資源簡介

Section Ⅱ　Using language
維度一：基礎題型練
用所給動詞的正確時態填空
1.By the time Henry was 12 years old， he 　　　　 　　（collect） more than a thousand stamps.
2.Tony 　　　　　　　　（purchase） a plane ticket for me in advance online before I set off for the airport.
3.It was the first time that China’s lecture 　　　　　　　　（deliver） from the orbiting Chinese Space Station.
4.Though I 　　　　　　　　（explain） the text three times， the boy still couldn’t understand it.
5.The shy boy 　　　　　　　　（plan） to drop out of school because of loneliness and sadness at the new place， but a small talk with the headmaster helped him out.
6.I wish I 　　　　　　　　（be） present at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday， but I was on a business trip in New York then.
7.It was the third time that he 　　　　　　　　（win） the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
8.Hardly 　　　　　　he 　　　　　　（begin） his speech when the audience interrupted him.
9.The old man told us that he 　　　　　　　　（travel） to many places.
10.I 　　　　　　　　（hope） to take a holiday this year but I was not able to get away.
維度二：語法與寫作
補全句子
1.It was the first time that I 　　　　　　　　　in public.
那是我第一次被當眾批評。
2.By about 6000 BC， people 　　　　　　　　　the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
大約在公元前6000年，人們已經發現了最適宜種植的莊稼和最適宜飼養的牲畜。
3.When I met him again that day， he told me that he 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
那天，當我再次見到他時，他告訴我他已經輟學了。
4.It was the second time that she 　　　　　　　London.
這是她第二次訪問倫敦。
5.His parents look sad. Maybe they 　　　　　　　　　　　　　what happened to him.
他的父母看起來很傷心。也許他們知道他出了什么事。
6.I knew I 　　　　　　　　 　　　　　and was looking forward to getting a positive comment.
我知道自己做得很好并且期待得到一個積極的評價。
7.When he got to school， he realized that he 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
當他到學校時，他意識到他把作業忘在家里了。
8.She told me that she 　　　　　　　　　　　an hour before.
她告訴我她一個小時前回來的。
9.I 　　　　　　　　　　　　some books from the library， only to find it was being repaired.
我原本想從圖書館借一些書，結果卻發現它正在維修中。
10.I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　when my parents arrived home last night.
昨晚當我父母到家的時候我已經完成了家庭作業。
維度三：語法與語篇
用所給動詞的正確時態完成下面短文
　　I 1.　　　　　　 never 　　　　　　（see） such beautiful sights before I visited Paris in 2012.I 2.　　　　　　　　 （save） money for 5 years before I 3.　　　　　　 （book） my trip to Paris.I was very excited！ Before my trip to Paris， I 4.　　　　　　 never 　　　　　　（be） out of the United States.
　　When I went to Paris， I 5.　　　 　　　 （spend） many days touring the city.The city was big.Sometimes I 6.　　　　　　 （get） lost and asked for directions.I asked for directions in French.That was easy because I 7.　　　　　　　 （study） French for 2 years before I visited Paris.
　　By the time I left Paris， I 8.　　　　　　　　 （tour） many beautiful places.The Eiffel Tower， Notre Dame Cathedral， and Luxembourg Gardens 9.　　　　　　 （be） just a few of the places I saw.Before I 10.　　　　　　 （visit） Paris， I had only seen those places on television.
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　A blue hole is a special kind of underwater cave found inland or in the sea， which forms when the earth above a cave falls in and water fills the space.
　　An inland blue hole’s water is very still and has different layers.A layer of fresh rainwater floats on top of salt water； the fresh water keeps oxygen from the atmosphere from reaching the salt water； brightly colored bacteria live where the two layers meet.
　　Diving into blue holes is very dangerous.Near the top of the blue hole， there is a layer of toxic gas， which causes itching， headache， and — in large amounts — death.Divers must also be fast.They have to get in and out of a cave before their oxygen runs out.Additionally， divers have to follow a guideline as they swim through a blue hole because it is very dark inside.Without the guideline， they may get lost.
　　Since the blue holes are so dangerous， why do explorers and scientists risk their lives to explore them？ The reason is that these underwater caves can provide valuable scientific information.They provide clues about geology， archaeology， and biology.For example， some blue hole creatures probably haven’t changed for millions of years.
　　The blue holes could even provide clues about astrobiology.For example， divers have found bacteria there that can live without oxygen.Astrobiologist Kevin Hand says the bacteria may be similar to forms of life that might exist on Jupiter’s fourth largest moon， Europa.“Our study of life’s extremes on Earth，” he says， “can help increase our understanding of habitable environments off Earth.”
　　In addition， the oxygen-free environment of the blue holes preserves bones of humans and animals that fell into the caves long ago.By studying blue holes， we can understand what life was like in prehistoric times.As cave diver Kenny Broad says， “I can think of no other environment on Earth that is so challenging to explore and gives us back so much scientifically.”
1.What’s the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A.The definition of a blue hole.
B.The location of a blue hole.
C.The formation of a blue hole.
D.The structure of a blue hole.
2.Where can bright-colored bacteria be found？
A.In the saltwater layer.
B.In the freshwater layer.
C.In between the freshwater and saltwater layers.
D.In both of the freshwater and saltwater layers.
3.What does the underlined word “astrobiology” in Paragraph 5 mean？
A.The study of life on Earth.
B.The study of life in the universe.
C.The study of life in prehistoric times.
D.The study of life in oxygen-free environment.
4.Which of the following can best describe blue holes？
A.They’re oxygen-free and lifeless.
B.They’re free of air and light.
C.They’re death zones and mysterious.
D.They’re poisonous and dark.
B
　　Melting ice sheets could add a huge 38 cm to the global sea level rise by 2100， NASA warned.
　　In a new study called the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project （ISMIP）， more than 60 experts generated estimates of how much of an impact Earth’s melting ice sheets could have on global sea level by 2100.Worryingly， the results indicate that if greenhouse gas emissions （排放物） continue to rise， Greenland’s and Antarctica’s ice sheets could contribute to more than 38 cm of the global sea level rise.
　　Sophie Nowicki， an ice scientist who led the study， said， “One of the biggest uncertainties， when it comes to how much sea level will rise in the future， is how much the ice sheets will contribute.And how much the ice sheets contribute is really dependent on what the climate will do.”
　　In the study， the team investigated two different situations for the Greenland ice sheet — one with carbon emissions increasing rapidly， and the other with lower emissions.In the high-emission situation， they found that the Greenland ice sheet would lead to an additional sea level rise of about 9 cm by 2100.Meanwhile， in the lower-emission situation， the loss from the ice sheet would increase global sea level by about 3 cm.The team also analyzed Antarctica’s ice sheet to understand how ice melted from climate change would add to the sea level rise.The results suggest that in the warmest conditions， the loss of ice in Antarctica could contribute to 18 cm of the sea level rise.
