資源簡介

第7單元　自然生態與環境保護
限時訓練2
限時30分鐘
Ⅰ　閱讀理解
A
　　Research has found that using wood for construction instead of concrete and steel can reduce emissions. But Timothy Searchinger at Princeton University says many of these studies are based on the false foundation that harvesting wood is carbon neutral (碳中和的). “Only a small percentage of the wood gets into a timber (木料) product, and a fraction(小部分) of that gets into a timber product that can replace concrete and steel in a building,” he says. Efficiencies vary in different countries, but large amounts of harvested trees are left to be divided into parts, used in short-lived products like paper or burned for energy, all of which generate emissions.
In a report for the World Resources Institute, Searchinger and his colleagues have modelled how using more wood for construction would affect emissions between 2010 and 2050, accounting for the emissions from harvesting the wood. They considered various types of forests and parts of wood going towards construction. They also factored in the emissions savings from replacing concrete and steel.
Under some circumstances, the researchers found significant emissions reductions. But each case required what they considered an unrealistically high portion of the wood going towards construction, as well as rapid growth only seen in warmer places, like Brazil. In general, they found a large increase in global demand for wood would probably lead to rising emissions for decades. Accounting for emissions in this way, the researchers reported in a related paper that increasing forest harvests between 2010 and 2050 would add emissions equal to roughly 10 percent of total annual emissions.
Ali Amiri at Aalto University in Finland says the report's conclusions about emissions from rising demand are probably correct, but the story is different for wood we already harvest. “Boosting the efficiency of current harvests and using more wood for longer lived purposes than paper would cut emissions,” he says. “We cannot just say we should stop using wood.”
1.What is wrong with previous researches according to Searchinger
A.They got wrong statistics.　　　　B.They used an incorrect concept.
C.They included too many factors.　　　　D.They were applied in limited countries.
2.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about
A.The process of the new research.　　　　B.The background of the new study.
C.The challenge of the new research.　　　　D.The achievements of the new study.
3.When will the emissions drop off greatly according to the new study
A.When wood grows slowly.　　　　B.When wood is used to make paper.
C.When wood is used to build a house.　　　　D.When wood is harvested in countries like Brazil.
4.What is Ali Amiri's attitude toward the new result
A.Favorable.　　　　B.Doubtful.　　　　C.Critical.　　　　D.Objective.
B
　　Is there anything sponges (海綿) can't do For thousands of years, humans have used dried natural sponges to clean up, to paint and as containers to consume liquids like water or honey. And, as scientists around the world are beginning to show, sponges' cavity-filled (空腔填充) forms mean they could provide a solution to one of our era's biggest problems: microplastic pollution.
In August, researchers in China published a study describing their development of a man-made sponge that makes short work of microscopic plastic debris (碎片). In tests, the researchers show that when a specially prepared plastic-filled solution is pushed through one of their sponges, the sponge can remove both microplastics and even smaller nanoplastics from the liquid. These particles typically become trapped in the sponge's many openings. Though the sponges' effectiveness varied in experiments, in part depending on the concentration of plastic and the acidity and saltiness of the liquid, the best conditions allowed the researchers to remove as much as 90 percent of the microplastics. They tried it in everything from tap water and seawater to—why not—soup from a local takeout spot.
According to Guoqing Wang, a materials chemist at Ocean University of China and co-author on the paper, the sponge formula is adjustable. By adjusting the temperature when the two compounds are mixed, he says, the sponges can be made more or less porous (滲透的). This affects the size of particles collected—highly porous sponges have lots of very small pores, which is good for catching very tiny particles. The sponges, if ever produced at an industrial scale, Wang says, could be used in wastewater treatment plants to remove microplastics out of the water or in food production facilities to depollute water.
There are hiccups in the sponge's potential adoption, though what's still lacking, says Alice Horton at the United Kingdom's National Oceanography Center, is proof that any of these newer sponge-based technologies can be cost effective and successful in removing microplastics from water at a large scale. But one thing she is confident about is that efforts to remove microplastics after they have already reached the ocean are probably doomed to fail.
