資源簡介

(共32張PPT)
Unit 1
Science and
Scientists
Learning About Language
教學目標
Students will master the key grammar structures in Unit 1, accurately understanding their forms, rules, and functions.
1
Students will apply these grammar structures correctly in various contexts, improving their language proficiency.
2
教學重難點
01
02
Concentrate on the essential elements of predicative clauses, including their construction rules, common guiding words, and how they connect with subject complements.
Help students distinguish predicative clauses from other noun clauses, use guiding words accurately, and embed predicative clauses into complex sentences coherently.
01
Build up your vocabulary
Find the words from the previous pages with the following prefixes or suffixes. Then add two words for each prefix or suffix, and explain their meanings.
Prefix Words Meaning Suffix Words Meaning
re- -ory
dis- -ion
micro- -ial
trans- -ology
remove
replace
discover
disappear
microscope
microphone
transform
transplant
again; back
away; not; separate
across; beyond
small
advisory
compulsory
infection
relation
partial
financial
biology
sociology
a place for;
relating to or involving a verbal action
noun, quality;
state of being
related to; like
study/science of ...
Make phrases by combining the words in the left box with those on the right. Then complete the sentences using these phrases.
Many scientists _____________ the view that it is human activity that has caused global warming.
He was to ___________ the accident because he drove on the wrong side of the road.
The man _____________ being behind the robbery was seen crossing the street.
Since heart disease is often ___________ our lifestyle choices, we need to make healthy living an important part of our lives.
to of for
subscribe suspect blame link
subscribe to
blame for
suspected of
linked to
Replace the underlined parts with suitable words from the box.
It is not unusual for an athlete to be well known while he is active, and quickly forgotten when his athletic career is over.
I’m sure she’ll deal with the changes very well because she’s very adaptable.
He was ready to serve dinner to his friends when he realised that he had forgotten to turn on the oven and the meat was not cooked yet.
He used his great influence to change the thinking of the scientific community on this issue.
Scientists have collected more data than expected to prove the theory.
raw a household name substantial statistics handle
raw
substantial
statistics
a household name
handle
Read this passage about medical plete it using the words below.
British scientists believe they may have found a way to fight the common cold. It blocks a key protein in the body’s cells that is to _______ for the spread of cold-causing virus. Targeting the host rather than the _________ was a bit non-traditional but made sense because it was tricky to target the virus. Cold-causing virus are not only of _________ kinds, they also ___________ rapidly, meaning they can quickly develop resistance to medicine. Researchers are working on making a form of medicine that can be taken directly into one’s lungs, to _________ the chance of side effects. Though these scientists have made __________ advances in their research, further _______ is needed to make sure such drugs are not so _________ that they harm the body.
infection multiple decrease severe transform proof blame substantial
infection
multiple
transform
blame
decrease
substantial
proof
severe
02
Discover useful structures
猜猜誰是小偷？
地鐵站內，一個女人大喊:"搶劫啦"！罪犯拿著錢包跑得很快，保安追不到。經過一系列的工作，找到了四個嫌疑人。
探長過來時，Adam在椅子上昏昏欲睡，Bob冷的縮成一團，Charlie不安的四處張望，David在原地跑步取暖。
請問誰的嫌疑最大
猜猜誰是小偷？
The greatest suspicion is David.
This is my guess.
如何合并為一句話
My guess is that the greatest suspicion is David.
表語從句
表語(Predicative)用于說明主語的 身份、性質、特征、狀態或內容，位于 系動詞(be, seem, appear, become, look, sound, feel 等) 之后，構成“主語+系動詞+表語”結構。表語可由多種成分充當：
名詞：His job is a teacher. 他的職業是老師。
代詞：The winner is you. 獲勝者是你。
形容詞：The cake tastes delicious. 這塊蛋糕嘗起來很美味。
介詞短語：The book is on the desk. 書在桌子上。
非謂語動詞：不定式、分詞、動名詞
(不定式) Her dream is to travel the world. 她的夢想是環游世界。
(現在分詞)The news is exciting. 這個消息令人興奮。
從句 → 表語從句
表語的概念
系動詞分類
表語從句(Predicative Clause)是指在系動詞(be, seem, appear, look, sound, become 等) 之后，用來說明主語的身份、性質或狀態的從句。它通常位于主句的謂語動詞之后，充當表語(即主語補足語)。表語從句必須用陳述句語序。
結構：主語 + 系動詞 + 引導詞 + 從句
The truth was that the man had disappeared.