　　Helene Seroussi， another ice scientist， said，“The Amundsen Sea region in West Antarctica and Wilkes Land in East Antarctica are the two regions most sensitive to warming ocean temperatures and changing currents， and will continue to lose large amounts of ice.With these new results， we can focus our efforts on the correct direction and know what needs to be worked on to continue improving the predictions.”
5.What has a direct impact on the rise of global sea level？
A.The sensitivity of Antarctica.
B.The direction of the currents.
C.The temperature of the earth.
D.The greenhouse gas emissions.
6.How much of the sea level rise could Antarctica contribute to by 2100？
A.18 cm.　　　　　　　　　 B.28 cm.
C.9 cm. D.3 cm.
7.What is the importance of the research？
A.It helps countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
B.It raises people’s awareness of climate change.
C.It shows the amount of ice that will melt in the future.
D.It tells people how to keep the ice sheets from melting.
8.What can we infer from the research team’s investigation？
A.Greenland’s and Antarctica’s ice sheets melt very fast every year.
B.The temperature in Antarctica is high.
C.The higher the temperature is， the faster the ice sheets will melt.
D.Stopping the sea level rise lies in the reduction of carbon emissions.
C
　　You’ve probably eaten a hot dog and felt like the underdog — but have you ever spotted a sundog？
　　A sundog is a weather event that causes two bright bursts of rainbow colored light to appear on either side of the sun.It is located approximately 22 degrees either left， right， or both， from the sun， depending on where the ice crystals （冰晶體） are.If the sun were a clock， you would see them around 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock.Sometimes sundogs appear with a halo （光環） around the sun.They can be very beautiful， with a reddish glow closest to the sun and a bluish white center.Sundogs can be seen during any season but are most often seen during the winter months when the sun is lower in the sky.You are also more likely to see them early or late in the day， when the sun is near the horizon （地平線）.The most brilliant sundogs happen on sunny days.
　　Conditions need to be just right for sundogs to appear.Sunlight passes through high， cold cirrus clouds （卷云）.These clouds contain flat， 6-sided ice crystals.If the plate-like crystals go towards the ground horizontally with the large face towards the Earth， light is reflected through the sides.The crystals act as prisms （棱鏡）， separating the light and making the sundog.
　　Throughout history， sundogs have been used to predict weather because they often indicate that snow or rain is on its way.Some people believed that sundogs were a sign of good luck or encouragement， while others saw them as a warning from God.
　　Famous authors such as William Shakespeare and Jack London have described sundogs in stories and poems as both frightening and amazing.Artists have been inspired to catch the beauty of sundogs in drawings， paintings， and photography， and rock bands have even written songs about them.
9.What can we learn about sundogs from the second paragraph？
A.Sundogs can be used to tell the time.
B.Sundogs are most common in winter.
C.Sundogs always come after a rainbow.
D.Sundogs predict the coming of sunny days.
10.In which situation will sundogs come into being？
A.The clouds separate the sunlight.
B.The plate turns its face towards the Earth.
C.The crystals go toward the ground horizontally.
D.Ice crystals are positioned with their flat sides horizontal to the ground.
11.Why do people use sundogs to predict weather？
A.Because people think they stand for bad luck.
B.Because sundogs are beyond their recognition.
C.Because a rain or snow often comes after them.
D.Because people consider it as a warning from God.
12.Why does the author mention William Shakespeare and Jack London？
A.To prove sundogs are magical events.
B.To show sundogs have long attracted great attention.
C.To encourage writers to describe sundogs in their works.
D.To remind people that they are good at writing stories and poems.
Ⅱ.完形填空
　　In a series of original stories created with the wildlife charity WWF to tie in with Sir David Frederick Attenborough’s new documentary （紀錄片）， we look at the extremely important task of saving our oceans and forests.
　　Oceans and forests play a vital part in 　13　life on Earth， and Attenborough says more can be done to 　14　 them.
　　Forests are home to more than 80％ of Earth’s biodiversity on 　15　.Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat.Forests 　16　 play a large role in 　17　 carbon dioxide （CO2）， a gas that 　18　 climate change， from the atmosphere.
　　Oceans are 　19　 important.They cover around 70％ of the 　20　 and provide more than half the atmosphere’s oxygen， which we need to 　21　.The seas are home to millions of animals and plants and are a very rich source of 　22　 for humans.
　　There are ways to protect the forests and oceans.Some of these include 　23　 or cycling instead of using a car； eating fish with healthy population numbers； not buying products that have a 　24　effect on rainforests， such as palm oil； and 　25　 less meat.
　　Attenborough said that getting younger people to get involved with these problems is 　26　.“If they aren’t 　27　 that the natural world is important， we’re wasting our time，” he said.
　　The documentary， David Attenborough： A Life on Our Planet， is on Netflix.