“I don't think there is anything we can do on a large enough scale that will have any impact,” she says of that. “We have to stop it getting there in the first place.”
5.Why does the author mention multiple applications of sponges in Paragraph 1
A.To introduce sponges' newfound function.　　　　B.To highlight that sponges can do anything.
C.To prove that sponges boast a long history.　　　　D.To demonstrate sponges' cavity-filled forms.
6.What can we learn about the man-made sponge
A.Its effectiveness is uniform in experiments.
B.Its formula is fixed in controlling its openings.
C.It has been produced at an industrial scale.
D.It can effectively remove microscopic plastic debris.
7.What does the underlined word “hiccups” in Paragraph 4 probably mean
A.Opportunities.　　　　B.Prospects.　　　　C.Problems.　　　　D.Failures.
8.What does Alice Horton imply in the last paragraph
A.All things are difficult before they are easy.　　　　B.Every cloud has a silver lining.
C.Prevention is better than cure.　　　　D.Better late than never.
Ⅱ　七選五
　　
Ways to Cut Your Carbon Footprint
　　Your carbon footprint, which drives more global warming, is associated with everything from powering our homes to getting around, producing our food and making all the stuff we buy. There are dozens of things we can do to cut our carbon footprint.
Reduce food waste. About one-third of all food gets wasted each year. Producing food that won't be eaten wastes valuable resources, including energy. It also creates a lot of greenhouse gases. Someone could cut their food carbon footprint by 12 percent by not wasting purchased food. 1.　　
2.　　　 Most U.S. electricity comes from a mix of resources, including fossil fuels. Unless a home is fully powered by renewable resources, such as wind and solar power, people will need to use less electricity to cut their carbon footprint.
Jacket your home with insulation(隔熱材料). When it's chilly out, a thick jacket holds in our body heat to keep us warm. 3.　　　 Thick insulation in the walls, roofs and floors keeps heat inside in winter and outdoors in summer. Roughly four in every five U.S. homes would save energy costs and cut greenhouse gas emissions if they added more insulation.
4.　　　 People who use traditional vehicles can make up the largest part of the carbon footprint. That's why people should walk more, ride bikes or take mass transportation. If you need to use a car, consider an electric vehicle (EV). Once they hit the roads, EVs don't emit planet-warming gases.
Buy less new stuff. Everything we buy also contributes to our carbon footprint. So a key way to shrink the carbon footprint is to buy fewer new things. Shopping for the second-hand goods cuts much pollution. 5.　　　 And recycle wherever you can.
A.Use less energy.
B.Green your travel.
C.Eat more plant-based foods.
D.So avoid types designed to be used just once.
E.Next best is to extend the life of your products.
F.Insulating our homes does much the same thing.
G.One tip: Buy only as much food as you plan to use.
Ⅲ　完形填空
　　Kathy Xu, a high school teacher, had always wanted to see a shark in the wild. The opportunity finally 　1　in 2011, when she went on a snorkelling trip to the Ningaloo Reef. She was so inspired by its beauty and grace that tears 　2　to her eyes.
After returning home, Xu learned about the shark trade　3　at one of Indonesia's largest fish markets, on the island of Lombok. Shark parts including meat, cartilage(軟骨) and teeth are cut up for export. The most prized are the fins, which 　4　high prices.
Curious, Xu　5　her bags and headed to the fish market. There, she spoke with several fishermen. Shark fishing is 　6　 risky and involves hard physical work, but it is one of few ways for them to　7　for their families. “I told them I'd pay them to take 　8　out to see these snorkelling havens,” she says. Together, Xu and the fishermen came up with the idea of snorkelling boat trips, and a deal was 　9　.