主語
系動詞
引導詞
從句
定義與結構
引導詞
引導詞 連詞 在從句中不作成分 that, whether, as if, as though, because …
連接代詞 在從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語 what, who, whom, whose, which, whatever, whoever, whichever …
連接副詞 在從句中作狀語 when, where, how, why …
使用要點
1. 表語從句一定要用陳述語序，即使原句是疑問句。
錯誤：The problem is where can we find water.
(疑問語序：where + 情態動詞 can + 主語 we)
正確：The problem is where we can find water.
(陳述語序：where + 主語 we + 情態動詞 can + 謂語 find)
錯誤：This is who did the job.
(疑問語序：who 直接作主語時易混淆，但仍需按陳述語序結構)
正確：This is who the job was done by.
(陳述語序：who 作賓語，調整為: 主語 the job + 謂語 was done + 介詞 by
表語從句有要求，陳述語序要記住；引導詞后跟主語，謂語動詞別錯位。
使用要點
2. that 引導表語從句時，僅作為連接詞存在，其作用是連接主句的主語和從句，不充當從句中的任何成分(如主語、賓語、表語等)，無實際語義，在口語或非正式語境中有時可省略，但在正式寫作中建議保留以避免歧義。
① that 可省略的情況(口語 / 非正式)
The truth is (that) he didn’t finish the work on time.
② that 不可省略的情況(正式語境)
The problem is that we lack the necessary resources.
③ 多個 that 引導的表語從句(并列結構中不可省略)
His argument was that the project was feasible and that we should start immediately.
使用要點
3. whether 引導表語從句時，僅作為連接詞，表示 “是否、到底” 的含義，不充當從句的任何成分(如主語、賓語等)，且不能用 if 替換。其作用是連接主句的主語和從句，使從句成為主句主語的具體內容或疑問焦點。
① 基本用法(whether 表示 “是否”)
The question is whether he will accept the invitation.
② 與 or not 連用加強語氣
The problem is whether we can finish the task on time or not.
③ 注意：if 不能引導表語從句，因此不可與weather替換
The doubt is if the plan is practical.
The doubt is whether the plan is practical.
使用要點
4. 連接代詞引導表語從句時，兼具連接主句與從句和在從句中充當句子成分(主語、賓語、表語、定語)的雙重功能，且本身有明確語義(如 “誰”“什么”“哪一個” 等)。
連接代詞 從句中成分 語義 例句
who 主語 “誰” The winner is who solved the problem.
whom 賓語 “誰（賓格）” I’ll marry whom I love.
whose 定語 “誰的” The question is whose car this is.
what 主語 / 賓語 / 表語 “什么”“所…… 的事物” What she said is true.
which 主語 / 賓語 / 定語 “哪一個 / 些” Choose which you like.
whoever 主語 / 賓語 “無論誰”“任何人” Whoever arrives first wins.
使用要點
5. 連接副詞引導表語從句時，既連接主句與從句，又在從句中充當地點、時間、原因、方式等狀語，本身具有明確語義（如 “哪里”“何時”“為什么”“如何”）。
連接副詞 從句中成分 語義 例句
where 地點狀語 “在哪里” This is where I grew up.
when 時間狀語 “何時” The problem is when they will arrive.
why 原因狀語 “為什么” The answer is why she was late.
how 方式狀語 “如何”“怎樣” The issue is how to solve the problem.
使用要點
6. That is because... 和 That is why... 是表語從句中常見的固定結構，二者均通過 that 連接主句與從句，但語義和邏輯關系截然不同：
That is because... 強調 原因（主句說明結果，從句解釋原因）。
That is why... 強調 結果（主句說明原因，從句推導結果）。
①That is because + 原因→邏輯：結果（主句） + 因為……(從句解釋原因)
He didn’t attend the meeting. That is because he was ill.