13.A.facing　　　　　　　　　B.loving
C.rescuing D.supporting
14.A.repair B.improve
C.protect D.build
15.A.decks B.land
C.islands D.bushes
16.A.also B.ever
C.maybe D.otherwise
17.A.preventing B.removing
C.discouraging D.defending
18.A.stops B.controls
C.limits D.causes
19.A.generally B.especially
C.equally D.frequently
20.A.planet B.satellite
C.water D.soil
21.A.form B.exchange
C.fire D.breathe
22.A.life B.travel
C.food D.exercise
23.A.cleaning B.walking
C.waiting D.jumping
24.A.negative B.great
C.positive D.wonderful
25.A.using B.making
C.eating D.producing
26.A.potential B.initial
C.lucky D.key
27.A.persuaded B.advised
C.urged D.declared
Section Ⅱ　Using language
基礎知識自測
維度一
1.had collected　2.had purchased　3.had been delivered
4.had explained　5.had planned　6.had been　7.had won
8.had； begun　9.had travelled　10.had hoped
維度二
1.had been criticized
2.had discovered
3.had dropped out of school
4.had visited
5.have known
6.had done a good job
7.had left his homework at home
8.had come back
9.had intended to borrow
10.had finished my homework
維度三
1.had； seen　2.had saved　3.booked　4.had； been
5.spent　6.got　7.had studied　8.had toured　9.were
10.visited
素養能力提升
Ⅰ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了藍洞的定義、結構、危險性以及冒險家和科學家探索藍洞的原因。
1.A　段落大意題。根據第一段內容可知，本段主要解釋了藍洞的定義。
2.C　細節理解題。根據第二段中的A layer of fresh rainwater ...the two layers meet.可知，顏色鮮艷的細菌生活在淡水層和鹽水層相遇的地方，即淡水層和鹽水層接觸的地方。
3.B　詞義猜測題。根據第五段內容可知，天體生物學家Kevin Hand認為藍洞里的細菌可能與木衛二可能存在的生命形式相似，對藍洞的研究可以幫助探索宇宙中適合人類居住的環境。由此可推測出，畫線詞所在句表達的是“藍洞甚至可以提供有關宇宙生命的研究的線索”。astrobiology意為“對宇宙生命的研究”。
4.D　細節理解題。根據第三段中的Near the top of the blue hole ...large amounts — death.和Additionally， divers ...very dark inside.可知，藍洞有毒且黑暗。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究表明，如果不對全球的碳排放量采取措施，到2100年，冰蓋大量融化，將導致海平面上升38厘米。
5.D　細節理解題。根據第二段最后一句可知，溫室氣體的不斷排放導致了格陵蘭島和南極洲的冰蓋融化，使得全球海平面上升。
6.A　細節理解題。根據第四段最后一句可知，在最溫暖的氣候條件下，南極洲冰蓋融化將導致海平面上升18厘米。
7.B　推理判斷題。根據第三段內容可知，冰蓋的融化量與氣候有關，地球氣溫的升高必將導致全球冰蓋融化，而全球氣溫的升高與溫室氣體排放物的增加有關，因此這項關于全球冰蓋融化的研究加強了人們對氣候變化的意識。
8.D　推理判斷題。根據第四段研究人員對全球冰蓋的調查可知，碳排放量增加使海平面升高，由此可推知，阻止海平面升高的措施是減少碳排放。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種罕見的大氣光學現象——幻日，并介紹了它的形成原理和形成條件等。
9.B　細節理解題。根據第二段中的Sundogs can be seen ...lower in the sky.可知，幻日在任何季節都會出現，但在冬季是最常見的。
10.D　細節理解題。根據第三段中的If the plate-like crystals ...and making the sundog.可知，冰晶垂直向下，平坦的側面與地面平行，此時晶體充當棱鏡，反射太陽光線，從而產生幻日現象。由此可知，冰晶的側面與地面平行是形成幻日的條件。
11.C　細節理解題。根據倒數第二段第一句可知，歷史上人們用幻日預測天氣，是因為它們的出現預示著要下雨或下雪，也就是雨或雪就在幻日之后出現。
12.B　推理判斷題。根據最后一段第一句可知，威廉·莎士比亞與杰克·倫敦（分別是十六世紀和十九世紀的作家）的作品中都有關于幻日的描述。由此可知，幻日現象由來已久，所以，文章提到他們是為了說明幻日現象長期以來被人們關注。
Ⅱ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了海洋和森林的重要性以及保護它們的方法和意義等。
13.D　根據第三段中的Forests are home to more than 80％ of Earth’s biodiversity以及第四段中的Oceans are 　19　 important.可知，海洋和森林在維持地球上的生命方面起著極其重要的作用。support意為“維持，養活”，符合語境。
14.C　根據第一段中的we look at the extremely important task of saving our oceans and forests以及第五段中的There are ways to protect the forests and oceans.可知，此處表示“可以做更多來保護它們”。
15.B　森林是在陸地上的，所以此處表示“森林是地球80％以上陸地生物多樣性的家園”。
16.A　上文提及森林是地球80％以上陸地生物多樣性的家園，而此處提及森林在移除大氣中的二氧化碳方面起到重要作用。這兩個方面指的都是森林的作用，因此上下文之間為遞進關系。
17.B　根據生活常識可知，植物吸收二氧化碳，釋放氧氣。因此是從大氣中移除二氧化碳。短語remove ...from ... 意為“從……中移除……”。
18.D　根據生活常識可知，二氧化碳是造成氣候變化的主要原因。cause意為“引起，造成”。
19.C　根據第二段中的Oceans and forests play a vital part in 　13　 life on Earth以及第三段中提到的森林的重要性可知，此處指的是海洋是同樣（equally）重要的。
20.A　根據生活常識可知，海洋覆蓋了地球表面的70％左右。the planet表示“地球”。
21.D　根據上文的half the atmosphere’s oxygen可知，氧氣是我們呼吸所需要的。
22.C　根據第五段中的eating fish with healthy population numbers可知，我們吃魚。由此推斷出海洋是數百萬動植物的家園并且也是人類豐富的食物的來源。
23.B　根據下文的or cycling instead of using a car可知，保護森林和海洋的一種方法是騎自行車而不是用汽車，這屬于交通方式，因此walking（步行）符合語境。
24.A　根據上文的There are ways to protect the forests and oceans.可知，保護森林和海洋的一種方法是不買對雨林有消極影響的產品。
25.C　根據上文的eating fish with healthy population numbers可知，此處指的是少吃肉。
26.D　根據第一段中的we look at the extremely important task of saving our oceans and forests可知，此處表示讓年輕人關注這些問題是至關重要的。key作形容詞時意為“至關重要的；主要的；關鍵的”。
27.A　上文提及讓年輕人關注這些問題是至關重要的；又根據下文的we’re wasting our time可知，如果年輕人不相信自然界是重要的話，我們就是在浪費時間。persuade意為“使相信”。
6 / 6Section Ⅱ　Using language
過去完成時
1.It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree.
2.What’s more，he had recently received a letter from his father predicting ...
3.After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
4.At that time， people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time， and had not changed since.
5.Over time， it had slowly evolved into many new species.
【我的發現】
1.例句1－5都使用了　　　　　　時。
2.例句3中，After引導時間狀語從句，主句用　　　　　　時，從句用　　　　　　時。
3.過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前已完成的動作或狀態，其構成為“　　　　　　　　”。
一、基本用法
過去完成時的構成為“had＋過去分詞”，主要用法如下：
1.表示某一動作或存在的狀態發生在過去某一時間或某一動作之前，即“過去的過去”。
By the end of last week， they had finished the work.
到上周末為止，他們已經完成了工作。
When Jack arrived， he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.
當杰克到達時，他得知瑪麗已經離開快一個小時了。
【點津】　過去完成時常常用在賓語從句中，從句謂語動作發生在主句謂語動作（過去時）之前。
She said that she had finished her homework.
她說她已經完成家庭作業了。
2.某些動詞的過去完成時表示過去未實現的希望、計劃或打算。常用的動詞有hope， expect， suppose， think， want， wish等。
They had wanted to help but couldn’t get here in time.
他們本來想幫忙的，但未能及時趕到這兒。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card， but I forgot to do so.
我本來想送他一張圣誕節賀卡，但把這事給忘了。
【即時演練1】　用所給詞的適當形式填空
①He 　　　　　　　　（overcome） the difficulties with his English by the time he went abroad.
②When rescue personnel arrived， the two 　　　　　　　　（freeze） to death.
③By the time he was twelve years old， he 　　　　　　　　（finish） junior high school.
④By the end of last month， China 　　　　　　　　　（build） 1.7 million 5G base stations.
⑤He 　　　　　　　　（intend） to help me， but he was ill.
