資源簡介

UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
大觀念之單元話題:本單元主要講述了醫生約翰·斯諾控制霍亂傳播的故事,并介紹了我國著名科學家錢學森和英國著名科學家史蒂芬·霍金的事跡及他們身上體現出的科學精神。我們要學習科學家勇于探索、認真鉆研的精神,樹立敢于開拓創新、堅持不懈、不斷進取的觀念,思考科學與生活及社會進步的關系。
①allergic / l d k/ adj.過敏的
②radiation / re di e n/ n.輻射
③sample / sɑ mp( )l/ n.樣品
④transform /tr ns f m/ vt.& vi.轉換
⑤be exposed to暴露于
類文悅讀·情境導學
“救命針”到了太空竟變“毒針” 加拿大一群學生實驗發現驚人結果。
Student scientists study EpiPens in space
A school science project by a group of students in Canada has led to an important discovery:EpiPens,which help control severe allergic① reactions,might not work in space.
An EpiPen is a shot that puts a medicine called “epinephrine (腎上腺素)” straight into a person’s body with a needle.Epinephrine calms the allergic reaction so the person can breathe.
But students in the Program for Gifted Learners had a question about EpiPens:Would they work in space They knew that on Earth,radiation② from the sun can change the molecules (分子) of the epinephrine in an EpiPen.They wondered if the same thing would happen when epinephrine was exposed to⑤ radiation in space.So they designed an experiment to test their idea.They wanted to send samples③ of the liquid in an EpiPen,as well as pure epinephrine,into space to see if anything changed.
Working with a group called iEDU,which offers a program called Cubes in Space,the students sent two cubes into space—one on a rocket and the other on a balloon.Each cube held a small bottle of pure epinephrine and a small bottle of EpiPen liquid.
After the cubes returned to Earth,the students tested the liquids in the bottles once more.The results suggested that they had discovered something big.The bottles that held the EpiPen liquid now had no epinephrine at all.The results from the bottles of pure epinephrine were even more surprising.Only 87% of the liquid was still epinephrine.The other 13% had transformed④ into poisonous chemicals.
The discovery the students made is a big deal.It suggests that EpiPens might not work in space,and might even become dangerous.That’s important information for astronauts with allergies.It is hoped that the experiment will be repeated a second time to check the results.
Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking—Comprehending
Step One:Pre-reading
According to the title and the pictures,predict what this passage is mainly talking about.
John Snow did some research and helped to solve “King Cholera”.
Step Two:While-reading
閱讀策略——Ask questions
深度學習語篇的方法多種多樣,如做批注、記筆記、畫思維導圖、寫讀后反思等。邊閱讀邊提問也是一種有效的方法,它能幫助讀者掌握語篇內容,深化對語篇主題的理解。那么,讀者該如何進行有效提問呢 我們以JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”為例進行說明。
初讀語篇時,讀者不妨從大處著手,針對語篇的標題進行提問,如:Who is John Snow What is cholera Why is it called “King Cholera” 其次,讀者可以針對插圖進行提問,如:Why did Snow draw a cholera map What could be found from the map 再者,讀者也要兼顧內容細節,可針對語篇內容進行提問,如:How did Snow defeat “King Cholera” 在尋找這個問題的答案時,語篇的篇章結構便會浮現在眼前。讀者還可以由此總結科學實驗類文本的結構特征,針對語篇結構進行提問,如:What’s the process of scientific research 這樣,讀者就能夠由表及里,逐步推進所提問題的深度。
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
A.How John Snow found the cause of cholera and defeated it.
B.The cause of cholera was polluted water.
C.The source of all drinking water should be examined.
D.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
答案　A
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1　A.John Snow began his study by marking on a map.
Para.2　B.John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
Para.3　C.John Snow’s contributions.
Para.4　D.John Snow desired to defeat cholera.
Para.5　E.The truth of the infection of cholera.
答案　Para.1 D　Para.2 B　Para.3 A　Para.4 E
Para.5 C
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
Read the passage again and fill in the blanks.
Ⅲ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What did Snow decide to do after knowing millions of people died from cholera
A.Become a medical worker.
B.Find the cause and defeat it.
C.Set up modern epidemiology.
D.Develop a new theory to explain how it spread.
2.What was the first step of Snow’s investigation
A.He removed the handle of the pump.
B.He paid a visit to those who got cholera.
C.He marked the exact places of the deaths on a map.
D.He found a link between cholera and polluted water.
3.Why were there no deaths in some households
A.They boiled water before drinking.
B.They did not drink the water from the pump.
C.They later moved away from the water pump.
D.They preferred free water provided by their workplace.
4.Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology
A.He changed the way scientists study diseases.
B.He pushed water companies to sell clean water.
C.He cracked a key problem in epidemiological research.
D.He destroyed cholera once and for all through his efforts.
答案　1.B　2.C　3.B　4.A
Step Three:Post-reading
Ⅰ.難句解構
1.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
學會斷句:主句為 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places;where引導定語從句,修飾先行詞the exact places;who引導定語從句,修飾先行詞those。
嘗試翻譯:斯諾首先在地圖上標出所有死者住所的確切位置。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
學會斷句:本句中so...that...意為“如此……以至于……”,that引導結果狀語從句。had it delivered為“have+賓語+過去分詞”結構,意為“讓某事被做”。
嘗試翻譯:這名婦女似乎非常喜歡從水泵抽上來的水,以至于每天都讓人把那里的水運到家里來。
Ⅱ.翻轉課堂(課文語法填空)
Fill in the following blanks according to the passage.
Cholera was one of the most feared 1.diseases (disease) in the past.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.John Snow,2.a famous doctor,was determined 3.to destroy (destroy) cholera once and for all.
There were two theories about cholera at that time.One was 4.that bad air caused the disease and the other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed 5.to the second theory.He began to investigate,6.marking (mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died 7.had lived (live).As a result,he found multiple deaths in one place while there were no deaths in another place.8.Eventually (eventual),he found the evidence for the second theory.He succeeded in 9.stopping (stop) the disease spreading.
Snow transformed the way of studying diseases,and therefore he 10.is considered (consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
[原文呈現]
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①”
Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world,until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome[1].This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④,dehydration⑤,and even death.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe,millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated⑧ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[2].In time⑨,he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth .However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all .
[1]此處是until引導的時間狀語從句,其中“how it could be overcome”是how引導的賓語從句。
[2]此處是because引導的原因狀語從句,其中“how to prevent or treat cholera”是“疑問詞+動詞不定式”結構作knew的賓語。
In general ,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread[3].One theory was that bad air caused the disease[4].The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof .Consequently ,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854[5],Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.
[3]此處是how引導的賓語從句。
[4]此處是that引導的表語從句,that在從句中不作成分。
[5]此處是when引導的時間狀語從句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame [6].What is more,in another part of London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs[7].Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used[8].Through this intervention,the disease was stopped in its tracks.
