資源簡(jiǎn)介

(共75張PPT)
Section Ⅳ
Discovering Useful Structures
目 錄
(語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
課時(shí)跟蹤檢測(cè)
(語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Over the years, Zhou Zhanbin has witnessed① the reserve's improving environment. “The Heihe River's water level has risen② from below 40 centimeters decades ago to about 2 meters now，” he said.“Willow trees and grasses have been planted③ along the river banks, and more migratory birds are coming to this area.”According to Zhou Zhanbin, director of the county's wetland park administration office, to date, more than 460 hectares of vegetation have been restored④ in the part of the nature reserve in Gaotai county.
“10 monitoring stations have also been set up⑥ in the reserve to study the distribution and migration of the birds，” Zhou added.With more birds calling the reserve their home, Zhou has become⑦ their devoted guardian.Every time he finds an injured or sick bird, he escorts (護(hù)送) it to a nearby rescue station via rowboat.“The environment has improved⑧， the air isn't so dry, and I get to see different types of birds every day. I can't bring myself to tear my eyes away from the beautiful scenery before me for even a second，” he said.
[語(yǔ)法入門]
①②⑦⑧加藍(lán)部分為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式；
③④⑥加藍(lán)部分為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式；
⑤加藍(lán)部分為一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，而且主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。其結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
一、用法規(guī)則　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web.
②Financial problems of the company have been discussed for nearly two hours.
③How long has this film been shown
④A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasn't been caught.
[會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)]
①②③④句都使用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。①②句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的______式；③句為_________式；④句為_______式。
肯定
特殊疑問
否定
[明規(guī)則]
1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)同它的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一樣，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，通常與already, yet, just, never, recently等副詞連用。
2．表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能持續(xù)下去，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或用于“How long ...？”句型中。
3．用在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來某時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作，即用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替將來完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
4．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，而一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)只表示過去的動(dòng)作?！?br/>[名師點(diǎn)津]　常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
already 已經(jīng)
yet 已經(jīng)
recently/lately 最近
since then 從那時(shí)起
ever since 自那以來
Ever 曾經(jīng)
so far 迄今為止
for a long time 很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間
by now 到現(xiàn)在為止
in recent years 在最近幾年里
in/during/over the past/last years 在過去的幾年里
續(xù)表
[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]
(1)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改寫句子
①Jack's boss has always praised him for his devotion to work.
→Jack __________________________by his boss for his devotion to work.
has always been praised
②They have found a good place to build a hospital in the village.
→A good place _______________by them to build a hospital in the village.
③We haven't yet decided how to solve that difficult technological problem.
→How to solve that difficult technological problem ____________
__________by us yet.
has been found
hasn't been
decided
(2)完成句子
④I will go home when my homework_________________.
當(dāng)我的家庭作業(yè)完成時(shí)，我就回家。
⑤This tool______________________________________.
這個(gè)工具已經(jīng)被使用了1 000多年了。
has been finished
has been used for over one thousand years
二、注意事項(xiàng)　
1．短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，因此也可構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被看成一個(gè)整體，是固定詞組，所以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可分開。其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成方法與普通的及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方法相同。
①He has been operated on by the best surgeon.
②These problems have been seriously thought over.
③Some artists have been looked down upon in the past few years.
④The children have been taken good care of.
[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]　(將下列句子改成被動(dòng)句)
①Grandma has taken care of my sister for 3 years.
→__________________________________________________
②Tom has sold out all the books.
→______________________________________
My sister has been taken care of by Grandma for 3 years.
All the books have been sold out by Tom.
2．帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，如give, send, bring, take, teach, show, tell, make, sing, write, read, sell, buy, pay, lend, pass, promise等，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)；若將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前面要用相應(yīng)的介詞。
The company has given him a chance to work abroad recently.
→He has been given a chance to work abroad recently (by the company)．
→A chance to work abroad has been given to him recently (by the company)．
[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]　(將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
He has sent me an e-mail.
→__________________________________
→__________________________________
I have been sent an e-mail (by him)．
An e-mail has been sent to me (by him)．
3．帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后帶的是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，其方法是：把主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
(2)在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，用于動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))feel, listen to, hear, let, make, have, notice, watch, see等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶to，但變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后要加上to。
①They have chosen Tom captain.
→Tom has been chosen captain.
②I have found him lying on the floor.
→He has been found lying on the floor.
③People have seen him enter the building.
→He has been seen to enter the building.
[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]　(將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
①I have noticed Mary crying outside the house.
→_________________________________________
②I have seen her come in.
→__________________________
Mary has been noticed crying outside the house.
She has been seen to come in.
Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．So far, most of our export goods ______________________
(transport) by ship.
2．Both learning sites ___________________(visit) by over 10, 000 people since last year.
have been transported
have been visited
3．It is the first time that I ___________________(scold)by my parents.
4．Quantities of water ________________(waste) so far.
5．In recent years, much research ___________________(conduct) on the wildlife protection.
6．Wildlife ____________________(threat) greatly by human expansion in the last few years.
have been scolded
have been wasted
has been conducted
has been threatened
7．Since the project started, nearly 500,000 high-quality digital photographs ___________________(produce).
8．Since the launch of the Chinese Space Station, several taikonauts _______________ (send) to work in it.
have been produced
have been sent
9．So far our workout rooms __________________ (update) with modern facilities.
10．I suggest that you (should) buy a new machine because the old one __________________ (damage) beyond repair.
have been updated
has been damaged
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．These flowers__________________; you can go home.
這些花已經(jīng)澆過水了，你可以回家了。
2．It __________________that water is fundamental to the development of life.
已經(jīng)證實(shí)，水是生命發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。
have been watered
has been proved
3．Her money __________________and her patience is also running out.
她的錢已經(jīng)用完了，并且她的耐心也要耗盡了。
4．Traditional festivals ______________________to us from our ancestors.
傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日是我們的祖先傳下來的。
has been run out of
have been passed down
5．Since several years ago, great attention ________________to the health and care of children by the government.
從幾年前開始，政府就非常重視兒童的健康和保健。
6．The software _____________________to help my phone battery last longer.
該軟件已經(jīng)下載了，可以幫助我的手機(jī)電池續(xù)航時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。
has been paid
has been downloaded
7．Since then, our life _________________________by the Internet.
自那以后，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)，我們的生活有了很大的改善。
8．Since these animals consumed large amounts of vegetation, the amount of plants ________________in the park.
由于這些動(dòng)物消耗了大量的植被，該公園植物的數(shù)量減少了。
has been greatly improved
has been reduced
課時(shí)跟蹤檢測(cè)
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
How would you go without your smartphone For many of us, our smartphone is the first and last thing we look at every day. We depend on it to perform a number of tasks and connect with our friends and family. But have we become addicted to our phone
Certainly, the inventor of the first mobile phone, American engineer Martin Cooper, thinks we might be. In a BBC interview, he suggested people quit scrolling (刷屏) and “get a life”. But of course, once we start scrolling or watching videos, we just can't kick the habit. Psychologist Jean Twenge says we feel regret for “checking our phone again and again if we're waiting for a text or getting really into social media then kind of, looking up and realising that an hour has passed”．
But does it matter if we make the most of this technology Possibly, because like medicine, the problem appears when it is withdrawn. A study from King's College London found young people couldn't control the amount of time they spend on their phone. Such behaviour means that people become “anxious” or “upset” if they are not allowed to be on the phone continuously, which can cause anxiety and mental health problems.
Interestingly, another study by the London School of Economics Science suggests we don't just look at our phone when we receive text or email messages. The people they studied felt an automatical (自動(dòng)的) need to check their phone, just as a smoker would light a cigarette.
One solution could be an app that rewards (獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)) students for time spent away from their phone. Another choice is changing your smartphone to a dumbphone that has none of the things that turn your attention away. But mainly, perhaps, we just need to look up more and reconnect with the real world!
語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了手機(jī)依賴癥的特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)生的問題，并希望人們能夠多點(diǎn)時(shí)間放下手機(jī)，投入到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中來。
1．What is Martin Cooper's attitude to focusing on smartphones
A．Uncaring. B．Doubtful.
C．Unclear. D．Unacceptable.
√
解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“In a BBC interview, he suggested people quit scrolling(刷屏) and ‘get a life’．”可推知，在接受BBC采訪時(shí)，他建議人們不要再刷手機(jī)了，要“享受生活”。即Martin Cooper不支持人們天天刷手機(jī)。
√
2．What does the underlined word “withdrawn” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Stopped. B．Increased.
C．Offered. D．Saved.
解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句子“有可能，因?yàn)榫拖袼幬镆粯?，?dāng)它被 時(shí)，問題就會(huì)出現(xiàn)?！焙拖挛摹斑@種行為意味著，如果不允許人們持續(xù)用手機(jī)，他們會(huì)變得‘焦慮’或‘不安’，這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致焦慮和心理健康問題”可推測(cè)手機(jī)就和藥物一樣，一直吃藥會(huì)產(chǎn)生依賴，但一旦停藥，身體就會(huì)出問題。由此推知，畫線詞withdrawn與stopped意思接近。
√
3．What is the author's key suggestion in the last paragraph
A．Concentrate on studies.