In late 2012, Xu　10　her full-time job to focus on building The Dorsal Effect, an ecotourism business that she hoped would help save the declining shark　11　. In 2019, Xu found a female Rhynchobatus cooki, a relative of the shark. The species had not been seen for more than 20 years and was believed to be　12　. The discovery gave scientists hope, and it could be　13　 for an in-depth conservation study.
In the past decade, global demand for shark fins has　14　—a promising result of conservation campaigns. For now, Kathy, 41, is proud of the small changes she sees happening on Lombok, from the fishermen who now have a new way to　15　an income to the schoolchildren who learn about sharks on tours with The Dorsal Effect.
1.A.existed　　　　B.approached　　　　C.came　　　　D.scheduled
2.A.bounced　　　　B.sprang　　　　C.raised　　　　D.fell
3.A.taking place　　　　B.coming along　　　　C.taking off　　　　D.coming out
4.A.cut　　　　B.pay　　　　C.agree　　　　D.fetch
5.A.purchased　　　　B.filled　　　　C.packed　　　　D.opened
6.A.slightly　　　　B.rarely　　　　C.terribly　　　　D.partly
7.A.care　　　　B.provide　　　　C.account　　　　D.strive
8.A.competitors　　　　B.tourists　　　　C.hosts　　　　D.participants
9.A.changed　　　　B.discussed　　　　C.canceled　　　　D.made
10.A.continued　　　　B.accomplished　　　　C.lost　　　　D.quit
11.A.population　　　　B.life　　　　C.species　　　　D.production
12.A.extinct　　　　B.missing　　　　C.valueless　　　　D.hidden
13.A.knowledge　　　　B.grounds　　　　C.necessities　　　　D.stress
14.A.declined　　　　B.increased　　　　C.firmed　　　　D.boomed
15.A.offer　　　　B.distribute　　　　C.use　　　　D.earn
答案全解全析
限時訓練2
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。新的研究表明,用木材建造的建筑可能并不像想象中的那么環保。
1.B　細節理解題。根據第一段中的“But Timothy Searchinger at Princeton...wood is carbon neutral.” 可知,但普林斯頓大學的Timothy Searchinger表示,許多這樣的研究都基于一個錯誤的概念,即采伐木材是碳中和的。故選B項。
2.A　主旨大意題。通讀第二段可知,在世界資源研究所的一份報告中,Searchinger和他的同事們模擬了2010年至2050年間,使用更多的木材進行建筑將如何影響排放,并考慮到了砍伐木材的排放量。他們考慮了各種類型的森林和用于建筑的部分木材。他們還考慮到了更換混凝土和鋼材所節省的排放量。據此可知,第二段主要介紹新研究的過程。故選A項。
3.C　細節理解題。根據第三段中“Under some circumstances...warmer places, like Brazil.”可知,在某些情況下,研究人員發現了顯著的減排。但每一種情況都需要他們認為不切實際的高比例木材用于建筑,以及只有在巴西等溫暖地區才能看到的快速增長;據此可知,用木材建造建筑可以使碳排放量顯著減少,只是前提條件比較苛刻。故選C項。
4.D　推理判斷題。通讀尾段可知,芬蘭阿爾托大學(Aalto University)的Ali Amiri說,該報告關于需求增長導致的排放的結論可能是正確的,但我們已經收獲的木材的情況不同。他說,提高當前收成的效率并將更多的木材用于比紙張更長久的用途將減少排放。我們不能只是說應該停止使用木材。據此可知,Ali Amiri對此研究結果有一定的肯定性,但是他又表示我們不能說就應該停止使用木材。故他對此研究結果從正反兩方面都進行了說明,其態度是客觀公正的。故選D項。
技巧點撥
　　觀點態度題是高考英語閱讀常考的一種題型,也是考生很容易失分的一種題型。文章作者或文中人物對某事物所持的情感、觀點或態度往往隱含在文章的字里行間或流露于修飾詞之中。解題時應注意:
第一,注意“4關注1不要”
(1)關注首段首尾句,確定文章主題,判斷作者的觀點態度。
(2)關注but后表示觀點態度的語句來判斷作者或文中人物的觀點。
(3)關注作者所舉的例子或者所引用的語句,來判斷作者或文中人物的態度傾向。
(4)關注文章語言的褒貶來判斷作者的態度。
(5)不要將個人的態度揉進題中,要學會分清作者本人的態度和作者引用觀點的態度。
第二,注意牢記4類選項常用詞匯
肯定 positive積極樂觀的;optimistic樂觀的;supportive支持的;hopeful有希望的;promising有前途的;favourable贊許的
否定 negative否定的,消極的;disapproving 不贊成的;critical 批評的;unfavourable不贊同的
懷疑 suspicious可疑的,懷疑的;doubtful可疑的
主/客觀 subjective主觀的;objective客觀的
中立 neutral中立的;indifferent不關心的;uninterested不感興趣的;unconcerned不關心的
難句分析
原句　Efficiencies vary in different countries, but large amounts of harvested trees are left to be divided into parts, used in short-lived products like paper or burned for energy, all of which generate emissions.