[6]此處是that引導的賓語從句。be to blame意為“負有責任”,動詞不定式to blame用主動形式表示被動含義。
[7]此處是that引導的賓語從句。
[8]本句含有“have sth done”結構,意為“讓/請某人做某事、使某事被做”;so that引導目的狀語從句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[9].Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste[10].The people who drank this water[11] were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water[12].
[9]此處是that引導的表語從句。
[10]此處是that引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞the River Thames。
[11]此處是who引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞people。
[12]此處是who引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞those。
Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera[13],thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[14].For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
[13]此處是“疑問詞+動詞不定式”結構,作know的賓語。
[14]此處是省略了引導詞that/in which的定語從句,修飾先行詞the way。
[名師圈點]
①cholera / k l r / n.霍亂
②used to do sth過去常常做某事
③severe /sI vI (r)/ adj.極為惡劣的;十分嚴重的;嚴厲的
severely adv.嚴重地;嚴格地;嚴厲地
④diarrhoea / daI rI / n.腹瀉
⑤dehydration / di haI dreI n/ n.脫水
⑥outbreak n.爆發;突然發生
⑦hit v.攻擊;進攻;襲擊
⑧frustrated /fr streItId/ adj.懊惱的;沮喪的;失意的
feel frustrated感到沮喪
frustration n.挫折
⑨in time 最后;遲早
⑩rise v.變得更加成功(或重要、強大等)
attend to照料,照顧
give birth (to) 分娩,生育
once and for all最終地;徹底地
in general通常;一般而言
contradictory / k ntr dIkt ri/ adj.相互矛盾的;對立的;不一致的
be contradictory to與……相矛盾
contradict v.相抵觸,相矛盾;反駁
infection /In fek n/ n.感染;傳染
germ /d m/ n.微生物;細菌;病菌
subscribe to同意;贊同
subscribe /s b skraIb/ vi.認購(股份);定期訂購;定期交納(會費)
proof /pru f/ n.證據;證明;檢驗
prove v.證明;證明是
consequently adv.因此,所以
investigate v.調查;研究
particular adj.特定的;特別的
be determined to do sth決心做某事
multiple / m ltIpl/ adj.數量多的;多種多樣的
multiply v.乘以;迅速增加;繁殖
water pump水泵
pump /p mp/ n.泵;抽水機;打氣筒
household / ha sh ld/ n.一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect /s spekt/ vt.& vi.懷疑;疑有;不信任
/ s spekt/ n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑對象
suspect sb of (doing) sth懷疑某人(做過)某事
blame /bleIm/ vt.把……歸咎于;責怪;指責 n.責備;指責
be to blame for對……應負責任
what is more更重要的是;而且
as a result of由于(后跟原因)
as a result結果(后跟結果)
accordingly adv.因此;相應地
handle / h ndl/ n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.處理;搬動;操縱(車輛、動物、工具等)
intervention / Int ven n/ n.介入;出面;干涉
infect /In fekt/ vt.使感染;傳染
infectious adj.傳染性的;感染的(尤指通過呼吸)
link /lI k/ n.聯系;紐帶vt.把……連接起來;相關聯
a link between...and... ……與……之間的聯系
be linked to... 與……連接;與……有關聯,與……有聯系
raw /r / adj.未煮的;生的;未經處理的;原始的
raw material原材料
be likely to do sth有可能做某事
pure /pj (r)/ adj.干凈的;純的;純粹的
pure water純凈水
tireless adj.不知疲倦的
substantial /s b st n l/ adj.大量的;價值巨大的;重大的
decrease / di kri s/ n.減少;降低;減少量
/dI kri s/ vt.& vi.(使大小、數量等)減少;減小;降低
on the decrease正在減少,在降低
thanks to幸虧;由于
statistic /st tIstIk/ n.[pl.-s]統計數字;統計資料;統計學
transform /tr ns f m/ vt.使改觀;使改變形態 vi.改變;轉變
transform...into...使……轉變成……
epidemiology / epI di mi l d i/ n.流行病學
[參考譯文]　　約翰·斯諾戰勝“霍亂王”
在英國醫生約翰·斯諾向人們展示如何戰勝霍亂之前,霍亂曾是世界上最令人恐懼的疾病之一。這種疾病可以導致嚴重的腹瀉、脫水甚至死亡。十九世紀初,當霍亂爆發,肆虐歐洲時,數百萬人死于這種疾病。由于無人知道如何預防或治療霍亂,年輕的約翰·斯諾醫生感到沮喪。后來,他成為一位名醫,甚至照料分娩的維多利亞女王。然而,他始終沒有放棄徹底根除霍亂的愿望。
關于霍亂的蔓延方式,當時的醫生通常有兩種截然不同的看法。一種看法是空氣污染引發的這種疾病,另一種看法是食物或飲用水中的細菌感染導致霍亂。斯諾贊同第二種看法。這一看法是正確的,但他仍需要證據。因此,1854年倫敦爆發霍亂時,斯諾便開始調查。他發現霍亂在兩條特定的街道上爆發得非常嚴重,以至于10天內就有500多人死亡。他決心查明原因。
斯諾首先在地圖上標出所有死者住所的確切位置。寬街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16號、37號、38號及40號住宅)。然而有些住戶(如寬街20號和21號以及劍橋街8號和9號)卻無人死亡。這些人在劍橋街7號的酒吧工作。酒吧為他們提供免費的啤酒,因此他們沒有喝水泵抽上來的水。斯諾懷疑水泵就是罪魁禍首。此外,在倫敦的另一個區域,一名婦女和她的女兒搬離寬街后死于霍亂。這名婦女似乎非常喜歡從水泵抽上來的水,以至于每天都讓人把那里的水運到家里來。因為這個證據,
約翰·斯諾就能夠宣布水泵抽上來的水攜帶霍亂病菌。于是,他讓人拆掉了水泵的把手,這樣水泵就不能用了。通過這一干預,疾病的蔓延得以遏制。
事情的真相是寬街水泵抽上來的水被廢棄物污染了。此外,斯諾之后還證實了其他霍亂病例與倫敦不同的供水公司有關。有些公司出售的水取自被未處理的廢棄物污染的泰晤士河。與飲用純凈水或開水的人相比,飲用這種水的人更有可能感染霍亂。
經過斯諾的不懈努力,供水公司開始銷售潔凈的水,世界各地的霍亂威脅大幅度降低。然而,霍亂仍是一個問題。每年全球有數百萬人感染霍亂,并且許多人因此喪生。幸運的是,由于約翰·斯諾的努力,我們現在知道了如何預防霍亂。此外,通過使用地圖和數據,斯諾改變了科學家研究疾病的方式。出于這個原因,斯諾被譽為現代流行病學之父。
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共30分)
A
Dr.Joseph Dituri,who is 55 and known as“Dr.Deep Sea”,has just finished an amazing adventure.For 100 days,the University of South Florida scientist lived in a small room underwater.He set a new world record,beating the old record of 73 days.