B．Get a reward for offline time.
C．Buy a new smartphone.
D．Contact with the real world.
解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“但主要地，也許我們只是需要多抬頭，重新連接到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界！”可知，與現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的接觸是作者在最后一段的關(guān)鍵建議。
√
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Benefits from Smartphones
B．Addiction to Smartphones
C．Development of Smartphones
D．Disadvantages of Smartphones
解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。第一段提出了文章的主題，下文對(duì)這一主題展開了描述，提出了人們對(duì)手機(jī)上癮的癥狀和產(chǎn)生的問題，最后對(duì)此提出了建議。由此可知，B項(xiàng)Addiction to Smartphones適合作本文標(biāo)題。
Ⅱ.完形填空
When I was a college student, I did a lot of traveling abroad. That was because a professor 5 me to do so. She said, “Now is the time for you to travel around the world 6 your knowledge through actual experiences and have fun！” I 7 her.
Since I started to work for a food company, 8 ， I have done most of my traveling through the Internet. By using the Internet, I have seen the 9 of many cities on my computer screen. And I have really made business 10 ， too. With the help of the Internet, I have also got about food 11 from different countries.
Therefore, I was beginning to feel that actual trips were 12 necessary when I happened to read a famous chef's comment on the Internet. He said, “It is very difficult to have real Italian food in a foreign country, because we enjoy food and the 13 around us at the same time.” Those words 14 me of my professor's advice. With information technology advancing, you might be able to do without making some real trips. But this also means that you will miss the various 15 you can get from traveling.
Today, people 16 direct communication with others and spend much of their time on the Internet. I do not think that they are taking good advantage of information technology. We should use information technology as a tool to make our daily communication more 17 .Besides, we should never let it 18 our time for face-to-face communication. Let's make use of information technology more 19 and have great fun in experiencing the actual world.
語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者大學(xué)期間受老師鼓勵(lì)，經(jīng)常出去旅行，工作后旅行大多數(shù)都是在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行的，然而一位著名廚師的話讓作者明白了現(xiàn)實(shí)旅行的意義。最后作者告訴讀者要明智地使用信息技術(shù)，享受現(xiàn)實(shí)世界。
5．A.promised B．encouraged
C．permitted D．forced
解析：根據(jù)下文中的“She said, ‘Now is the time ... experiences and have fun！’”可知，教授鼓勵(lì)作者多出去旅行。故選B。
√
√
6．A.enrich B．prove
C．employ D．benefit
解析：根據(jù)空后的“your knowledge through actual experiences”可知，老師鼓勵(lì)作者通過旅行經(jīng)歷來豐富自己的知識(shí)。故選A。
√
7．A.followed B．learned from
C．a(chǎn)pproached D．a(chǎn)greed with
解析：根據(jù)上文可知，作者上大學(xué)期間在老師的鼓勵(lì)下經(jīng)常旅行。由此可知，作者同意老師關(guān)于旅行的觀點(diǎn)。故選D。
√
8．A.indeed B．otherwise
C．though D．therefore
解析：根據(jù)上文中的“When I was a college student, I did a lot of traveling abroad”并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，作者在大學(xué)時(shí)期經(jīng)常出去旅行，工作后大多在網(wǎng)上旅行，前后表示轉(zhuǎn)折，應(yīng)用though。故選C。
√
9．A.arts B．sights
C．rivers D．houses
解析：根據(jù)上文中的“I have done most of my traveling through the Internet.”可知，作者在網(wǎng)上“旅行”，通過電腦屏幕看到了許多城市的景色。故選B。
√
10．A.plans B．opportunities
C．progress D．trips
解析：根據(jù)上文中的“done most of my traveling through the Internet”和空前的“business”、空后的“too”可知，除了在網(wǎng)上“旅行”，作者還出差，business trip意為“出差”。故選D。
√
11．A.information B．taste
C．experiences D．feelings
解析：根據(jù)句中的“With the help of the Internet”和“about food from different countries”可知，作者通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)了解到了不同國(guó)家的食物信息。故選A。
√
12．A.actually B．no longer
C．a(chǎn)dditionally D．even more
解析：根據(jù)句中的Therefore并結(jié)合前一段描述作者通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)旅行的情況可知，作者開始認(rèn)為真正的旅行不再有必要了。故選B。
√
13．A.people B．drink
C．a(chǎn)tmosphere D．environment
解析：根據(jù)空后的“around us at the same time”并結(jié)合常識(shí)可知，人們?cè)谙硎芤粋€(gè)國(guó)家的美食的同時(shí)，也在感受當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夥铡９蔬xC。
√
14．A.reminded B．informed
C．warned D．cured
