從向中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞挚梢苑譃椋?br/>關(guān)系代詞：在從旬中作主、賓、表、定（that/which/ who/whom/whose/as) ;
關(guān)系副詞：在從句中作狀語（when/where/why）。
二、引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞及用法
指代對象 指代人 指代物
主語 who, that which,that
賓語 who,whom,that which,that
定語 whose whose
Who is the man that is talking with your father
正在與你父親談話的人是誰？
It is a city which/that has a history of 2,000 years.
那是一座有2000年歷史的城市。
The girl (whom/ who/that) you met just now is my cousin.
你剛才遇到的女孩是我表妹。
Nobody wants the book whose cover is broken.
沒有人想要這本封面破損的書。
三、只能用 that 而不用 which的情況
1.當(dāng)先行詞為 all， everything , nothing ,anything 等不定代詞或先行詞被不定代詞修飾時。
He's finished all that can be done.
一切能做的事情他都完成了。
2.先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。
This is the largest ship that I have ever seen.
這是我曾經(jīng)見過的最大的輪船。
3.當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時。
We often talk about the persons and things that we experienced.
我們常常談起我們經(jīng)歷的那些人和事。
4.當(dāng)先行詞被 the only，the same ,the very, the last 等限定詞修飾時。
Chatting is the only thing that interests her most.
聊天是她唯一感興趣的事。
四、只能用 that 而不用 which的情況
1. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時：非限制性定語從句用于補充說明先行詞，與主句之間用逗號隔開，此時只能用which。
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
這本書是我昨天買的，非常有趣。
2. 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時：當(dāng)介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前，修飾先行詞時，只能用which。
This is the house in which I lived for ten years.
這是我住了十年的房子。
3. 先行詞本身是that時：為了避免重復(fù)，先行詞是that時，定語從句中用which。
What's that which flashed in the sky just now
剛才在空中閃過的那個東西是什么？
4. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句修飾整個主句時：當(dāng)定語從句修飾的是前面整個主句的內(nèi)容，而非某個具體先行詞時，用which。
He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.
他通過了考試，這讓他的父母非常高興。
五、語法主題應(yīng)用
用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞補全下面語段
Michael is my best friend _______ studies very hard. Every day he works until everyone else in my class leaves the classroom. He lives in a big house_____is near our school. He likes to read the same books______I do. We often play football together on weekends. He has loving parents_______jobs are very busy, but they often invite me to their house. I really value our friendship_______I think will last forever.
答案：1. 第一空：先行詞是“my best friend”（人），且在從句中作主語，又因為先行詞被最高級“best”修飾，所以用“that” ，即“Michael is my best friend that studies very hard.” 。
2. 第二空：先行詞是“a big house”（物），在從句中作主語，用“that/which” ，即“He lives in a big house that/which is near our school.” 。
3. 第三空：先行詞有“the same”修飾，關(guān)系代詞用“as” ，即“He likes to read the same books as I do.” 。
4. 第四空：先行詞是“l(fā)oving parents”（人），且與“jobs”有所屬關(guān)系（父母的工作），在從句中作定語，用“whose” ，即“He has loving parents whose jobs are very busy, but they often invite me to their house.” 。
5. 第五空：先行詞是“our friendship”（物），在從句中作主語，用“that/which” ，即“I really value our friendship that/which I think will last forever.” 。
答案依次為：that；that/which；as；whose；that/which 。
六、實踐應(yīng)用
Ⅰ.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞填空
1. The film ______ you are looking forward to seeing will be on tomorrow.
2. Is there anything ______ you want to buy
3. The girl ______ hair is golden is from England.
4. The man ______ I saw told me to come here.
5. He asked about the factories and workers ______ we had just visited.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1. The house ____________________ (屋頂被毀壞了的) in the big fire belongs to my grandparents.
2. I don’t know the girl ____________________________ (和你說話的).
3. Those boys __________________________ (正在打網(wǎng)球的) are my friends.
4. The day ____________________________ (他將永遠不會忘記的) is special for him.
5. Once we were discussing how to help the student ________________________________ (那個重病住院的).
Ⅲ.用定語從句升級下列句子
1. I’d like to take care of the child. Her mother died recently.
→ I’d like to take care of the child ____________________ recently.
2. I like the second sweater on the right. It has a red flower on the back.
→ I like the second sweater on the right ________________________________________.
3. The woman is my mother. You are looking after her.
→ The woman ____________________________ is my mother.
4. If you often go on a trip, you can broaden your view and gain much knowledge. You cannot get it from books.
→ If you often go on a trip, you can broaden your view and gain much knowledge ________________________________.
5. Last week Mary wore the dress. I gave it to her.
→ Last week Mary wore the dress ____________________.
答案
Ⅰ.
1. that/which （先行詞“film”是物，在從句中作賓語，可用that或which ）
2. that （先行詞是不定代詞“anything”，關(guān)系代詞用that ）
3. whose （先行詞“girl”與“hair”是所屬關(guān)系，“whose”表“……的” ）
4. who/whom/that （先行詞“man”是人，在從句中作賓語，可用who/whom/that ）
5. that （先行詞既有人“workers”又有物“factories”，關(guān)系代詞用that ）
Ⅱ.
1. whose roof was destroyed （“whose”表所屬，引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾“house” ）
2. who/whom/that you spoke to （先行詞“girl”是人，在從句中作賓語，可用who/whom/that ）
3. who/that are playing tennis （先行詞“boys”是人，在從句中作主語，可用who/that ）
4. that/which he will never forget （先行詞“day”是物，在從句中作賓語，可用that/which ）
5. who/that was seriously ill in hospital （先行詞“student”是人，在從句中作主語，可用who/that ）
Ⅲ.
1. whose mother died （“whose”引導(dǎo)定語從句，表“孩子的媽媽” ）
2. that/which has a red flower on the back （先行詞“sweater”是物，在從句中作主語，可用that/which ）
3. who/whom/that you are looking after （先行詞“woman”是人，在從句中作賓語，可用who/whom/that ）
4. that/which you cannot get from books （先行詞“knowledge”是物，在從句中作賓語，可用that/which ）
5. that/which I gave to her （先行詞“dress”是物，在從句中作賓語，可用that/which ）

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