The farther you go below the ocean’s surface,the greater the pressure.The mission,known as Project Neptune 100,was a scientific attempt to study the effects of living in a high-pressure environment for a sustained period.In his undersea room,Dr.Dituri was living with pressure that was about 66% greater than the pressure on the surface.He believed that high pressure could help people live longer and stay healthier as they get older and that it could also help doctors treat different medical problems,including brain injuries.
Actually,Dr.Dituri went through several big changes.For one thing,he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea.He was also able to sleep much better.His physical conditions greatly improved in a couple of other ways,too.
While he was living underwater,Dr.Dituri stayed busy.He used the project as an educational experience for the youth.“I have communicated with thousands of young people to get them interested in science,technology,engineering and math,”he said.He had online chats with over 5,500 students from 15 different countries.Meanwhile,he kept teaching his college classes and worked with other marine (海洋的) experts to figure out ways to protect and take care of the ocean.
Dr.Dituri said his favorite part of the project was talking with young people.“If we can get people excited about science,that would be a great success to me!”he said.“Maybe one day,one of them will come back and break the record I just set.My greatest hope is that I can inspire a new generation of researchers to push back the boundaries.”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要介紹了被稱為“深海博士”的Dituri博士在水下生活100 天,打破了別人在水下生活73天的世界紀錄。
1.Why did Dr.Dituri have the adventure
A.To beat the previous world record.
B.To research the underwater life better.
C.To draw attention to a healthy lifestyle.
D.To learn human bodies’ response to high pressure.
答案　D　[細節理解題。根據第二段中的“The mission,known as...for a sustained period.”可知,這次任務是一項科學嘗試,旨在研究長期生活在高壓環境下的影響。再結合下文中的“He believed that high pressure...including brain injuries.”可知,他認為,隨著年齡的增長,高壓可以幫助人們活得更長久、更健康,還可以幫助醫生治療各種醫療問題,包括腦損傷。由此可推知,Dituri博士進行這次水下冒險是為了研究人體對高壓的反應。故選D。]
2.What happened to Dr.Dituri
A.He suffered from sleep problems.
B.His height changed slightly.
C.He was forced to live a busy life.
D.His state of health stabilized.
答案　B　[細節理解題。根據第三段中的“he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea”可知,在高壓的海底生活期間,他的身高縮短了1.3厘米。故選B。]
3.What does Dr.Dituri want to inspire young people to do through the project
A.Address scientific boundaries.
B.Protect the ocean actively.
C.Develop enthusiasm for science.
D.Challenge themselves bravely.
答案　C　[細節理解題。根據倒數第二段中的“He used the project as an educational experience for the youth.‘I have communicated...interested in science,technology,engineering and math,’”及最后一段中的“Dr.Dituri said...‘If we can get people excited about science,that would be a great success to me!’”可知,Dituri博士喜歡與年輕人進行交流,希望激發他們對科學的熱情。故選C。]
4.How can we describe Dr.Dituri
A.He is high-powered and caring.
B.He is committed and optimistic.
C.He is open-minded and insightful.
D.He is determined and heartening.
答案　D　[推理判斷題。Dituri博士在水下生活100天,打破了別人在水下生活73天的世界紀錄,由此可以推測出Dituri博士是一個意志堅定的人;最后兩段提到了Dituri博士與來自15個不同國家的超過5 500名年輕人進行互動并激勵他們對科學的熱情,由此可以推測出Dituri博士是一個能鼓舞別人的人。故選D。]
B
They say procrastination (拖延) is the thief of time—actually deadlines are.New research has found that if you want someone to help you out with something,it is best not to set a deadline at all.But if you do set a deadline,make it short.
Professor Stephen Knowles tested the effect of deadline length on task completion for their research.Participants were invited to complete an online survey concerning a charity donation.They were given either one week,one month,or no deadline to respond.Professor Knowles says although the topic of the survey was about charity,the results are true of any situation where someone asks another person for help.
The study found responses to the survey were lowest for the one-month deadline and highest when no deadline was specified (明確規定).No deadline and the one-week deadline led to many early responses,while a long deadline appeared to give people permission to procrastinate.Professor Knowles wasn’t surprised to find that specifying a shorter deadline increased the chances of receiving a response compared to a longer deadline.However,he did find it interesting that they received the most responses when no deadline was specified.
“We interpret this as evidence that specifying a longer deadline,as opposed to a short deadline or no deadline at all,removes the urgency to act,”he says.“People therefore put off undertaking the task,and since they are inattentive or forget,postponing it results in lower response rates.”
He says of the research that it is possible that not specifying a deadline might still have led participants to assume that there is an unspoken deadline.Professor Knowles hopes his research can help reduce the amount of procrastinating people do.“Many people procrastinate.They have the best intentions of helping someone out,but just do not get around to doing it.”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要闡述了Stephen Knowles教授及其團隊的研究發現,該研究主要關注的是截止期限對拖延的影響。
5.Why did Professor Knowles do the research
A.To study the role a deadline plays in procrastination.
B.To find out whether people are interested in charity.
C.To attract public attention to the effects of procrastination.
D.To test the effects of procrastination on task completion.
答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據第二段中的“Professor Stephen Knowles...for their research.”可知,Stephen Knowles教授為他們的研究測試了截止期限長短對任務完成的影響,由此可推知,Knowles教授的研究是為了研究截止期限在拖延中所起的作用,故選A項。]
6.What most likely leads to procrastination
A.No deadlines.
B.Short deadlines.
C.Specific deadlines.
D.Long deadlines.
答案　D　[細節理解題。根據第三段中的“The study found responses...permission to procrastinate.”可知,截止期限越長,拖延越嚴重。故選D項。]
7.Why do people procrastinate when given a long deadline
A.They oppose the deadline.
B.They are unwilling to act.
C.They lack a sense of urgency.
D.They are too busy to remember.
答案　C　[推理判斷題。根據第四段中的“We interpret this as evidence...removes the urgency to act”可知,研究發現,與短的截止日期或根本沒有截止日期截然相反,指定更長的截止日期會消除采取行動的緊迫性。由此可推斷,設定長的截止日期使人們缺乏緊迫感,從而造成拖延,故選C項。]
8.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Procrastination—the Thief of Time
B.Procrastination—an Urgent Problem to Solve
C.Deadline—a Result of Procrastination
D.Deadline—the Key to Reducing Procrastination
答案　D　[標題歸納題。通讀全文內容,特別是第一段中的“New research has found...make it short.”可知,文章主要介紹了Stephen Knowles教授及其團隊的研究發現,該研究主要關注的是設定截止期限的長短對拖延的影響,故選D項。]
C
A recent article published by the science journal Nature Neuroscience says that excessive (過度的) light exposure at night leads to symptoms of depression in mice.