解析：根據(jù)空后的“me of my professor's advice”可知，這位廚師的話讓作者想起了教授曾經(jīng)給作者的建議。 remind sb. of sth.意為“提醒某人某事”。故選A。
√
15．A.news B．pleasures
C．troubles D．places
解析：根據(jù)空前的“With information technology advancing ... you will miss the various”可知，你會(huì)錯(cuò)過真實(shí)旅行中的各種樂趣(pleasures)。故選B。
√
16．A.enjoy B．keep
C．lose D．a(chǎn)void
解析：根據(jù)句中的“spend much of their time on the Internet”可知，人們?cè)诰W(wǎng)上花大量時(shí)間，避免和他人進(jìn)行直接交流。故選D。
√
17．A.labor-saving B．long-lasting
C．fruitful D．a(chǎn)ccessible
解析：根據(jù)句中的“use information technology as a tool”可知，要把信息技術(shù)當(dāng)作工具，讓日常交流變得更加富有成效。 labor-saving“節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力的”；long-lasting“持久的”；fruitful“富有成效的”；accessible“可到達(dá)的”。故選C。
√
18．A.make up B．get through
C．take up D．break down
解析：根據(jù)空后的“our time”可知，這里表示不能讓信息技術(shù)占用面對(duì)面交流的時(shí)間。make up“組成”； get through“接通電話，用完”；take up“占用(時(shí)間)，占據(jù)(空間)”；break down“出故障”。故選C。
√
19．A.wisely B．correctly
C．instantly D．gradually
解析：根據(jù)上文中的“We should use information technology as ... for face-to-face communication.”可知，作者呼吁要明智地使用信息技術(shù)，故選A。
Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空
Researchers have found that people who unplug their cellphones, TV, etc.over the weekend have 1 (high) satisfaction with life than people who spend their Saturdays sticking to their electronic 2 (equip)．
When social networking sites emerged, we 3 (believe) them to be only advantageous and not at all harmful, as they aimed to connect everyone around the world.But now we are 4 (addict) to them.We have become a “connected” society 5 almost every way these days.Some people are so connected that even before brushing their teeth 6 making coffee, they will roll over to check 7 (they) phones.
8 technology has certainly fostered (促進(jìn))more rapid and instant communication, the consequence of this has the potential 9 (be) catastrophic over the next several generations.The potential for addiction and the loss of human interaction 10 (connect) with digital communication seem evident more than ever in our current society.
語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，電子設(shè)備及網(wǎng)絡(luò)使人們的溝通更加順暢，但同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生了一些負(fù)面影響。
1．higher　考查形容詞比較級(jí)。根據(jù)后文中的“than”可知，此處應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級(jí)，故填higher。
2．equipment　考查名詞。根據(jù)空前的形容詞“electronic”可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞，又因?yàn)閑quipment為不可數(shù)名詞，故填equipment。
3．believed　考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)空前的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可推知，此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)，故填believed。
4．a(chǎn)ddicted　考查形容詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可推知，此處表示“但是如今我們對(duì)它們上癮了”，因此應(yīng)用形容詞。be addicted to ...意為“對(duì)……上癮”，為固定搭配。
5．in　考查介詞。in every way為固定搭配，意為“在各個(gè)方面”。故填in。
6．or　考查連詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句中brushing和making并列，且為選擇關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)用or。
7．their　考查代詞。根據(jù)空后的“phones”可知，此處應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞，故填their。
8．While/Although/Though　考查連詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，前后部分之間是讓步關(guān)系，故填While/Although/Though。
9．to be　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處為非謂語(yǔ)，修飾前面的抽象名詞potential，其后catastrophic為形容詞，因此填to be表將來。
10．connected　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句中已有系動(dòng)詞seem，故空處應(yīng)填非謂語(yǔ)，且其與句子主語(yǔ)之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞作定語(yǔ)，故填connected。Section Ⅳ　Discovering Useful Structures
　　　(語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Over the years, Zhou Zhanbin has witnessed① the reserve's improving environment. “The Heihe River's water level has risen② from below 40 centimeters decades ago to about 2 meters now，” he said.“Willow trees and grasses have been planted③ along the river banks, and more migratory birds are coming to this area.”According to Zhou Zhanbin, director of the county's wetland park administration office, to date, more than 460 hectares of vegetation have been restored④ in the part of the nature reserve in Gaotai county.