分析　本句由but連接的兩個分句構成,其中第二個分句為主從復合句,“all of which generate emissions”為非限制性定語從句,先行詞為short-lived products。
譯文　不同國家的效率各不相同,但大量采伐的樹木被分割成部分,用于造紙等短壽命產品或燃燒能源,所有這些都會產生排放。
B
語篇解讀　這是一篇說明文。海綿的空腔填充形式意味著它們可以為我們這個時代最大的問題之一——微塑料污染提供解決方案,文章對此進行了詳細介紹。
5.A　推理判斷題。
①根據題干中的關鍵詞“multiple applications of sponges in Paragraph 1”定位到第一段。
②根據第一段中“as scientists around...problems: microplastic pollution”可知,正如世界各地的科學家們開始展示的那樣,海綿的空腔填充形式意味著它們可以為我們這個時代最大的問題之一——微塑料污染提供解決方案。據此推知,作者在第一段提到海綿的多種用途是為了引出海綿的新功能。故選A。
6.D　細節理解題。根據第二段第一句“In August, researchers in China published a study describing their development of a man-made sponge that makes short work of microscopic plastic debris.” 可知,今年八月,中國的研究人員發表了一項研究,描述了他們開發的一種人造海綿,這種海綿可以快速清除微塑料碎片。據此可知,人造海綿可以有效地去除微塑料碎片。故選D。
同義表達
　　D項中的“effectively remove microscopic plastic debris”是文章第二段第一句中“makes short work of microscopic plastic debris”的同義表達。
7.C　詞義猜測題。根據第四段第一句中的“though what's still lacking, says...from water at a large scale”可知,英國國家海洋學中心的Alice Horton說,目前還缺乏證據證明這些更新的基于海綿的技術在大規模去除水中的微塑料方面是經濟有效而且成功的。據此可知,此處是指海綿的潛在應用也存在一些問題,所以hiccups意為“問題”。故選C。
8.C　推理判斷題。根據第四段最后一句“But one thing she...doomed to fail.”可知,但有一件事她很確信,那就是在微塑料已經進入海洋之后,清除它們的努力可能注定要失敗。根據本文尾句“We have to stop it getting there in the first place.”可知,我們必須從一開始就阻止它到達那里。據此可知,Alice Horton的意思是與其等塑料進入海洋之后再清除還不如從一開始就阻止塑料進入海洋。因此C項“防患于未然”可以表達Alice的意思。A項意為“萬事開頭難”;B項意為“黑暗中總有一線光明”;D項意為“亡羊補牢”。故選C。
熟詞生義
concentration　熟義:n.專心;關注　生義:n.濃度
難句分析
原句　Though the sponges' effectiveness varied in experiments, in part depending on the concentration of plastic and the acidity and saltiness of the liquid, the best conditions allowed the researchers to remove as much as 90 percent of the microplastics.