Health experts have long suggested that exposure to light during nighttime may lead to depression in humans,but now Chinese scientists have verified that this happens to mice.
Scientists from the University of Science and Technology of China,based in Hefei,Anhui Province,found that the effect was partly controlled by a neural pathway that carries signals from the eyes to a specific region of brain.Blocking the pathway could prevent the effect,the paper said.
In their experiments,the scientists exposed dozens of mice to blue light from 9 pm to 11 pm.Blue light was chosen because neurons are most sensitive to it,according to An Kai,the lead author of the paper,which was published in the science journal Nature Neuroscience.
“To our surprise,the effect was very obvious in mice,” said An.“The exposure resulted in more than 70 percent of the subject mice exhibiting depressive symptoms,which was shown by two classical tests.”
The mice exhibited decreased mobility in the forced swimming test and decreased preference in the sugar preference test.
An said researchers finally hope to verify the mechanism in humans,but further experiments are required.
Mice are more active at night than in the daytime,which is contrary to humans.
“For the next stage of research,we will move on to other animals whose biological rhythms are closer to humans,” An said.
Exposure to excessive light at nighttime,either from lights or the use of electronic devices such as mobile phones or personal computers before bedtime,has been associated with a greater risk of depression,the paper noted.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一個經中國科學家實驗證實的現象:老鼠在夜間過度地暴露在光亮中會變得抑郁?？茖W家們未來準備對其他與人類生物鐘類似的動物進行研究,同時也建議人們晚上少使用電子設備。
9.What has the research found
A.Humans are depressed when they’re exposed to light at night.
B.Much exposure to light at night makes mice depressed.
C.Mice are more sensitive to light at night than humans.
D.It’s harmful to be exposed to blue light at night.
答案　B　[細節理解題。根據第一段的內容可知,該研究發現老鼠夜間過度暴露在光亮中會變得抑郁,故選B項。]
10.What does the underlined word “verified” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Proved. B.Hoped.
C.Remembered. D.Guessed.
答案　A　[詞義猜測題。前文提到一些健康專家提出夜間過度暴露在光亮中可能使人抑郁,又由第一段可知,這種現象在老鼠身上也存在,此處是指中國科學家證實了這一點。由此推斷verify意為“證實”,而prove意為“證明”,符合題意,故選A項。]
11.Which of the following was a result caused by the exposure to blue light at night
A.The mobility of the mice in swimming improved.
B.The mice became more sensitive to blue light.
C.The mice showed less interest in sugar.
D.The mice no longer liked swimming.
答案　C　[細節理解題。根據第六段的內容可知,經過藍光照射后,老鼠在糖偏好實驗中對糖的興趣有所減弱,故選C項。]
12.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.It’s less harmful to be exposed to light from the sky.
B.We should never use personal computers before bedtime.
C.It’s necessary not to use mobile phones too much at night.
D.Depression can be avoided if we don’t use electronic devices at night.
答案　C　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段可知,不管是燈光還是電子設備的光,夜間過度暴露在光亮中都會增加抑郁的風險,由此推斷我們應該減少夜間對電子設備的使用,故選C項。]
Ⅱ.七選五(每小題2.5分,共12.5分)
Life is filled with numerous victories and downfalls.　1　 Here’s how you can create a new chapter in your life.
Draw a Line Mentally
Life is going to throw a lot of problems,so you need to be mentally prepared for each and every situation.　2　 In order to be better than before,you need to leave that guilt and shame in the past and emerge as someone new.The secret here is to never stop trying.Once you stop trying,you are already defeated.
Learn from Others
It is an effective approach to find people that have gone through the same trials as you have.　3　 They can assist you better since they know the hardships.Always seek out people who are truly free of their issues,as they will be able to help you genuinely.
Do What Actually Works
　4　 Don’t follow the path to anger and destroy what is good for you.Actively engaging in battles and struggles can be challenging,but being stuck in pain and self-resentment will be even harder.
Picture your goals in your mind and take sensible steps towards them with each passing day.　5　 Let nothing stand in your way.
A.What truly matters is how you react to them.
B.You can learn from their experiences and successes.
C.Live in reality and make wise choices for yourself.
D.Find those who have successfully overcome similar challenges.
E.In such situations,drawing a mental line can be helpful.
F.Nothing should prevent you from achieving your dreams and goals.
G.It is essential to stay positive and focused on what brings you joy.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。面對生活中的起伏,關鍵在于你如何反應。從他人經驗中學習,找到克服類似挑戰的人,以積極的態度朝著目標邁出合理步伐,不被任何事物阻擋。
1.A　[上文提到“Life is filled with numerous victories and downfalls.”可知,生活充滿了勝利和失敗。接下來的內容應該強調如何對待這些情況。選項A“你如何對待它們才是真正重要的”符合邏輯。故選A。]
2.E　[本段標題為“Draw a Line Mentally”,強調在面對生活中的問題時,要在心理上有所準備。選項E中的“drawing a mental line”與標題相呼應,且內容“在這種情況下,在腦海中畫一條線是有幫助的”也符合前文描述的場景。故選E。]
3.B　[從上文 “It is an effective approach to find people that have gone through the same trials as you have.”可知,從他人身上學習是一個有效的方法,因為他人已經經歷過類似的考驗,了解其中的困難。選項B“你可以從他們的經驗和成功中學習”直接體現了這一思想。故選B。]
4.C　[本段標題為“Do What Actually Works”,強調要活在現實中,做出明智的選擇。選項C中的“Live in reality and make wise choices for yourself”直接對應了標題和后文段落內容。故選C。]
5.F　[上文 “Picture your goals in your mind and take sensible steps towards them with each passing day.”強調要在心中描繪目標,并朝著它們邁出明智的步伐,不被任何事物阻擋。選項F“沒有什么能阻止你實現你的夢想和目標”與這一意思相符,強調了實現目標的決心和信心。故選F。](共90張PPT)
主題語境:人與社會——科學技術與科學精神
UNIT 1　SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
大觀念之單元話題:本單元主要講述了醫生約翰·斯諾控制霍亂傳播的故事,并介紹了我國著名科學家錢學森和英國著名科學家史蒂芬·霍金的事跡及他們身上體現出的科學精神。我們要學習科學家勇于探索、認真鉆研的精神,樹立敢于開拓創新、堅持不懈、不斷進取的觀念,思考科學與生活及社會進步的關系。
①allergic / l d k/ adj.過敏的
②radiation / re di e n/ n.輻射
③sample / sɑ mp( )l/ n.樣品
④transform /tr ns f m/ vt.& vi.轉換
⑤be exposed to暴露于
類文悅讀·情境導學
“救命針”到了太空竟變“毒針” 加拿大一群學生實驗發現驚人結果。
Student scientists study EpiPens in space
A school science project by a group of students in Canada has led to an important discovery:EpiPens,which help control severe allergic① reactions,might not work in space.