Zhou said that last year, more than 56,000 birds were recorded⑤ in the reserve, which is becoming an increasingly important wintering site for those are migrating, as well as a breeding site for species under state protection.
“10 monitoring stations have also been set up⑥ in the reserve to study the distribution and migration of the birds，” Zhou added.With more birds calling the reserve their home, Zhou has become⑦ their devoted guardian.Every time he finds an injured or sick bird, he escorts (護(hù)送) it to a nearby rescue station via rowboat.“The environment has improved⑧， the air isn't so dry, and I get to see different types of birds every day. I can't bring myself to tear my eyes away from the beautiful scenery before me for even a second，” he said.
[語(yǔ)法入門]
①②⑦⑧加黑部分為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式；
③④⑥加黑部分為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式；
⑤加黑部分為一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，而且主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。其結(jié)構(gòu)包括：
肯定式 主語(yǔ)＋have/has been done ...
否定式 主語(yǔ)＋have/has not been done ...
一般疑問式 Have/Has＋主語(yǔ)＋been done ...？
特殊疑問式 特殊疑問詞＋have/has＋主語(yǔ)＋been done ...？
一、用法規(guī)則　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web.
②Financial problems of the company have been discussed for nearly two hours.
③How long has this film been shown
④A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasn't been caught.
[會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)]
①②③④句都使用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。①②句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的__________式；③句為__________式；④句為__________式。
[明規(guī)則]
1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)同它的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一樣，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，通常與already, yet, just, never, recently等副詞連用。
2．表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能持續(xù)下去，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或用于“How long ...？”句型中?！　　　?br/>3．用在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來某時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作，即用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替將來完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
4．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，而一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)只表示過去的動(dòng)作。
[名師點(diǎn)津]　常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
already 已經(jīng)
yet 已經(jīng)
recently/lately 最近
since then 從那時(shí)起
ever since 自那以來
ever 曾經(jīng)
so far 迄今為止
for a long time 很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間
by now 到現(xiàn)在為止
in recent years 在最近幾年里
in/during/over the past/last years 在過去的幾年里
　　[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]
(1)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改寫句子
①Jack's boss has always praised him for his devotion to work.
→Jack ____________________ by his boss for his devotion to work.
②They have found a good place to build a hospital in the village.
→A good place ________________ by them to build a hospital in the village.
③We haven't yet decided how to solve that difficult technological problem.
→How to solve that difficult technological problem __________________ by us yet.
(2)完成句子
④I will go home when my homework ________________________.
當(dāng)我的家庭作業(yè)完成時(shí)，我就回家。
⑤This tool _______________________________________________________________.
這個(gè)工具已經(jīng)被使用了1 000多年了。
二、注意事項(xiàng)　
1．短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，因此也可構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被看成一個(gè)整體，是固定詞組，所以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可分開。其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成方法與普通的及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方法相同。
①He has been operated on by the best surgeon.
②These problems have been seriously thought over.
③Some artists have been looked down upon in the past few years.
④The children have been taken good care of.
[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]　(將下列句子改成被動(dòng)句)
①Grandma has taken care of my sister for 3 years.
→　_________________________________________________________________
　②Tom has sold out all the books.
→　__________________________________________________________________
　2．帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，如give, send, bring, take, teach, show, tell, make, sing, write, read, sell, buy, pay, lend, pass, promise等，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)；若將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)前面要用相應(yīng)的介詞。
The company has given him a chance to work abroad recently.
→He has been given a chance to work abroad recently (by the company)．
→A chance to work abroad has been given to him recently (by the company)．
[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]　(將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
He has sent me an e mail.
→_______________________________________________________________________　
→　_____________________________________________________________________
3．帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)如果一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后帶的是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)＋賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，其方法是：把主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
(2)在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，用于動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))feel, listen to, hear, let, make, have, notice, watch, see等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶to，但變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后要加上to。
①They have chosen Tom captain.
→Tom has been chosen captain.
②I have found him lying on the floor.
→He has been found lying on the floor.
③People have seen him enter the building.
→He has been seen to enter the building.
[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]　(將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
①I have noticed Mary crying outside the house.
→　________________________________________________________________________
　②I have seen her come in.
→　________________________________________________________________________
Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空
1．So far, most of our export goods ________________________ (transport) by ship.
2．Both learning sites ______________ (visit) by over 10, 000 people since last year.
3．It is the first time that I ________________ (scold) by my parents.
4．Quantities of water ____________ (waste) so far.
5．In recent years, much research __________ (conduct) on the wildlife protection.
6．Wildlife ________________ (threat) greatly by human expansion in the last few years.
7．Since the project started, nearly 500,000 high quality digital photographs ____________________ (produce).