分析　本句為主從復合句。“Though the sponges' effectiveness varied in experiments”為Though引導的讓步狀語從句。
譯文　盡管海綿的效果在實驗中有所不同,部分取決于塑料的濃度和液體的酸度和鹽度,但在最理想的條件下,研究人員可以去除多達90%的微塑料。
Ⅱ.七選五
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。你的碳足跡會加劇全球變暖,它與家庭供電、出行、生產食物和制造我們購買的所有東西都有關。我們可以做很多事情來減少我們的碳足跡。
①通讀全文,把握文章大意和文章結構
文章大意:減少碳足跡意義重大,有很多方法可以減少碳足跡。
文章結構:總—分
總——Para. 1:有很多方法可以減少碳足跡。
分——Para. 2~Para. 6:具體介紹日常生活中減少碳足跡的方法,包括減少食物浪費、使用更少的能源、使用隔熱材料、綠色出行、勿過度購物等。
②通讀選項,了解各選項的中心點,找出關鍵詞
A.Use less energy.(減少碳足跡的方法)
B.Green your travel. (減少碳足跡的方法)
C.Eat more plant-based foods. (減少碳足跡的方法)
D.So avoid types designed to be used just once. (日常生活中培養的習慣)
E.Next best is to extend the life of your products. (日常生活中使用物品的習慣列舉)
F.Insulating our homes does much the same thing. (給房子隔熱)
G.One tip: Buy only as much food as you plan to use. (不浪費食物)
③把選項一一代入文章空處,尋找每個題最適合的選項
1.G　根據上文“Reduce food waste. About one-third of all food gets wasted each year.(減少食物浪費。全部的食物每年大約有三分之一被浪費掉。)”可知,此段講我們每年都會浪費很多食物,要減少食物浪費。G項“One tip: Buy only as much food as you plan to use.(一個建議:只買你打算用的那么多食物。)”與本段主題句相呼應,要減少食物浪費,打算用多少食物就買多少。故選G項。
技巧點撥
　　詞匯復現:如果空格前后句中與正確選項中含有相同的一個或幾個詞,叫原詞或同詞復現;如果前后句與選項中沒有相同的詞,但有同義表達,叫同義復現。
　　該題中,上文中的Reduce food waste.和選項E“One tip:Buy only as much food as you plan to use.”中的food不僅為同詞復現,意義也基本相似。
2.A　根據下文可知,美國大部分電力來自多種能源,包括化石燃料。除非一個家庭完全由可再生能源供電,如風能和太陽能,否則人們將需要使用更少的電力來減少他們的碳足跡。由此可知,本段主要說明為了減少碳足跡,要少用能源。A項“Use less energy.(用更少的能源。)”與本段內容一致,故選A項。
3.F　根據上文“When it's chilly out, a thick jacket holds in our body heat to keep us warm.(當外面很冷的時候,一件厚夾克可以維持身體的熱量,使我們保持溫暖。)”以及下文“Thick insulation in the walls, roofs and floors keeps heat inside in winter and outdoors in summer.(墻壁、屋頂和地板的厚隔熱層在冬天將熱量保持在室內,在夏天保持在室外。)”可知,當外面很冷的時候,一件厚夾克可以鎖住我們身體的熱量來保暖,給我們的住房加隔熱裝置也起到了同樣的作用。F項“Insulating our homes does much the same thing.(給我們的住房加隔熱裝置起到了同樣的作用。)”符合語境,故選F項。
4.B　根據下文可知,這就是為什么人們應該多走路、騎自行車或乘坐公共交通工具。如果你需要開車,考慮電動汽車。由此可知,綠色出行能減少碳足跡。B項“Green your travel.(綠色出行。)”符合語境,故選B項。
5.E　根據上文“Shopping for the second-hand goods cuts much pollution.(購買二手商品減少很多污染。)”以及下文“And recycle wherever you can.(無論你在哪里,盡可能地回收利用。)”可知,購買二手商品可以減少污染,無論你在哪里,盡可能地回收利用。E項“Next best is to extend the life of your products.(其次是延長產品的使用壽命。)”符合語境。故選E項。
熟詞生義
green　熟義:adj.綠色的　生義:v.使環保;降低……對環境的危害
難句分析
原句　Your carbon footprint, which drives more global warming, is associated with everything from powering our homes to getting around, producing our food and making all the stuff we buy.