An EpiPen is a shot that puts a medicine called “epinephrine (腎上腺素)” straight into a person’s body with a needle.Epinephrine calms the allergic reaction so the person can breathe.
But students in the Program for Gifted Learners had a question about EpiPens:Would they work in space They knew that on Earth,radiation② from the sun can change the molecules (分子) of the epinephrine in an EpiPen.They wondered if the same thing would happen when epinephrine was exposed to⑤ radiation in space.So they designed an experiment to test their idea.They wanted to send samples③ of the liquid in an EpiPen,as well as pure epinephrine,into space to see if anything changed.
Working with a group called iEDU,which offers a program called Cubes in Space,the students sent two cubes into space—one on a rocket and the other on a balloon.Each cube held a small bottle of pure epinephrine and a small bottle of EpiPen liquid.
After the cubes returned to Earth,the students tested the liquids in the bottles once more.The results suggested that they had discovered something big.The bottles that held the EpiPen liquid now had no epinephrine at all.The results from the bottles of pure epinephrine were even more surprising.Only 87% of the liquid was still epinephrine.The other 13% had transformed④ into poisonous chemicals.
The discovery the students made is a big deal.It suggests that EpiPens might not work in space,and might even become dangerous.That’s important information for astronauts with allergies.It is hoped that the experiment will be repeated a second time to check the results.
文本整體理解
內
容
索
引
語篇助解釋疑
課時測評作業
Section Ⅰ　Reading and Thinking—Comprehending
文 本 整 體 理 解
Step One:Pre-reading
According to the title and the pictures,predict what this passage is mainly talking about.
John Snow did some research and helped to solve “King Cholera”.
Step Two:While-reading
閱讀策略——Ask questions
深度學習語篇的方法多種多樣,如做批注、記筆記、畫思維導圖、寫讀后反思等。邊閱讀邊提問也是一種有效的方法,它能幫助讀者掌握語篇內容,深化對語篇主題的理解。那么,讀者該如何進行有效提問呢 我們以JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”為例進行說明。
初讀語篇時,讀者不妨從大處著手,針對語篇的標題進行提問,如:Who is John Snow What is cholera Why is it called “King Cholera” 其次,讀者可以針對插圖進行提問,如:Why did Snow draw a cholera map What could be found from the map 再者,讀者也要兼顧內容細節,可針對語篇內容進行提問,如:How did Snow defeat “King Cholera” 在尋找這個問題的答案時,語篇的篇章結構便會浮現在眼前。讀者還可以由此總結科學實驗類文本的結構特征,針對語篇結構進行提問,如:What’s the process of scientific research 這樣,讀者就能夠由表及里,逐步推進所提問題的深度。
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
A.How John Snow found the cause of cholera and defeated it.
B.The cause of cholera was polluted water.
C.The source of all drinking water should be examined.
D.John Snow was a well-known doctor in London.
√
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
Para.1　A.John Snow began his study by marking on a map.
Para.2　B.John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
Para.3　C.John Snow’s contributions.
Para.4　D.John Snow desired to defeat cholera.
Para.5　E.The truth of the infection of cholera.
答案　Para.1 D　Para.2 B　Para.3 A　Para.4 E　Para.5 C
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
Read the passage again and fill in the blanks.
deadly
cause
outbreak
marked
research
clean
defeated
Ⅲ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What did Snow decide to do after knowing millions of people died from cholera
A.Become a medical worker.
B.Find the cause and defeat it.
C.Set up modern epidemiology.
D.Develop a new theory to explain how it spread.
√
2.What was the first step of Snow’s investigation
A.He removed the handle of the pump.
B.He paid a visit to those who got cholera.
C.He marked the exact places of the deaths on a map.
D.He found a link between cholera and polluted water.
√
3.Why were there no deaths in some households
A.They boiled water before drinking.
B.They did not drink the water from the pump.
C.They later moved away from the water pump.
D.They preferred free water provided by their workplace.
√
4.Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology
A.He changed the way scientists study diseases.
B.He pushed water companies to sell clean water.
C.He cracked a key problem in epidemiological research.
D.He destroyed cholera once and for all through his efforts.
√
Step Three:Post-reading
Ⅰ.難句解構
1.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
學會斷句:主句為 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places; where引導　　　　　從句,修飾先行詞　　　　　　　　　　;who引導　　　　從句,修飾先行詞　　　　。
嘗試翻譯:　　　　　　　　　　
定語
the exact places
定語
those
斯諾首先在地圖上標出所有死者住所的確切位置。
2.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.
學會斷句:本句中　　　　　　　　意為“如此……以至于……”,that引導　　　　　　從句。had it delivered為“have+賓語+過去分詞”結構,意為“讓某事被做”。
嘗試翻譯:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
so...that...
結果狀語
這名婦女似乎非常喜歡從水泵抽上來的水,以至于每天都讓人把那里的水運到家里來。
Ⅱ.翻轉課堂(課文語法填空)
Fill in the following blanks according to the passage.
Cholera was one of the most feared 1.　　　　　　　　 (disease) in the past.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.John Snow,
2.　　　　　　　　 famous doctor,was determined 3._____________
(destroy) cholera once and for all.
diseases
a
to destroy
There were two theories about cholera at that time.One was
4.　　　　　　 bad air caused the disease and the other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed 5.　　　　　　 the second theory.He began to investigate, 6.　　　　　　 (mark) on a map the exact places where all those who died 7.　　　　　　　 (live).As a result,he found multiple deaths in one place while there were no deaths in another place.8.___________
(eventual),he found the evidence for the second theory.He succeeded in 9.　　　　　　 (stop) the disease spreading.
that
to
marking
had lived
Eventually
stopping
Snow transformed the way of studying diseases,and therefore he 10.　　　　　　　 (consider) the father of modern epidemiology.
is considered
語 篇 助 解 釋 疑
JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA①”
Cholera used to② be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor,John Snow,showed how it could be overcome[1]. This illness causes severe③ diarrhoea④,dehydration⑤,and even death. In the early 19th century,when an outbreak⑥ of cholera hit⑦ Europe, millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor,John Snow became frustrated⑧ because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera[2].In time⑨,he rose⑩ to become a famous doctor,and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth .However,he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all .
[原文呈現]
[1]此處是until引導的時間狀語從句,其中“how it could be overcome”是how引導的賓語從句。
[2]此處是because引導的原因狀語從句,其中“how to prevent or treat cholera”是“疑問詞+動詞不定式”結構作knew的賓語。
In general ,doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread[3].One theory was that bad air caused the disease[4].The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct,but he still needed proof .Consequently ,when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854[5],Snow began to investigate .He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.