8．Since the launch of the Chinese Space Station, several taikonauts ________________ (send) to work in it.
9．So far our workout rooms ________________ (update) with modern facilities.
10．I suggest that you (should) buy a new machine because the old one ______________ (damage) beyond repair.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．These flowers ________________； you can go home.這些花已經(jīng)澆過水了，你可以回家了。
2．It______________ that water is fundamental to the development of life.
已經(jīng)證實(shí)，水是生命發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。
3．Her money __________________ and her patience is also running out.
她的錢已經(jīng)用完了，并且她的耐心也要耗盡了。
4．Traditional festivals ____________________ to us from our ancestors.
傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日是我們的祖先傳下來的。
5．Since several years ago, great attention ______________ to the health and care of children by the government.
從幾年前開始，政府就非常重視兒童的健康和保健。
6．The software __________________ to help my phone battery last longer.
該軟件已經(jīng)下載了，可以幫助我的手機(jī)電池續(xù)航時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。
7．Since then, our life ____________________ by the Internet.
自那以后，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)，我們的生活有了很大的改善。
8．Since these animals consumed large amounts of vegetation, the amount of plants ______________________ in the park.
由于這些動(dòng)物消耗了大量的植被，該公園植物的數(shù)量減少了。
Section Ⅳ
學(xué)案中理清
一、[會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)]　肯定　特殊疑問　否定
[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]　①has always been praised?、趆as been found
③hasn't been decided?、躧as been finished
⑤has been used for over one thousand years
二、[對(duì)點(diǎn)練]　1.①M(fèi)y sister has been taken care of by Grandma for 3 years.　②All the books have been sold out by Tom.
2．I have been sent an e mail (by him)．
An e mail has been sent to me (by him)．
3．①M(fèi)ary has been noticed crying outside the house.
②She has been seen to come in.
應(yīng)用中融通
Ⅰ.1.have been transported　2.have been visited
3．have been scolded　4.have been wasted
5．has been conducted　6.has been threatened
7．have been produced　8.have been sent
9．have been updated　10.has been damaged
Ⅱ.1.have been watered　2.has been proved
3．has been run out of　4.have been passed down
5．has been paid　6.has been downloaded
7．has been greatly improved　8.has been reduced
1UNIT 3　課時(shí)檢測(cè)(四)　Discovering Useful Structures
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
How would you go without your smartphone For many of us, our smartphone is the first and last thing we look at every day. We depend on it to perform a number of tasks and connect with our friends and family. But have we become addicted to our phone
Certainly, the inventor of the first mobile phone, American engineer Martin Cooper, thinks we might be. In a BBC interview, he suggested people quit scrolling (刷屏) and “get a life”. But of course, once we start scrolling or watching videos, we just can't kick the habit. Psychologist Jean Twenge says we feel regret for “checking our phone again and again if we're waiting for a text or getting really into social media then kind of, looking up and realising that an hour has passed”．
But does it matter if we make the most of this technology Possibly, because like medicine, the problem appears when it is withdrawn. A study from King's College London found young people couldn't control the amount of time they spend on their phone. Such behaviour means that people become “anxious” or “upset” if they are not allowed to be on the phone continuously, which can cause anxiety and mental health problems.
Interestingly, another study by the London School of Economics Science suggests we don't just look at our phone when we receive text or email messages. The people they studied felt an automatical (自動(dòng)的) need to check their phone, just as a smoker would light a cigarette.
One solution could be an app that rewards (獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)) students for time spent away from their phone. Another choice is changing your smartphone to a dumbphone that has none of the things that turn your attention away. But mainly, perhaps, we just need to look up more and reconnect with the real world!
1．What is Martin Cooper's attitude to focusing on smartphones
A．Uncaring. B．Doubtful.
C．Unclear. D．Unacceptable.
2．What does the underlined word “withdrawn” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．Stopped. B．Increased.
C．Offered. D．Saved.
3．What is the author's key suggestion in the last paragraph
A．Concentrate on studies.
B．Get a reward for offline time.
C．Buy a new smartphone.
D．Contact with the real world.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Benefits from Smartphones
B．Addiction to Smartphones
C．Development of Smartphones
D．Disadvantages of Smartphones
Ⅱ.完形填空
When I was a college student, I did a lot of traveling abroad. That was because a professor __5__ me to do so. She said, “Now is the time for you to travel around the world__6__ your knowledge through actual experiences and have fun！” I __7__ her.
Since I started to work for a food company, __8__， I have done most of my traveling through the Internet. By using the Internet, I have seen the __9__ of many cities on my computer screen. And I have really made business __10__， too. With the help of the Internet, I have also got about food __11__ from different countries.