二、過去完成時在幾個重點句型中的應用
1.在no sooner ...than， hardly ...when句型中，主句用過去完成時，意為“一……就；剛……就”。
I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang.
我一踏入教室的門，鈴就響了。
No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.
他剛沖出去，房子就塌了。
2.在it was the first time that ...句型中，that從句常用過去完成時。
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.
這是他第一次用這樣的語調跟我講話。
【即時演練2】　補全句子
①It was the second time that we 　　　　　　　　　　　　　those outstanding scientists.
這是我們第二次和那些杰出的科學家合作。
②No sooner 　　　　　　　　　　　　the station than the train was off.
我們一到車站，火車就開了。
③　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 when I set about reading it.
我一把書拿回家就開始閱讀。
三、過去完成時與一般過去時的區別
一般過去時側重發生在過去的客觀事實；而過去完成時強調動作發生在“過去的過去”，一定有一個表示過去的參照點。
I had been waiting at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.
當公交車最終到來的時候，我已經在車站等了30分鐘。
He once worked as a teacher for 5 years， but now he is a successful manager.
他曾經做過5年的教師，但現在他是一位成功的經理。
【即時演練3】　用所給詞的適當形式填空
①I got up at 8：00 this morning， and I 　　　　　　　　（sleep） for more than ten hours.
②For days， he could not sleep， and 　　　　（pace） up and down in the sitting-room.
③All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor， her nervousness 　　　　　　（grow）.
④I 　　　　　　　　（hope） to meet Mr Thompson this morning but I found nobody left in the room when I came.
characteristic n.特征，特性 adj.典型的，獨特的，特有的
【教材原句】　Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control.
格雷戈爾·孟德爾選擇研究豌豆是因為它們的特性易于控制。
【用法】
（1）It is characteristic of sb to do sth
　　　　　　　做某事是某人的特點
（2）character n. 品質；特征；（小說、戲劇中的）人物；（漢）字，字體；性格
in character 符合某人的性格
out of character 不符合某人的性格
【佳句】　One may only have a character， but may have many characteristics.
一個人可能只有一種性格，但可能有多種特征或特點。
【練透】　單句語法填空/補全句子
①It is 　　　　　　（character） of him to keep a positive attitude in the face of difficulties.
②　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 for John to put his work first.
把工作放在第一位，這完全符合約翰的性格。
【寫美】　翻譯句子
③我不相信她會對我撒謊——這不符合她的性格。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
blame v.責怪，指責；把……歸咎于 n.過失；責備
【教材原句】　The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans.
平塔島龜的滅絕歸咎于人類。
【用法】
（1）blame sb/sth for sth 因某事而責備某人/物
blame sth on sb 把某事怪到某人頭上
be to blame （for ...） （因為……）應受指責
（2）take the blame for ... 為……承擔責任
lay/put the blame on sb 把責任歸咎于某人
【助記】　He was blamed for the accident， but he blamed it on others.In fact， it is he， not others， that is to blame for/takes the blame for it.
他因這起事故受到了責備，但他把此次事故歸咎于別人。事實上，是他該為此承擔責任，而不是別人。
【點津】　（1）be to blame for sth意為“應為某事負責或受指責”， 其中動詞不定式用主動形式表示被動含義。
（2）blame后跟介詞on時，on后為應該受責怪的對象，后接介詞for時，for后為應該受責怪的原因。
【練透】　單句語法填空/句型轉換
①It was the professor rather than his two assistants was 　　　　　　　　（blame） for what had happened.
②Don’t always blame your own failure 　　　　　　others.Sometimes you should bear the blame 　　　　　　failure.
③Once you form the habit of blaming somebody else for a bad situation， you’re a failure.
→Once you form the habit of 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　somebody else， you’re a failure.
【寫美】　補全句子
④The woman passenger and the bus driver should 　　　　　　　　　　　the serious accident.（blame n.）
女乘客和公交車司機都應對這次嚴重事故負責。
⑤Don’t 　　　　　　　　　　　　that vase； after all， he is a child.
別怪他打碎了那個花瓶，他畢竟是個孩子。
decline v.減少；衰退；謝絕 n.下降；衰退
【教材原句】　After goats in particular had been brought to the island， the Pinta Island tortoise population declined.尤其是山羊被引進島上之后，平塔島龜的數量下降了。
【用法】
（1）decline to do sth　　　拒絕做某事
decline to 下降/減少到
decline by 下降/減少了
（2）decline in/of sth 在某方面減少/下降
on the decline 走下坡路，在衰退中
【佳句】　The infectious disease has discouraged people from hanging out， which may account for the decline in consumer flows at the supermarket.
傳染病阻止了人們外出，這可能是超市客流量減少的原因。
【點津】　decline表示減少的幅度時常用介詞by， 表示減少的結果時常用介詞to。
【聯想】　常見的表示“減少”的單詞或短語有fall， drop， decrease， go down等。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The number of tourists to the resort has declined 　　　　　10％ in the past ten years.
②When asked for comment， the official declined 　　　　　　（say） anything about the matter.
③Since the smoking ban came into effect， smoking has been 　　　　　　the decline.
④According to a recent survey， the number of students attending the College Entrance Examination will decline 　　　　　　6 million by the year 2040.
【寫美】　補全句子
⑤I offered to give them a lift，but they 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我提議他們搭便車，但他們婉言謝絕了。
be native to 源于……的，原產于……
【教材原句】　The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz is home to several species of giant tortoise that are native to the Gal pagos Islands.
圣克魯斯巨型陸龜保護區是原產于加拉帕戈斯群島的多種巨型陸龜的家園。
【用法】
（1）one’s native country　某人的祖國
one’s native land 某人的故鄉
one’s native language 某人的母語
（2）be a native of ... 是……的本地人；生長于……的動物或植物
【佳句】　Blueberries are native to North America， which is a common knowledge not familiar to a lot of people.
藍莓原產于北美，這是一個許多人不熟悉的常識。
【練透】　單句語法填空/補全句子
①She also wrote a book to help people learn what plants are native 　　　　　　their area.
②He must 　　　　　　　　　　eastern coastal China.
他一定是中國東部沿海的本地人。
【寫美】　翻譯句子
③事實上，法語不是我的母語。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Section Ⅱ　Using language
【重難語法·要攻克】
我的發現
1.過去完成　2.一般過去　過去完成　3.had＋過去分詞
即時演練1
①had overcome　②had （been） frozen　③had finished　④had built　⑤had intended
即時演練2
①had cooperated with　②had we reached
③Hardly had I taken the book home
即時演練3
①had slept　②paced　③grew　④had hoped
【知識要點·須拾遺】
1.①characteristic　②It was entirely in character　③I can’t believe she lied to me — it seems so out of character.