[3]此處是how引導的賓語從句。
[4]此處是that引導的表語從句,that在從句中不作成分。
[5]此處是when引導的時間狀語從句。
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street(especially house numbers 16,37,38,and 40).However,some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street,and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer,and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame [6].What is more ,in another part of
London,a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence,John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs[7].Accordingly ,he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used[8]. Through this intervention ,the disease was stopped in its tracks.
[6]此處是that引導的賓語從句。be to blame意為“負有責任”,動詞不定式to blame用主動形式表示被動含義。
[7]此處是that引導的賓語從句。
[8]本句含有“have sth done”結構,意為“讓/請某人做某事、使某事被做”;so that引導目的狀語從句。
The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste[9].Moreover,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste[10].The people who drank this water[11] were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water[12].
[9]此處是that引導的表語從句。
[10]此處是that引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞the River Thames。
[11]此處是who引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞people。
[12]此處是who引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞those。
Through Snow’s tireless efforts,water companies began to sell clean water,and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease .However,cholera is still a problem.Each year,millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera[13],thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover,in his use of maps and statistics ,Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases[14]. For this reason,Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology .
[13]此處是“疑問詞+動詞不定式”結構,作know的賓語。
[14]此處是省略了引導詞that/in which的定語從句,修飾先行詞the way。
[名師圈點]
①cholera / k l r / n.霍亂
②used to do sth過去常常做某事
③severe /sI vI (r)/ adj.極為惡劣的;十分嚴重的;嚴厲的
severely adv.嚴重地;嚴格地;嚴厲地
④diarrhoea / daI rI / n.腹瀉
⑤dehydration / di haI dreI n/ n.脫水
⑥outbreak n.爆發;突然發生
⑦hit v.攻擊;進攻;襲擊
⑧frustrated /fr streItId/ adj.懊惱的;沮喪的;失意的
feel frustrated感到沮喪
frustration n.挫折
⑨in time 最后;遲早
⑩rise v.變得更加成功(或重要、強大等)
attend to照料,照顧
give birth (to) 分娩,生育
once and for all最終地;徹底地
in general通常;一般而言
contradictory / k ntr dIkt ri/ adj.相互矛盾的;對立的;不一致的
be contradictory to與……相矛盾
contradict v.相抵觸,相矛盾;反駁
infection /In fek n/ n.感染;傳染
germ /d m/ n.微生物;細菌;病菌
subscribe to同意;贊同
subscribe /s b skraIb/ vi.認購(股份);定期訂購;定期交納(會費)
proof /pru f/ n.證據;證明;檢驗
prove v.證明;證明是
consequently adv.因此,所以
investigate v.調查;研究
particular adj.特定的;特別的
be determined to do sth決心做某事
multiple / m ltIpl/ adj.數量多的;多種多樣的
multiply v.乘以;迅速增加;繁殖
water pump水泵
pump /p mp/ n.泵;抽水機;打氣筒
household / ha sh ld/ n.一家人;家庭;同住一所(套)房子的人
suspect /s spekt/ vt.& vi.懷疑;疑有;不信任
/ s spekt/ n.犯罪嫌疑人;可疑對象
suspect sb of (doing) sth懷疑某人(做過)某事
blame /bleIm/ vt.把……歸咎于;責怪;指責 n.責備;指責
be to blame for對……應負責任
what is more更重要的是;而且
as a result of由于(后跟原因)
as a result結果(后跟結果)
accordingly adv.因此;相應地
handle / h ndl/ n.把手;拉手;柄 vt.處理;搬動;操縱(車輛、動物、工具等)
intervention / Int ven n/ n.介入;出面;干涉
infect /In fekt/ vt.使感染;傳染
infectious adj.傳染性的;感染的(尤指通過呼吸)
link /lI k/ n.聯系;紐帶vt.把……連接起來;相關聯
a link between...and... ……與……之間的聯系
be linked to... 與……連接;與……有關聯,與……有聯系
raw /r / adj.未煮的;生的;未經處理的;原始的
raw material原材料
be likely to do sth有可能做某事
pure /pj (r)/ adj.干凈的;純的;純粹的
pure water純凈水
tireless adj.不知疲倦的
substantial /s b st n l/ adj.大量的;價值巨大的;重大的
decrease / di kri s/ n.減少;降低;減少量
/dI kri s/ vt.& vi.(使大小、數量等)減少;減小;降低
on the decrease正在減少,在降低
thanks to幸虧;由于
statistic /st tIstIk/ n.[pl.-s]統計數字;統計資料;統計學
transform /tr ns f m/ vt.使改觀;使改變形態 vi.改變;轉變
transform...into...使……轉變成……
epidemiology / epI di mi l d i/ n.流行病學
[參考譯文]
約翰·斯諾戰勝“霍亂王”
在英國醫生約翰·斯諾向人們展示如何戰勝霍亂之前,霍亂曾是世界上最令人恐懼的疾病之一。這種疾病可以導致嚴重的腹瀉、脫水甚至死亡。十九世紀初,當霍亂爆發,肆虐歐洲時,數百萬人死于這種疾病。由于無人知道如何預防或治療霍亂,年輕的約翰·斯諾醫生感到沮喪。后來,他成為一位名醫,甚至照料分娩的維多利亞女王。然而,他始終沒有放棄徹底根除霍亂的愿望。
關于霍亂的蔓延方式,當時的醫生通常有兩種截然不同的看法。一種看法是空氣污染引發的這種疾病,另一種看法是食物或飲用水中的細菌感染導致霍亂。斯諾贊同第二種看法。這一看法是正確的,但他仍需要證據。因此,1854年倫敦爆發霍亂時,斯諾便開始調查。他發現霍亂在兩條特定的街道上爆發得非常嚴重,以至于10天內就有500多人死亡。他決心查明原因。
斯諾首先在地圖上標出所有死者住所的確切位置。寬街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16號、37號、38號及40號住宅)。然而有些住戶(如寬街20號和21號以及劍橋街8號和9號)卻無人死亡。這些人在劍橋街7號的酒吧工作。酒吧為他們提供免費的啤酒,因此他們沒有喝水泵抽上來的水。斯諾懷疑水泵就是罪魁禍首。此外,在倫敦的另一個區域,一名婦女和她的女兒搬離寬街后死于霍亂。這名婦女似乎非常喜歡從水泵抽上來的水,以至于每天都讓人把那里的水運到家里來。因為這個證據,約翰·斯諾就能夠宣布水泵抽上來的水攜帶霍亂病菌。于是,他讓人拆掉了水泵的把手,這樣水泵就不能用了。通過這一干預,疾病的蔓延得以遏制。
事情的真相是寬街水泵抽上來的水被廢棄物污染了。此外,斯諾之后還證實了其他霍亂病例與倫敦不同的供水公司有關。有些公司出售的水取自被未處理的廢棄物污染的泰晤士河。與飲用純凈水或開水的人相比,飲用這種水的人更有可能感染霍亂。
經過斯諾的不懈努力,供水公司開始銷售潔凈的水,世界各地的霍亂威脅大幅度降低。然而,霍亂仍是一個問題。每年全球有數百萬人感染霍亂,并且許多人因此喪生。幸運的是,由于約翰·斯諾的努力,我們現在知道了如何預防霍亂。此外,通過使用地圖和數據,斯諾改變了科學家研究疾病的方式。出于這個原因,斯諾被譽為現代流行病學之父。
課 時 測 評 作 業
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共30分)
A
Dr.Joseph Dituri,who is 55 and known as“Dr.Deep Sea”,has just finished an amazing adventure.For 100 days,the University of South Florida scientist lived in a small room underwater.He set a new world record,beating the old record of 73 days.