分析　本句為主從復合句。which引導非限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞carbon footprint;we buy為省略that的定語從句,修飾先行詞stuff。
譯文　你的碳足跡會加劇全球變暖,它與我們的家庭供電、出行、生產食物和制造我們購買的所有東西有關。
Ⅲ.完形填空
語篇解讀　這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述高中教師Kathy Xu之前一直想去野外看鯊魚,2011年,當她去Ningaloo Reef潛水時,機會終于來了。她被鯊魚的美麗和優雅所打動,以至于淚水奪眶而出。這次回來之后,她開始了解鯊魚貿易的一些情況,創建了生態旅游業務,開始了挽救鯊魚的行動。
1.C　句意:2011年,當她去Ningaloo Reef潛水時,機會終于來了。根據空前“The opportunity finally”可知,此處指機會終于來了。故選C。exist存在;approach靠近;come來;schedule計劃。
2.B　句意:她被它的美麗和優雅所打動,以至于淚水奪眶而出。根據空前tears以及空后to her eyes可知,此處指她眼里一下子涌出了淚水。spring to表示“突然出現或來到……”。故選B。bounce彈跳;spring突然出現(或來到),涌出;raise提升;fall掉落。
3.A　句意:回家之后,Xu了解到發生在印度尼西亞Lombok島上的一個最大的魚市上的鯊魚貿易。根據空前“the shark trade”可知,此處指發生在印度尼西亞Lombok島上的一個最大的魚市上的鯊魚貿易。故選A。take place發生,進行;come along出現,跟隨;take off起飛,脫下;come out出來,出版。
4.D　句意:最珍貴的是鰭,售價很高。根據空后high prices可知,此處指售價很高。故選D。cut切;pay付錢;agree同意;fetch售得(某個價錢)。
5.C　句意:在好奇心的驅使下,Xu收拾好行李,前往魚市。根據空后“her bags and headed to the fish market”以及下文“There, she spoke with several fishermen.(在那里,她和幾個漁民進行了交談)”可知,她收拾行李去了魚市。故選C。purchase購買;fill填充;pack打包,收拾;open打開。
6.C　句意:捕撈鯊魚非常危險并且需要艱苦的體力勞動,但這是他們為數不多的養家糊口的方式之一。根據空后risky以及與其構成轉折的后半句“but it is one of few ways for them to　7　for their families”可知,捕撈鯊魚非常危險。故選C。 slightly輕微地;rarely稀少地,罕見地;terribly非常,很;partly部分地。
技巧點撥
看語境,辨詞義
　　語境就是指上下文,著重考查考生根據上下文提供的信息進行分析、推理、判斷的能力。考生要通過上下文的提示,對文章進行整體把握。因此,在做題時要有全局觀念,開頭的題目要從下文找答案,中間或最后的題目要從上下文查找信息,即使考查詞組,也需要在理解語境的前提下作出選擇。近幾年的高考真題更側重于考生對具體語境的把握,尤其是對整篇文章的理解能力。所設選項中,三個干擾項不一定是錯誤的,而是不符合所在語篇語言環境的,因此突出了語境化和整體性,主要涉及時間、地點、方向、情
感、動作等。該題空后的risky及后半句中的but提供了充分的語境,說明捕撈鯊魚非常危險。
7.B　句意同上。根據下文“For now, Kathy, 41, is proud of the small changes she sees happening on Lombok, from the fishermen who now have a new way to　15　an income to the schoolchildren who learn about sharks on tours with The Dorsal Effect.(目前,41歲的Kathy對她看到的在Lombok島上發生的微小變化感到自豪,從現在有了新的收入來源的漁民們,到在‘背側效應’的游覽中了解了鯊魚的學生們。)”可知,此處指漁民捕撈鯊魚賣錢來養家糊口。provide for one's family表示“供養家庭”。故選B。care for照顧;provide for提供生活所需;account for解釋;strive for為……而努力。