2.①to blame　②on； for
③laying/putting the blame for a bad situation on
④take the blame for　⑤blame him for breaking
3.①by　②to say　③on　④to　⑤declined with thanks
4.①to　②be a native of
③As a matter of fact， French is not my native language.
5 / 5(共86張PPT)
Section Ⅱ　Using language
1
重難語法·要攻克
目 錄
3
課時檢測·提能力
2
知識要點·須拾遺
1
重難語法·要攻克
掌握核心語法
過去完成時
1. It was a young man who had left medical school without completing
his degree.
2. What’s more，he had recently received a letter from his father
predicting ...
3. After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on
the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had
collected.
4. At that time， people believed that all species had appeared on
Earth at the same time， and had not changed since.
5. Over time， it had slowly evolved into many new species.
【我的發現】
1. 例句1－5都使用了 時。
2. 例句3中，After引導時間狀語從句，主句用 時，從句
用 時。
3. 過去完成時表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前已完成的動作或狀
態，其構成為“ ”。
過去完成　
一般過去　
過去完成　
had＋過去分詞　
一、基本用法
過去完成時的構成為“had＋過去分詞”，主要用法如下：
1. 表示某一動作或存在的狀態發生在過去某一時間或某一動作之前，
即“過去的過去”。
By the end of last week， they had finished the work.
到上周末為止，他們已經完成了工作。
When Jack arrived， he learned Mary had been away for almost an
hour.
當杰克到達時，他得知瑪麗已經離開快一個小時了。
【點津】　過去完成時常常用在賓語從句中，從句謂語動作發生在主句謂語動作（過去時）之前。
She said that she had finished her homework.
她說她已經完成家庭作業了。
2. 某些動詞的過去完成時表示過去未實現的希望、計劃或打算。常用
的動詞有hope， expect， suppose， think， want， wish等。
They had wanted to help but couldn’t get here in time.
他們本來想幫忙的，但未能及時趕到這兒。
I had hoped to send him a Christmas card， but I forgot to do so.
我本來想送他一張圣誕節賀卡，但把這事給忘了。
【即時演練1】　用所給詞的適當形式填空
①He （overcome） the difficulties with his English
by the time he went abroad.
②When rescue personnel arrived， the two
（freeze） to death.
③By the time he was twelve years old， he
（finish） junior high school.
④By the end of last month， China （build） 1.7
million 5G base stations.
⑤He （intend） to help me， but he was ill.
had overcome　
had （been） frozen　
had finished　
had built　
had intended　
二、過去完成時在幾個重點句型中的應用
1. 在no sooner ...than， hardly ...when句型中，主句用過去完成時，
意為“一……就；剛……就”。
I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang.
我一踏入教室的門，鈴就響了。
No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down.
他剛沖出去，房子就塌了。
2. 在it was the first time that ...句型中，that從句常用過去完成時。
It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.
這是他第一次用這樣的語調跟我講話。
【即時演練2】　補全句子
①It was the second time that we those
outstanding scientists.
這是我們第二次和那些杰出的科學家合作。
②No sooner the station than the train was off.
我們一到車站，火車就開了。
③ when I set about reading it.
我一把書拿回家就開始閱讀。
had cooperated with　
had we reached　
Hardly had I taken the book home　
三、過去完成時與一般過去時的區別
一般過去時側重發生在過去的客觀事實；而過去完成時強調動作發生
在“過去的過去”，一定有一個表示過去的參照點。
I had been waiting at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally
came.
當公交車最終到來的時候，我已經在車站等了30分鐘。
He once worked as a teacher for 5 years， but now he is a successful
manager.
他曾經做過5年的教師，但現在他是一位成功的經理。
【即時演練3】　用所給詞的適當形式填空
①I got up at 8：00 this morning， and I （sleep） for
more than ten hours.
②For days， he could not sleep， and （pace） up and
down in the sitting-room.
③All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor，
her nervousness （grow）.
④I （hope） to meet Mr Thompson this morning but I
found nobody left in the room when I came.
had slept　
paced　
grew　
had hoped　
2
知識要點·須拾遺
關注高頻詞匯
characteristic n.特征，特性 adj.典型的，獨特的，特有的
【教材原句】　Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their
characteristics were easy to control.
格雷戈爾·孟德爾選擇研究豌豆是因為它們的特性易于控制。
（1）It is characteristic of sb to do sth　　　　做某事是某人的特點
（2）character n.　　品質；特征；（小說、戲劇中的）人物；
（漢）字，字體；性格
in character　　符合某人的性格
out of character　　不符合某人的性格
【用法】
【佳句】　One may only have a character， but may have many
characteristics.
一個人可能只有一種性格，但可能有多種特征或特點。
【練透】　單句語法填空/補全句子
①It is （character） of him to keep a positive
attitude in the face of difficulties.
② for John to put his work first.
把工作放在第一位，這完全符合約翰的性格。
characteristic　
It was entirely in character　
【寫美】　翻譯句子
③我不相信她會對我撒謊——這不符合她的性格。

I can’t believe she lied to me — it seems so out of character.　
blame v.責怪，指責；把……歸咎于 n.過失；責備
【教材原句】　The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed
on humans.平塔島龜的滅絕歸咎于人類。
【用法】
（1）blame sb/sth for sth 因某事而責備某人/物
blame sth on sb　　把某事怪到某人頭上
be to blame （for ...）　　（因為……）應受指責
（2）take the blame for ... 為……承擔責任
lay/put the blame on sb　　把責任歸咎于某人
【助記】　He was blamed for the accident， but he blamed it on
others.In fact， it is he， not others， that is to blame for/takes the
blame for it.他因這起事故受到了責備，但他把此次事故歸咎于別
人。事實上，是他該為此承擔責任，而不是別人。
【點津】　（1）be to blame for sth意為“應為某事負責或受指責”，
其中動詞不定式用主動形式表示被動含義。
（2）blame后跟介詞on時，on后為應該受責怪的對象，后接介詞for
時，for后為應該受責怪的原因。
【練透】　單句語法填空/句型轉換
①It was the professor rather than his two assistants was
（blame） for what had happened.
②Don’t always blame your own failure others.Sometimes you
should bear the blame failure.
③Once you form the habit of blaming somebody else for a bad
situation， you’re a failure.
to blame　
on　
for　
→Once you form the habit of
somebody else， you’re a failure.
【寫美】　補全句子
④The woman passenger and the bus driver should
the serious accident.（blame n.）
女乘客和公交車司機都應對這次嚴重事故負責。
⑤Don’t that vase； after all， he is a
child.