The farther you go below the ocean’s surface,the greater the pressure.The mission,known as Project Neptune 100,was a scientific attempt to study the effects of living in a high-pressure environment for a sustained period.In his undersea room,Dr.Dituri was living with pressure that was about 66% greater than the pressure on the surface.He believed that high pressure could help people live longer and stay healthier as they get older and that it could also help doctors treat different medical problems,including brain injuries.
Actually,Dr.Dituri went through several big changes.For one thing,he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea.He was also able to sleep much better.His physical conditions greatly improved in a couple of other ways,too.
While he was living underwater,Dr.Dituri stayed busy.He used the project as an educational experience for the youth.“I have communicated with thousands of young people to get them interested in science,technology,engineering and math,”he said.He had online chats with over 5,500 students from 15 different countries.Meanwhile, he kept teaching his college classes and worked with other marine (海洋的) experts to figure out ways to protect and take care of the ocean.
Dr.Dituri said his favorite part of the project was talking with young people.“If we can get people excited about science,that would be a great success to me!”he said.“Maybe one day,one of them will come back and break the record I just set.My greatest hope is that I can inspire a new generation of researchers to push back the boundaries.”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要介紹了被稱為“深海博士”的Dituri博士在水下生活100 天,打破了別人在水下生活73天的世界紀錄。
1.Why did Dr.Dituri have the adventure
A.To beat the previous world record.
B.To research the underwater life better.
C.To draw attention to a healthy lifestyle.
D.To learn human bodies’ response to high pressure.
√
解析　細節理解題。根據第二段中的“The mission,known as...for a sustained period.”可知,這次任務是一項科學嘗試,旨在研究長期生活在高壓環境下的影響。再結合下文中的“He believed that high pressure...including brain injuries.”可知,他認為,隨著年齡的增長,高壓可以幫助人們活得更長久、更健康,還可以幫助醫生治療各種醫療問題,包括腦損傷。由此可推知,Dituri博士進行這次水下冒險是為了研究人體對高壓的反應。故選D。
2.What happened to Dr.Dituri
A.He suffered from sleep problems.
B.His height changed slightly.
C.He was forced to live a busy life.
D.His state of health stabilized.
解析　細節理解題。根據第三段中的“he became 1.3 centimeters shorter during his time at the higher pressure undersea”可知,在高壓的海底生活期間,他的身高縮短了1.3厘米。故選B。
√
3.What does Dr.Dituri want to inspire young people to do through the project
A.Address scientific boundaries.
B.Protect the ocean actively.
C.Develop enthusiasm for science.
D.Challenge themselves bravely.
√
解析　細節理解題。根據倒數第二段中的“He used the project as an educational experience for the youth.‘I have communicated... interested in science,technology,engineering and math,’”及最后一段中的“Dr.Dituri said...‘If we can get people excited about science,that would be a great success to me!’”可知,Dituri博士喜歡與年輕人進行交流,希望激發他們對科學的熱情。故選C。
4.How can we describe Dr.Dituri
A.He is high-powered and caring.
B.He is committed and optimistic.
C.He is open-minded and insightful.
D.He is determined and heartening.
解析　推理判斷題。Dituri博士在水下生活100天,打破了別人在水下生活73天的世界紀錄,由此可以推測出Dituri博士是一個意志堅定的人;最后兩段提到了Dituri博士與來自15個不同國家的超過5 500名年輕人進行互動并激勵他們對科學的熱情,由此可以推測出Dituri博士是一個能鼓舞別人的人。故選D。
√
B
They say procrastination (拖延) is the thief of time—actually deadlines are.New research has found that if you want someone to help you out with something,it is best not to set a deadline at all.But if you do set a deadline,make it short.
Professor Stephen Knowles tested the effect of deadline length on task completion for their research.Participants were invited to complete an online survey concerning a charity donation.They were given either one week,one month,or no deadline to respond.Professor Knowles says although the topic of the survey was about charity,the results are true of any situation where someone asks another person for help.
The study found responses to the survey were lowest for the one-month deadline and highest when no deadline was specified (明確規定).No deadline and the one-week deadline led to many early responses,while a long deadline appeared to give people permission to procrastinate.Professor Knowles wasn’t surprised to find that specifying a shorter deadline increased the chances of receiving a response compared to a longer deadline.However,he did find it interesting that they received the most responses when no deadline was specified.
“We interpret this as evidence that specifying a longer deadline, as opposed to a short deadline or no deadline at all,removes the urgency to act,”he says.“People therefore put off undertaking the task,and since they are inattentive or forget,postponing it results in lower response rates.”
He says of the research that it is possible that not specifying a deadline might still have led participants to assume that there is an unspoken deadline.Professor Knowles hopes his research can help reduce the amount of procrastinating people do.“Many people procrastinate.They have the best intentions of helping someone out, but just do not get around to doing it.”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要闡述了Stephen Knowles教授及其團隊的研究發現,該研究主要關注的是截止期限對拖延的影響。
5.Why did Professor Knowles do the research
A.To study the role a deadline plays in procrastination.
B.To find out whether people are interested in charity.
C.To attract public attention to the effects of procrastination.
D.To test the effects of procrastination on task completion.
√
解析　推理判斷題。根據第二段中的“Professor Stephen Knowles... for their research.”可知,Stephen Knowles教授為他們的研究測試了截止期限長短對任務完成的影響,由此可推知,Knowles教授的研究是為了研究截止期限在拖延中所起的作用,故選A項。
6.What most likely leads to procrastination
A.No deadlines. B.Short deadlines.
C.Specific deadlines. D.Long deadlines.
解析　細節理解題。根據第三段中的“The study found responses... permission to procrastinate.”可知,截止期限越長,拖延越嚴重。故選D項。
√
7.Why do people procrastinate when given a long deadline
A.They oppose the deadline.
B.They are unwilling to act.
C.They lack a sense of urgency.