8.B　句意為“她說:‘我告訴他們我會付錢讓他們帶游客去看這些浮潛的地方(鯊魚出沒的地方)。’”根據下文“In late 2012, Xu　10　her full-time job to focus on building The Dorsal Effect, an ecotourism business that she hoped would help save the declining shark　11　.(在2012年底的時候,Xu辭去了她的全職工作,集中精力創建了The Dorsal Effect,一種生態旅游業務,她希望這項生態旅游業務能夠幫助拯救瀕臨滅絕的鯊魚)”可知,此處指帶游客看鯊魚。故選B。competitor競爭者;tourist游客;host主持人;participant參與者。
9.D　句意:Xu和漁民們一起想出了浮潛船旅行的主意,一個交易由此達成。make a deal表示“達成交易”,符合句意。故選D。change改變;discuss討論;cancel取消; make做,達成。
10.D　句意:在2012年底的時候,Xu辭去了她的全職工作,集中精力創建了The Dorsal Effect,一項生態旅游業務,她希望這項生態旅游業務能夠幫助拯救數量日益減少的鯊魚群。根據空后“her full-time job to focus on building The Dorsal Effect”可知,此處表示辭去了全職的工作。故選D。continue繼續;accomplish完成,實現;lose失去;quit辭職。
11.A　句意同上。根據空前“save the declining shark”可知,此處指拯救數量日益減少的鯊魚。故選A。population人口數量,族群;life生命,生活;species物種;production生產。
12.A　句意:這個物種已經二十多年沒有出現了,被認為已經滅絕了。根據上文“The species had not been seen for more than 20 years(這個物種已經二十多年沒有出現了)”可知,此處指這個物種被認為已經滅絕了,此次的發現給了科學家希望。故選A。extinct滅絕的;missing丟失的;valueless無價值的;hidden隱藏的。
13.B　句意:這個發現給了科學家希望,可以作為用來進行深入的保護研究的根據。根據上文“In 2019, Xu found a female Rhynchobatus cooki, a relative of the shark.”可知,Xu的這個發現給了科學家希望,可以作為研究的根據。故選B。knowledge知識;ground根據,充分的理由;necessity必要性,必需品;stress壓力。
14.A　句意:在過去的十年,全球對魚翅的需求已經下降了——這是保護運動的一個有希望的結果。根據空后“a promising result of conservation campaigns”可知,此處表示全球對魚翅的需求已經下降。故選A。decline減少,下降;increase增加;firm 使堅固;boom激增。
15.D　句意:目前,41歲的Kathy對她看到的在Lombok島上發生的微小變化感到自豪,從現在有了新的收入來源的漁民們,到在“背側效應”的游覽中了解了鯊魚的學生們。根據空后“an income”可知,此處表示賺錢。故選D。offer提供;distribute分發;use使用;earn賺取,掙得。
熟詞生義
ground　熟義:n.地面　生義:n.根據,充分的理由
難句分析
原句　For now, Kathy, 41, is proud of the small changes she sees happening on Lombok, from the fishermen who now have a new way to earn an income to the schoolchildren who learn about sharks on tours with The Dorsal Effect.
分析　本句為主從復合句。句中“she sees”為省略了that的定語從句,修飾先行詞changes;現在分詞短語happening on Lombok作名詞changes的后置定語;第一個who引導的定語從句修飾先行詞fishermen;第二個who引導的定語從句修飾先行詞schoolchildren。
譯文　目前,41歲的Kathy對她看到的在Lombok島上發生的微小變化感到自豪,從現在有了新的收入來源的漁民們,到在“背側效應”的游覽中了解了鯊魚的學生們。

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