別怪他打碎了那個花瓶，他畢竟是個孩子。
laying/putting the blame for a bad
situation on　
take the blame
for　
blame him for breaking　
decline v.減少；衰退；謝絕 n.下降；衰退
【教材原句】　After goats in particular had been brought to the
island， the Pinta Island tortoise population declined.尤其是山羊被引
進島上之后，平塔島龜的數量下降了。
【用法】
（1）decline to do sth　　　拒絕做某事
decline to　　下降/減少到
decline by　　下降/減少了
（2）decline in/of sth　　在某方面減少/下降
on the decline　　走下坡路，在衰退中
【佳句】　The infectious disease has discouraged people from
hanging out， which may account for the decline in consumer flows at
the supermarket.
傳染病阻止了人們外出，這可能是超市客流量減少的原因。
【點津】　decline表示減少的幅度時常用介詞by， 表示減少的結果
時常用介詞to。
【聯想】　常見的表示“減少”的單詞或短語有fall， drop，
decrease， go down等。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The number of tourists to the resort has declined 10％ in the
past ten years.
②When asked for comment， the official declined （say）
anything about the matter.
③Since the smoking ban came into effect， smoking has been
the decline.
④According to a recent survey， the number of students attending the
College Entrance Examination will decline 6 million by the year
2040.
by　
to say　
on　
to　
【寫美】　補全句子
⑤I offered to give them a lift，but they .我提
議他們搭便車，但他們婉言謝絕了。
declined with thanks　
be native to 源于……的，原產于……
【教材原句】　The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz is home to
several species of giant tortoise that are native to the Gal pagos
Islands.圣克魯斯巨型陸龜保護區是原產于加拉帕戈斯群島的多種巨
型陸龜的家園。
（1）one’s native country　某人的祖國
one’s native land　　某人的故鄉
one’s native language　　某人的母語
（2）be a native of ... 　　是……的本地人；生長于……的動物或植
物
【用法】
【佳句】　Blueberries are native to North America， which is a
common knowledge not familiar to a lot of people.
藍莓原產于北美，這是一個許多人不熟悉的常識。
【練透】　單句語法填空/補全句子
①She also wrote a book to help people learn what plants are
native their area.
②He must eastern coastal China.
他一定是中國東部沿海的本地人。
to　
be a native of　
【寫美】　翻譯句子
③事實上，法語不是我的母語。

As a matter of fact， French is not my native language.　
3
課時檢測·提能力
培育學科素養
維度一：基礎題型練
用所給動詞的正確時態填空
1. By the time Henry was 12 years old， he
（collect） more than a thousand stamps.
2. Tony （purchase） a plane ticket for me in
advance online before I set off for the airport.
had collected　
had purchased　
3. It was the first time that China’s lecture
（deliver） from the orbiting Chinese Space Station.
4. Though I （explain） the text three times， the
boy still couldn’t understand it.
5. The shy boy （plan） to drop out of school
because of loneliness and sadness at the new place， but a small talk
with the headmaster helped him out.
6. I wish I （be） present at my sister’s wedding last
Tuesday， but I was on a business trip in New York then.
had been delivered　
had explained　
had planned　
had been　
7. It was the third time that he （win） the gold medal in
the Olympic Games.
8. Hardly he （begin） his speech when the
audience interrupted him.
9. The old man told us that he （travel） to many
places.
10. I （hope） to take a holiday this year but I was not
able to get away.
had won　
had　
begun　
had travelled　
had hoped　
維度二：語法與寫作
補全句子
1. It was the first time that I in public.
那是我第一次被當眾批評。
2. By about 6000 BC， people the best crops to
grow and animals to raise.
大約在公元前6000年，人們已經發現了最適宜種植的莊稼和最適宜
飼養的牲畜。
had been criticized　
had discovered　
3. When I met him again that day， he told me that he
.
那天，當我再次見到他時，他告訴我他已經輟學了。
4. It was the second time that she London.
這是她第二次訪問倫敦。
5. His parents look sad. Maybe they what happened
to him.
他的父母看起來很傷心。也許他們知道他出了什么事。
had dropped
out of school　
had visited　
have known　
6. I knew I and was looking forward to
getting a positive comment.
我知道自己做得很好并且期待得到一個積極的評價。
7. When he got to school， he realized that he
.
當他到學校時，他意識到他把作業忘在家里了。
8. She told me that she an hour before.
她告訴我她一個小時前回來的。
had done a good job　
had left his homework
at home　
had come back　
9. I some books from the library， only to
find it was being repaired.
我原本想從圖書館借一些書，結果卻發現它正在維修中。
10. I when my parents arrived home
last night.
昨晚當我父母到家的時候我已經完成了家庭作業。
had intended to borrow　
had finished my homework　
維度三：語法與語篇
用所給動詞的正確時態完成下面短文
　　I 1. never （see） such beautiful sights before I
visited Paris in 2012.I 2. （save） money for 5 years
before I 3. （book） my trip to Paris.I was very excited！
Before my trip to Paris， I 4. never （be） out of
the United States.
had　
seen　
had saved　
booked　
had　
been　
　　When I went to Paris， I 5. （spend） many days
touring the city.The city was big.Sometimes I 6. （get） lost
and asked for directions.I asked for directions in French.That was easy
because I 7. （study） French for 2 years before I
visited Paris.
spent　
got　
had studied　
　　By the time I left Paris， I 8. （tour） many
beautiful places.The Eiffel Tower， Notre Dame Cathedral， and
Luxembourg Gardens 9. （be） just a few of the places I
saw.Before I 10. （visit） Paris， I had only seen those
places on television.
had toured　
were　
visited　
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　A blue hole is a special kind of underwater cave found inland or in
the sea， which forms when the earth above a cave falls in and water
fills the space.
　　An inland blue hole’s water is very still and has different layers.A
layer of fresh rainwater floats on top of salt water； the fresh water
keeps oxygen from the atmosphere from reaching the salt water；
brightly colored bacteria live where the two layers meet.
　　Diving into blue holes is very dangerous.Near the top of the blue
hole， there is a layer of toxic gas， which causes itching，
headache， and — in large amounts — death.Divers must also be
fast.They have to get in and out of a cave before their oxygen runs
out.Additionally， divers have to follow a guideline as they swim
through a blue hole because it is very dark inside.Without the
guideline， they may get lost.
　　Since the blue holes are so dangerous， why do explorers and
scientists risk their lives to explore them？ The reason is that these
underwater caves can provide valuable scientific information.They
provide clues about geology， archaeology， and biology.For
example， some blue hole creatures probably haven’t changed for
millions of years.
　　The blue holes could even provide clues about astrobiology.For
example， divers have found bacteria there that can live without
oxygen.Astrobiologist Kevin Hand says the bacteria may be similar to
forms of life that might exist on Jupiter’s fourth largest moon，
Europa.“Our study of life’s extremes on Earth，” he says， “can help
increase our understanding of habitable environments off Earth.”
　　In addition， the oxygen-free environment of the blue holes
preserves bones of humans and animals that fell into the caves long
ago.By studying blue holes， we can understand what life was like in
prehistoric times.As cave diver Kenny Broad says， “I can think of no
other environment on Earth that is so challenging to explore and gives
us back so much scientifically.”