Therefore, I was beginning to feel that actual trips were __12__ necessary when I happened to read a famous chef's comment on the Internet. He said, “It is very difficult to have real Italian food in a foreign country, because we enjoy food and the __13__ around us at the same time.” Those words __14__ me of my professor's advice. With information technology advancing, you might be able to do without making some real trips. But this also means that you will miss the various __15__ you can get from traveling.
Today, people __16__ direct communication with others and spend much of their time on the Internet. I do not think that they are taking good advantage of information technology. We should use information technology as a tool to make our daily communication more__17__.Besides, we should never let it __18__ our time for face to face communication. Let's make use of information technology more__19__ and have great fun in experiencing the actual world.
5.A.promised B．encouraged
C．permitted D．forced
6．A.enrich B．prove
C．employ D．benefit
7．A.followed B．learned from
C．a(chǎn)pproached D．a(chǎn)greed with
8．A.indeed B．otherwise
C．though D．therefore
9.A.arts B．sights
C．rivers D．houses
10．A.plans B．opportunities
C．progress D．trips
11．A.information B．taste
C．experiences D．feelings
12．A.actually B．no longer
C．a(chǎn)dditionally D．even more
13．A.people B．drink
C．a(chǎn)tmosphere D．environment
14．A.reminded B．informed
C．warned D．cured
15．A.news B．pleasures
C．troubles D．places
16．A.enjoy B．keep
C．lose D．a(chǎn)void
17．A.labor saving B．long lasting
C．fruitful D．a(chǎn)ccessible
18．A.make up B．get through
C．take up D．break down
19．A.wisely B．correctly
C．instantly D．gradually
Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空
Researchers have found that people who unplug their cellphones, TV, etc.over the weekend have __1__ (high) satisfaction with life than people who spend their Saturdays sticking to their electronic __2__ (equip)．
When social networking sites emerged, we __3__ (believe) them to be only advantageous and not at all harmful, as they aimed to connect everyone around the world.But now we are __4__ (addict) to them.We have become a “connected” society __5__ almost every way these days.Some people are so connected that even before brushing their teeth __6__ making coffee, they will roll over to check __7__ (they) phones.
__8__ technology has certainly fostered (促進(jìn))more rapid and instant communication, the consequence of this has the potential __9__ (be) catastrophic over the next several generations.The potential for addiction and the loss of human interaction __10__ (connect) with digital communication seem evident more than ever in our current society.
UNIT 3　課時(shí)檢測(cè)(四)
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了手機(jī)依賴癥的特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)生的問題，并希望人們能夠多點(diǎn)時(shí)間放下手機(jī)，投入到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中來。
1．選D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“In a BBC interview, he suggested people quit scrolling(刷屏) and ‘get a life’．”可推知，在接受BBC采訪時(shí)，他建議人們不要再刷手機(jī)了，要“享受生活”。即Martin Cooper不支持人們天天刷手機(jī)。
2．選A　詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句子“有可能，因?yàn)榫拖袼幬镆粯樱?dāng)它被__________時(shí)，問題就會(huì)出現(xiàn)?！焙拖挛摹斑@種行為意味著，如果不允許人們持續(xù)用手機(jī)，他們會(huì)變得‘焦慮’或‘不安’，這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致焦慮和心理健康問題”可推測(cè)手機(jī)就和藥物一樣，一直吃藥會(huì)產(chǎn)生依賴，但一旦停藥，身體就會(huì)出問題。由此推知，畫線詞withdrawn與stopped意思接近。
3．選D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“但主要地，也許我們只是需要多抬頭，重新連接到現(xiàn)實(shí)世界！”可知，與現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的接觸是作者在最后一段的關(guān)鍵建議。
4．選B　標(biāo)題歸納題。第一段提出了文章的主題，下文對(duì)這一主題展開了描述，提出了人們對(duì)手機(jī)上癮的癥狀和產(chǎn)生的問題，最后對(duì)此提出了建議。由此可知，B項(xiàng)Addiction to Smartphones適合作本文標(biāo)題。