D.They are too busy to remember.
解析　推理判斷題。根據第四段中的“We interpret this as evidence...removes the urgency to act”可知,研究發現,與短的截止日期或根本沒有截止日期截然相反,指定更長的截止日期會消除采取行動的緊迫性。由此可推斷,設定長的截止日期使人們缺乏緊迫感,從而造成拖延,故選C項。
√
8.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.Procrastination—the Thief of Time
B.Procrastination—an Urgent Problem to Solve
C.Deadline—a Result of Procrastination
D.Deadline—the Key to Reducing Procrastination
解析　標題歸納題。通讀全文內容,特別是第一段中的“New research has found...make it short.”可知,文章主要介紹了Stephen Knowles教授及其團隊的研究發現,該研究主要關注的是設定截止期限的長短對拖延的影響,故選D項。
√
C
A recent article published by the science journal Nature Neuroscience says that excessive (過度的) light exposure at night leads to symptoms of depression in mice.
Health experts have long suggested that exposure to light during nighttime may lead to depression in humans,but now Chinese scientists have verified that this happens to mice.
Scientists from the University of Science and Technology of China,based in Hefei,Anhui Province,found that the effect was partly controlled by a neural pathway that carries signals from the eyes to a specific region of brain.Blocking the pathway could prevent the effect,the paper said.
In their experiments,the scientists exposed dozens of mice to blue light from 9 pm to 11 pm.Blue light was chosen because neurons are most sensitive to it,according to An Kai,the lead author of the paper, which was published in the science journal Nature Neuroscience.
“To our surprise,the effect was very obvious in mice,” said An.“The exposure resulted in more than 70 percent of the subject mice exhibiting depressive symptoms,which was shown by two classical tests.”
The mice exhibited decreased mobility in the forced swimming test and decreased preference in the sugar preference test.
An said researchers finally hope to verify the mechanism in humans,but further experiments are required.
Mice are more active at night than in the daytime,which is contrary to humans.
“For the next stage of research,we will move on to other animals whose biological rhythms are closer to humans,” An said.
Exposure to excessive light at nighttime,either from lights or the use of electronic devices such as mobile phones or personal computers before bedtime,has been associated with a greater risk of depression,the paper noted.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一個經中國科學家實驗證實的現象:老鼠在夜間過度地暴露在光亮中會變得抑郁。科學家們未來準備對其他與人類生物鐘類似的動物進行研究,同時也建議人們晚上少使用電子設備。
9.What has the research found
A.Humans are depressed when they’re exposed to light at night.
B.Much exposure to light at night makes mice depressed.
C.Mice are more sensitive to light at night than humans.
D.It’s harmful to be exposed to blue light at night.
解析　細節理解題。根據第一段的內容可知,該研究發現老鼠夜間過度暴露在光亮中會變得抑郁,故選B項。
√
10.What does the underlined word “verified” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Proved. B.Hoped.
C.Remembered. D.Guessed.
解析　詞義猜測題。前文提到一些健康專家提出夜間過度暴露在光亮中可能使人抑郁,又由第一段可知,這種現象在老鼠身上也存在,此處是指中國科學家證實了這一點。由此推斷verify意為“證實”,而prove意為“證明”,符合題意,故選A項。
√
11.Which of the following was a result caused by the exposure to blue light at night
A.The mobility of the mice in swimming improved.
B.The mice became more sensitive to blue light.
C.The mice showed less interest in sugar.
D.The mice no longer liked swimming.
解析　細節理解題。根據第六段的內容可知,經過藍光照射后,老鼠在糖偏好實驗中對糖的興趣有所減弱,故選C項。
√
12.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.It’s less harmful to be exposed to light from the sky.
B.We should never use personal computers before bedtime.
C.It’s necessary not to use mobile phones too much at night.
D.Depression can be avoided if we don’t use electronic devices at night.
解析　推理判斷題。根據最后一段可知,不管是燈光還是電子設備的光,夜間過度暴露在光亮中都會增加抑郁的風險,由此推斷我們應該減少夜間對電子設備的使用,故選C項。
√
Ⅱ.七選五(每小題2.5分,共12.5分)
Life is filled with numerous victories and downfalls.　1　 Here’s how you can create a new chapter in your life.
Draw a Line Mentally
Life is going to throw a lot of problems,so you need to be mentally prepared for each and every situation.　2　 In order to be better than before,you need to leave that guilt and shame in the past and emerge as someone new.The secret here is to never stop trying. Once you stop trying,you are already defeated.
Learn from Others
It is an effective approach to find people that have gone through the same trials as you have.　3　 They can assist you better since they know the hardships.Always seek out people who are truly free of their issues,as they will be able to help you genuinely.
Do What Actually Works
　4　 Don’t follow the path to anger and destroy what is good for you.Actively engaging in battles and struggles can be challenging,but being stuck in pain and self-resentment will be even harder.
Picture your goals in your mind and take sensible steps towards them with each passing day.　5　 Let nothing stand in your way.
A.What truly matters is how you react to them.
B.You can learn from their experiences and successes.
C.Live in reality and make wise choices for yourself.
D.Find those who have successfully overcome similar challenges.
E.In such situations,drawing a mental line can be helpful.
F.Nothing should prevent you from achieving your dreams and goals.
G.It is essential to stay positive and focused on what brings you joy.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。面對生活中的起伏,關鍵在于你如何反應。從他人經驗中學習,找到克服類似挑戰的人,以積極的態度朝著目標邁出合理步伐,不被任何事物阻擋。
1.A　[上文提到“Life is filled with numerous victories and downfalls.”可知,生活充滿了勝利和失敗。接下來的內容應該強調如何對待這些情況。選項A“你如何對待它們才是真正重要的”符合邏輯。故選A。]
2.E　[本段標題為“Draw a Line Mentally”,強調在面對生活中的問題時,要在心理上有所準備。選項E中的“drawing a mental line”與標題相呼應,且內容“在這種情況下,在腦海中畫一條線是有幫助的”也符合前文描述的場景。故選E。]
3.B　[從上文 “It is an effective approach to find people that have gone through the same trials as you have.”可知,從他人身上學習是一個有效的方法,因為他人已經經歷過類似的考驗,了解其中的困難。選項B“你可以從他們的經驗和成功中學習”直接體現了這一思想。故選B。]
4.C　[本段標題為“Do What Actually Works”,強調要活在現實中,做出明智的選擇。選項C中的“Live in reality and make wise choices for yourself”直接對應了標題和后文段落內容。故選C。]
5.F　[上文 “Picture your goals in your mind and take sensible steps towards them with each passing day.”強調要在心中描繪目標,并朝著它們邁出明智的步伐,不被任何事物阻擋。選項F“沒有什么能阻止你實現你的夢想和目標”與這一意思相符,強調了實現目標的決心和信心。故選F。]

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