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了藍洞的定義、結
構、危險性以及冒險家和科學家探索藍洞的原因。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了藍洞的定義、結
構、危險性以及冒險家和科學家探索藍洞的原因。
1. What’s the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A. The definition of a blue hole.
B. The location of a blue hole.
C. The formation of a blue hole.
D. The structure of a blue hole.
解析：　段落大意題。根據第一段內容可知，本段主要解釋了藍
洞的定義。
2. Where can bright-colored bacteria be found？
A. In the saltwater layer.
B. In the freshwater layer.
C. In between the freshwater and saltwater layers.
D. In both of the freshwater and saltwater layers.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第二段中的A layer of fresh
rainwater ...the two layers meet.可知，顏色鮮艷的細菌生活在淡水
層和鹽水層相遇的地方，即淡水層和鹽水層接觸的地方。
3. What does the underlined word “astrobiology” in Paragraph 5
mean？
A. The study of life on Earth.
B. The study of life in the universe.
C. The study of life in prehistoric times.
D. The study of life in oxygen-free environment.
解析：　詞義猜測題。根據第五段內容可知，天體生物學家
Kevin Hand認為藍洞里的細菌可能與木衛二可能存在的生命形式相
似，對藍洞的研究可以幫助探索宇宙中適合人類居住的環境。由此
可推測出，畫線詞所在句表達的是“藍洞甚至可以提供有關宇宙生
命的研究的線索”。astrobiology意為“對宇宙生命的研究”。
4. Which of the following can best describe blue holes？
A. They’re oxygen-free and lifeless.
B. They’re free of air and light.
C. They’re death zones and mysterious.
D. They’re poisonous and dark.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第三段中的Near the top of the blue
hole ...large amounts — death.和Additionally， divers ...very dark
inside.可知，藍洞有毒且黑暗。
B
　　Melting ice sheets could add a huge 38 cm to the global sea level
rise by 2100， NASA warned.
　　In a new study called the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison
Project （ISMIP）， more than 60 experts generated estimates of how
much of an impact Earth’s melting ice sheets could have on global sea
level by 2100.Worryingly， the results indicate that if greenhouse gas
emissions （排放物） continue to rise， Greenland’s and Antarctica’s
ice sheets could contribute to more than 38 cm of the global sea level
rise.
　　Sophie Nowicki， an ice scientist who led the study， said， “One
of the biggest uncertainties， when it comes to how much sea level will
rise in the future， is how much the ice sheets will contribute.And how
much the ice sheets contribute is really dependent on what the climate
will do.”
　　In the study， the team investigated two different situations for
the Greenland ice sheet — one with carbon emissions increasing
rapidly， and the other with lower emissions.In the high-emission
situation， they found that the Greenland ice sheet would lead to an
additional sea level rise of about 9 cm by 2100.Meanwhile， in the
lower-emission situation， the loss from the ice sheet would increase
global sea level by about 3 cm.The team also analyzed Antarctica’s ice
sheet to understand how ice melted from climate change would add to
the sea level rise.The results suggest that in the warmest conditions，
the loss of ice in Antarctica could contribute to 18 cm of the sea level
rise.
　　Helene Seroussi， another ice scientist， said，“The Amundsen
Sea region in West Antarctica and Wilkes Land in East Antarctica are
the two regions most sensitive to warming ocean temperatures and
changing currents， and will continue to lose large amounts of
ice.With these new results， we can focus our efforts on the correct
direction and know what needs to be worked on to continue improving
the predictions.”
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究表明，如果不對全球的碳排放
量采取措施，到2100年，冰蓋大量融化，將導致海平面上升38厘。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究表明，如果不對全球的碳排放
量采取措施，到2100年，冰蓋大量融化，將導致海平面上升38厘米。
5. What has a direct impact on the rise of global sea level？
A. The sensitivity of Antarctica.
B. The direction of the currents.
C. The temperature of the earth.
D. The greenhouse gas emissions.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第二段最后一句可知，溫室氣體的
不斷排放導致了格陵蘭島和南極洲的冰蓋融化，使得全球海平
面上升。
6. How much of the sea level rise could Antarctica contribute to by
2100？
A. 18 cm. B. 28 cm.
C. 9 cm. D. 3 cm.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第四段最后一句可知，在最溫暖的氣
候條件下，南極洲冰蓋融化將導致海平面上升18厘米。
7. What is the importance of the research？
A. It helps countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
B. It raises people’s awareness of climate change.
C. It shows the amount of ice that will melt in the future.
D. It tells people how to keep the ice sheets from melting.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據第三段內容可知，冰蓋的融化量與氣
候有關，地球氣溫的升高必將導致全球冰蓋融化，而全球氣溫的升
高與溫室氣體排放物的增加有關，因此這項關于全球冰蓋融化的研
究加強了人們對氣候變化的意識。
8. What can we infer from the research team’s investigation？
A. Greenland’s and Antarctica’s ice sheets melt very fast every year.
B. The temperature in Antarctica is high.
C. The higher the temperature is， the faster the ice sheets will melt.
D. Stopping the sea level rise lies in the reduction of carbon emissions.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據第四段研究人員對全球冰蓋的調查可
知，碳排放量增加使海平面升高，由此可推知，阻止海平面升高的
措施是減少碳排放。
C
　　You’ve probably eaten a hot dog and felt like the underdog — but
have you ever spotted a sundog？
　　A sundog is a weather event that causes two bright bursts of
rainbow colored light to appear on either side of the sun.It is located
approximately 22 degrees either left， right， or both， from the
sun， depending on where the ice crystals （冰晶體） are.If the sun
were a clock， you would see them around 3 o’clock and 9
o’clock.Sometimes sundogs appear with a halo （光環） around the
sun.They can be very beautiful，
with a reddish glow closest to the sun and a bluish white
center.Sundogs can be seen during any season but are most often seen
during the winter months when the sun is lower in the sky.You are also
more likely to see them early or late in the day， when the sun is near
the horizon （地平線）.The most brilliant sundogs happen on sunny
days.
　　Conditions need to be just right for sundogs to appear.Sunlight
passes through high， cold cirrus clouds （卷云）.These clouds
contain flat， 6-sided ice crystals.If the plate-like crystals go towards
the ground horizontally with the large face towards the Earth， light
is reflected through the sides.The crystals act as prisms （棱鏡），
separating the light and making the sundog.
　　Throughout history， sundogs have been used to predict weather
because they often indicate that snow or rain is on its way.Some people
believed that sundogs were a sign of good luck or encouragement，
while others saw them as a warning from God.