Ⅱ.完形填空
語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者大學(xué)期間受老師鼓勵(lì)，經(jīng)常出去旅行，工作后旅行大多數(shù)都是在網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行的，然而一位著名廚師的話讓作者明白了現(xiàn)實(shí)旅行的意義。最后作者告訴讀者要明智地使用信息技術(shù)，享受現(xiàn)實(shí)世界。
5．選B　根據(jù)下文中的“She said, ‘Now is the time ... experiences and have fun！’”可知，教授鼓勵(lì)作者多出去旅行。故選B。
6．選A　根據(jù)空后的“your knowledge through actual experiences”可知，老師鼓勵(lì)作者通過旅行經(jīng)歷來豐富自己的知識(shí)。故選A。
7．選D　根據(jù)上文可知，作者上大學(xué)期間在老師的鼓勵(lì)下經(jīng)常旅行。由此可知，作者同意老師關(guān)于旅行的觀點(diǎn)。故選D。
8．選C　根據(jù)上文中的“When I was a college student, I did a lot of traveling abroad”并結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知，作者在大學(xué)時(shí)期經(jīng)常出去旅行，工作后大多在網(wǎng)上旅行，前后表示轉(zhuǎn)折，應(yīng)用though。故選C。
9．選B　根據(jù)上文中的“I have done most of my traveling through the Internet.”可知，作者在網(wǎng)上“旅行”，通過電腦屏幕看到了許多城市的景色。故選B。
10．選D　根據(jù)上文中的“done most of my traveling through the Internet”和空前的“business”、空后的“too”可知，除了在網(wǎng)上“旅行”，作者還出差，business trip意為“出差”。故選D。
11．選A　根據(jù)句中的“With the help of the Internet”和“about food________ from different countries”可知，作者通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)了解到了不同國(guó)家的食物信息。故選A。
12．選B　根據(jù)句中的Therefore并結(jié)合前一段描述作者通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)旅行的情況可知，作者開始認(rèn)為真正的旅行不再有必要了。故選B。
13．選C　根據(jù)空后的“around us at the same time”并結(jié)合常識(shí)可知，人們?cè)谙硎芤粋€(gè)國(guó)家的美食的同時(shí)，也在感受當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夥?。故選C。
14．選A　根據(jù)空后的“me of my professor's advice”可知，這位廚師的話讓作者想起了教授曾經(jīng)給作者的建議。 remind sb. of sth.意為“提醒某人某事”。故選A。
15．選B　根據(jù)空前的“With information technology advancing ... you will miss the various”可知，你會(huì)錯(cuò)過真實(shí)旅行中的各種樂趣(pleasures)。故選B。
16．選D　根據(jù)句中的“spend much of their time on the Internet”可知，人們?cè)诰W(wǎng)上花大量時(shí)間，避免和他人進(jìn)行直接交流。故選D。
17．選C　根據(jù)句中的“use information technology as a tool”可知，要把信息技術(shù)當(dāng)作工具，讓日常交流變得更加富有成效。 labor saving“節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力的”；long lasting“持久的”；fruitful“富有成效的”；accessible“可到達(dá)的”。故選C。
18．選C　根據(jù)空后的“our time”可知，這里表示不能讓信息技術(shù)占用面對(duì)面交流的時(shí)間。make up“組成”； get through“接通電話，用完”；take up“占用(時(shí)間)，占據(jù)(空間)”；break down“出故障”。故選C。
19．選A　根據(jù)上文中的“We should use information technology as ... for face to face communication.”可知，作者呼吁要明智地使用信息技術(shù)，故選A。
Ⅲ.語(yǔ)法填空
語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，電子設(shè)備及網(wǎng)絡(luò)使人們的溝通更加順暢，但同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生了一些負(fù)面影響。
1．higher　考查形容詞比較級(jí)。根據(jù)后文中的“than”可知，此處應(yīng)用形容詞的比較級(jí)，故填higher。
2．equipment　考查名詞。根據(jù)空前的形容詞“electronic”可知，此處應(yīng)用名詞，又因?yàn)閑quipment為不可數(shù)名詞，故填equipment。
3．believed　考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)空前的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可推知，此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)，故填believed。
4．a(chǎn)ddicted　考查形容詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可推知，此處表示“但是如今我們對(duì)它們上癮了”，因此應(yīng)用形容詞。be addicted to ...意為“對(duì)……上癮”，為固定搭配。
5．in　考查介詞。in every way為固定搭配，意為“在各個(gè)方面”。故填in。
6．or　考查連詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句中brushing和making并列，且為選擇關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)用or。
7．their　考查代詞。根據(jù)空后的“phones”可知，此處應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞，故填their。
8．While/Although/Though　考查連詞。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，前后部分之間是讓步關(guān)系，故填While/Although/Though。
9．to be　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處為非謂語(yǔ)，修飾前面的抽象名詞potential，其后catastrophic為形容詞，因此填to be表將來。
10．connected　考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句中已有系動(dòng)詞seem，故空處應(yīng)填非謂語(yǔ)，且其與句子主語(yǔ)之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞作定語(yǔ)，故填connected。
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