他沒參加會議, 那是因為他生病了。
②That is why + 結果→邏輯：原因（主句） + 因此……(從句說明結果)
He was ill. That is why he didn’t attend the meeting.
他生病了, 因此沒參加會議。
使用要點
7. 當表語從句的主語是表示建議、勸告、命令、要求等含義的名詞（如 advice, suggestion, order, proposal 等）時，從句需用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞結構為：should + 動詞原形（should 可省略）。
此規則的本質是：將主語名詞的主觀要求（建議 / 命令等）通過虛擬語氣在表語從句中體現。
主語名詞類型 常見名詞 虛擬語氣結構 是否可省略 should
建議類 advice, suggestion, tip should + 動詞原形 是（口語 / 正式均可）
命令類 order, command, instruction should + 動詞原形 是（正式場合常保留）
提議 / 要求類 proposal, requirement, plan should + 動詞原形 是
03
Exercise
Answer the following questions using the information from the reading passage as well as the predicative clauses.
Example
What was it that John Snow showed to the world
→What John Snow showed to the world was how cholera could be overcome.
1. What was Snow’s discovery in two particular streets in London
Snow’s discovery in two particular streets in London was that _____________
_______________________________________________________________.
the cholera
outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days
2. What was Snow determined to find out during the 1854 outbreak of cholera in
London
What Snow was determined to find out was why ________________________
_________________________________.
the outbreak of cholera had
caused over 500 deaths within ten days
Answer the following questions using the information from the reading passage as well as the predicative clauses.
3. What were the exact places Snow marked on the map
The exact places Snow marked on the map were where _____________________________.
all those who died had lived
4. What was the finding that Snow announced
Snow’s finding was that _________________________________.
the pump water carried cholera germs
David is talking to Maria about their scientific research project. First complete David’s lines (A-E), using the words in the box. Then put David’s lines in the correct order and practise the conversation.
as if that what who when how why whose which whether
A Absolutely. You may not believe it, but that was ________ happened at the initial stage of our group’s research on developing a vaccine for malaria.
B Yes, it is. And it seemed _____ all the theories were useful, but the fact was ______ we couldn’t persuade one another that one theory was better than another.
C Exactly. The problem was not about ___________ all our theories were equally good, but in deciding __________________ theory to depend upon.
D We realised that what we cared about was not __________ aspect we needed to develop a theory in, but rather ______ we can reduce the cost of a vaccine without reducing its effect!
E You’re right. At last, we became focused on the key issue, which was ______ we had to carry out the research in the first place.
what
as if
that
which/what
which/ what/ whose
how
why
whether
Maria: This mix of theory and data is one of the key characteristics of what we call science.
David:_________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
Maria: With your theoretical framework
David:_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Maria: Deciding on a theory is definitely of critical importance.
David:_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
A Absolutely. You may not believe it, but that was what happened at the initial stage of our group’s research on developing a vaccine for malaria.
C Exactly. The problem was not about whether all our theories were equally good, but in deciding which/ what/ whose theory to depend upon.
B Yes, it is. And it seemed as if all the theories were useful, but the fact was that we couldn’t persuade one another that one theory was better than another.
Maria: This was when you should have calmed down and got down to doing some solid work.
David: ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Maria: So what happened in the end
David:_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
D We realised that what we cared about was not which/what aspect we needed to develop a theory in, but rather how we can reduce the cost of a vaccine without reducing its effect!
E You’re right. At last, we became focused on the key issue, which was why we had to carry out the research in the first place.
My suggestion is that we ___________ (start) the project at once.
The question is _________ the film is worth watching.
The reason is _________ he was late for the exam.
The fact is _________ he has already made up his mind.
Her request is that everyone _________ (be) present at the meeting.
This is _________ I want to tell you.
The question is _________ of you is responsible for this accident.
The truth is ______ he didn’t attend the meeting.
(should) start
that
what
that
whether
(should) be
that
which
04
Homework
Homework
1. Summarise what we have learnt in this lesson;
2. Prepare for the next lesson
匯報時間：20XX年XX月XX日
See you next class!

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