　　Famous authors such as William Shakespeare and Jack London
have described sundogs in stories and poems as both frightening and
amazing.Artists have been inspired to catch the beauty of sundogs in
drawings， paintings， and photography， and rock bands have even
written songs about them.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種罕見的大氣光
學現象——幻日，并介紹了它的形成原理和形成條件等。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種罕見的大氣光
學現象——幻日，并介紹了它的形成原理和形成條件等。
9. What can we learn about sundogs from the second paragraph？
A. Sundogs can be used to tell the time.
B. Sundogs are most common in winter.
C. Sundogs always come after a rainbow.
D. Sundogs predict the coming of sunny days.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第二段中的Sundogs can be
seen ...lower in the sky.可知，幻日在任何季節都會出現，但在冬季
是最常見的。
10. In which situation will sundogs come into being？
A. The clouds separate the sunlight.
B. The plate turns its face towards the Earth.
C. The crystals go toward the ground horizontally.
D. Ice crystals are positioned with their flat sides horizontal to the
ground.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第三段中的If the plate-like
crystals ...and making the sundog.可知，冰晶垂直向下，平坦的側
面與地面平行，此時晶體充當棱鏡，反射太陽光線，從而產生幻
日現象。由此可知，冰晶的側面與地面平行是形成幻日的條件。
11. Why do people use sundogs to predict weather？
A. Because people think they stand for bad luck.
B. Because sundogs are beyond their recognition.
C. Because a rain or snow often comes after them.
D. Because people consider it as a warning from God.
解析：　細節理解題。根據倒數第二段第一句可知，歷史上人
們用幻日預測天氣，是因為它們的出現預示著要下雨或下雪，也
就是雨或雪就在幻日之后出現。
12. Why does the author mention William Shakespeare and Jack
London？
A. To prove sundogs are magical events.
B. To show sundogs have long attracted great attention.
C. To encourage writers to describe sundogs in their works.
D. To remind people that they are good at writing stories and poems.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據最后一段第一句可知，威廉·莎士比
亞與杰克·倫敦（分別是十六世紀和十九世紀的作家）的作品中都
有關于幻日的描述。由此可知，幻日現象由來已久，所以，文章
提到他們是為了說明幻日現象長期以來被人們關注。
Ⅱ.完形填空
　　In a series of original stories created with the wildlife charity
WWF to tie in with Sir David Frederick Attenborough’s new
documentary （紀錄片）， we look at the extremely important task of
saving our oceans and forests.
　　Oceans and forests play a vital part in 　13　life on Earth， and
Attenborough says more can be done to 　14　 them.
　　Forests are home to more than 80％ of Earth’s biodiversity
on 　15　.Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal life in the
world or in a particular habitat.Forests 　16　 play a large role
in 　17　 carbon dioxide （CO2）， a gas that 　18　 climate
change， from the atmosphere.
　　Oceans are 　19　 important.They cover around 70％ of
the 　20　 and provide more than half the atmosphere’s oxygen，
which we need to 　21　.The seas are home to millions of animals and
plants and are a very rich source of 　22　 for humans.
　　There are ways to protect the forests and oceans.Some of these
include 　23　 or cycling instead of using a car； eating fish with
healthy population numbers； not buying products that have
a 　24　effect on rainforests， such as palm oil； and 　25　 less
meat.
　　Attenborough said that getting younger people to get involved
with these problems is 　26　.“If they aren’t 　27　 that the natural
world is important， we’re wasting our time，” he said.
　　The documentary， David Attenborough： A Life on Our Planet，
is on Netflix.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了海洋和森林的重要性以
及保護它們的方法和意義等。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了海洋和森林的重要性以
及保護它們的方法和意義等。
13. A. facing B. loving
C. rescuing D. supporting
解析：　根據第三段中的Forests are home to more than 80％ of
Earth’s biodiversity以及第四段中的Oceans are important.
可知，海洋和森林在維持地球上的生命方面起著極其重要的作
用。support意為“維持，養活”，符合語境。
14. A. repair B. improve
C. protect D. build
解析：　根據第一段中的we look at the extremely important task
of saving our oceans and forests以及第五段中的There are ways to
protect the forests and oceans.可知，此處表示“可以做更多來保護
它們”。
15. A. decks B. land C. islands D. bushes
解析：　森林是在陸地上的，所以此處表示“森林是地球80％以
上陸地生物多樣性的家園”。
16. A. also B. ever
C. maybe D. otherwise
解析：　上文提及森林是地球80％以上陸地生物多樣性的家
園，而此處提及森林在移除大氣中的二氧化碳方面起到重要作
用。這兩個方面指的都是森林的作用，因此上下文之間為遞進
關系。
17. A. preventing B. removing
C. discouraging D. defending
解析：　根據生活常識可知，植物吸收二氧化碳，釋放氧氣。因
此是從大氣中移除二氧化碳。短語remove ...from ... 意為“從……
中移除……”。
18. A. stops B. controls
C. limits D. causes
解析：　根據生活常識可知，二氧化碳是造成氣候變化的主要
原因。cause意為“引起，造成”。
19. A. generally B. especially
C. equally D. frequently
解析：　根據第二段中的Oceans and forests play a vital part
in 　13　 life on Earth以及第三段中提到的森林的重要性可知，
此處指的是海洋是同樣（equally）重要的。
20. A. planet B. satellite C. water D. soil
解析：　根據生活常識可知，海洋覆蓋了地球表面的70％左
右。the planet表示“地球”。
21. A. form B. exchange
C. fire D. breathe
解析：　根據上文的half the atmosphere’s oxygen可知，氧氣是
我們呼吸所需要的。
22. A. life B. travel C. food D. exercise
解析：　根據第五段中的eating fish with healthy population
numbers可知，我們吃魚。由此推斷出海洋是數百萬動植物的家
園并且也是人類豐富的食物的來源。
23. A. cleaning B. walking
C. waiting D. jumping
解析：　根據下文的or cycling instead of using a car可知，保護
森林和海洋的一種方法是騎自行車而不是用汽車，這屬于交通方
式，因此walking（步行）符合語境。
24. A. negative B. great
C. positive D. wonderful
解析：　根據上文的There are ways to protect the forests and
oceans.可知，保護森林和海洋的一種方法是不買對雨林有消極影
響的產品。
25. A. using B. making
C. eating D. producing
解析：　根據上文的eating fish with healthy population numbers
可知，此處指的是少吃肉。
26. A. potential B. initial C. lucky D. key
解析：　根據第一段中的we look at the extremely important task
of saving our oceans and forests可知，此處表示讓年輕人關注這些
問題是至關重要的。key作形容詞時意為“至關重要的；主要的；
關鍵的”。
27. A. persuaded B. advised
C. urged D. declared
解析：　上文提及讓年輕人關注這些問題是至關重要的；又根
據下文的we’re wasting our time可知，如果年輕人不相信自然界
是重要的話，我們就是在浪費時間。persuade意為“使相信”。
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