資源簡介

第8單元　災(zāi)害防范與宇宙探索
限時訓(xùn)練3
限時50分鐘
Ⅰ　閱讀理解
A
　　Record sea ice loss caused a mass die-off of emperor penguin chicks in part of Antarctica last year, strengthening predictions that the world's largest penguin will soon be in danger of extinction.
Unlike other penguins, emperor penguins breed(繁殖) on sea ice rather than land. Male emperor penguins hatch the eggs during the Antarctic winter. The furry grey chicks need stable sea ice until December to grow their black waterproof feathers and gain enough muscle to swim. If they go into the water before they develop feathers, chicks can drown or freeze to death.
In February, the area of sea ice around Antarctica reached the lowest extent ever observed. After much of the ice began breaking up late last year, four out of five habitats in the hard-bit central and eastern Bellingshausen Sea suffered a total breeding failure, with no chicks surviving to the feather growing period. In mid-November, the sea ice there broke up, forcing the penguins to abandon the habitat and most if not all of their chicks.
A research team from Oxford Brookes University monitored populations by spotting penguin faeces(排泄物) in satellite photos. Emperor penguins tend to stay close, walking in a tight group to stay warm in temperatures as low as -60℃. The buildup of the habitat's faeces stains the ice so brown that it can be seen from space. Once a habitat has been identified, researchers can count the individual penguins in very high-resolution satellite images.
The observations add weight to modelling predictions that 90 percent of emperor penguin habitats could be extinct or pass the point of no return by 2100 if current rates of warming continue. While habitats can lose chicks in heavy storms or when severe winds break up the sea ice, this is the first time widespread breeding failure has been linked to disappearing ice.
“Failure is the norm, but complete failure across a whole region is not normal,” says Tim at Oxford Brookes University. “Will this impact the population It really depends on how often it happens.”
1.What was the result of the ice breaking last year
A.The area of the sea reached the lowest point ever.
B.Emperor penguins left the habitats with their chicks.
C.Emperor penguins had to search for food themselves.
D.Most emperor penguin chicks studied failed to survive.
2.How did the team identify a habitat in satellite images
A.By counting the penguins.　　　　B.By making the images clearer.
C.By spotting brown-stained ice.　　　　D.By collecting penguins' faeces.
3.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A.The area suffered breeding failure for the first time.
B.Severe storms caused the extensive breeding failure.
C.The total failure has made emperor penguins extinct.
D.The frequency of ice breaking needs to be controlled.
4.What is the passage mainly about
A.The main causes of global warming.　　　　B.The extinct emperor penguin habitats.
C.Emperor penguins' severe breeding failure.　　　　D.Health problems of emperor penguin chicks.
B
　　Astronomers long thought that an odd star system observed by the European Space Agency's Gaia satellite was a simple case of a star orbiting a black hole. But two astronomers are challenging that claim, finding that the evidence suggests something far stranger: a never-before-seen type of star made of invisible dark matter. The system consists of a sun-like star, and its mysterious dark companion, which is much more massive.
What could that dark companion be Maybe, as suggested, it's a clump(團(tuán)) of dark matter. Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that makes up the vast majority of the mass of every single galaxy(星系). We still don't have a solid understanding of its identity. Most theoretical models assume that dark matter is smoothly distributed in each galaxy, but there are models that allow it to come together by itself.
One of these models supposes that dark matter in this case is a new kind of boson(玻色子). These bosons would have the ability to form clumps. Some of them could be the size of entire star systems, but some could be much smaller. The smallest ones could be as small as stars, and they get a new name: boson stars. Boson stars would be entirely invisible. Because dark matter doesn't interact with other substances or light, we could detect them only through the gravitational influence on their surroundings. The researchers pointed out that a simple model of boson dark matter could produce enough boson stars to make the two astronomers' finding reasonable.
While it's unlikely that this is actually the discovery of a boson star, follow-up observations are still urged. Most importantly, this unique system gives us a rare opportunity to study the behaviour of strong gravity, allowing us to examine Einstein's theory of general relativity to see if it holds. Secondly, if it is a boson star, this system is the perfect experimental set-up. We can keep studying our models of boson stars, see how well they can explain the orbital dynamics of this system and use that information to glimpse the dark corners of the universe.
5.What does the evidence show about the odd star system
A.Its mass is less than the sun.
B.It is a simple case for astronomers.
C.It is made of a star and a black hole.
D.Its star is made of invisible dark matter.
6.What can we infer about dark matter from Paragraph 2
A.It can be gathered.　　　　B.It is solid and inactive.
C.It can be a clump of visible matter.　　　　D.It makes up a minority of the galaxy's mass.
7.What are boson stars
A.The smallest dark matter.
B.The smallest boson clumps.
C.The smallest boson models.
D.The smallest star systems.
8.What does the author convey in the last paragraph
A.Einstein's theory holds true.
B.Boson stars have been confirmed.
C.More relevant studies will be needed.
D.A perfect model contains a boson star.
Ⅱ　七選五
　　With a number of rivers globally in crisis due to pollution, damming, and reduced rainfall, there's never been a better opportunity to appreciate everything that rivers give to the world.
Rivers provide drinking water
Two thirds of the UK's tap water is either from a river or from a river-fed body of water. 1.　　　. For example, the Colorado River alone supports nearly 40 million Americans. That's why it is vital to keep rivers clean and free of pollutants.
2.　　
Ancient farming depended on these life-giving waters, and so does modern agriculture. During the rainy season, many rivers overflow their banks, nourishing the soil with minerals and nutrients. Besides, rivers act as water sources for irrigation.
A good source of food comes from rivers
A fifth of the fish that are fished globally come from rivers and other freshwater resources. Another two thirds of fish that people eat rely on rivers for breeding, nutrients, or other reasons. 3.　　　.
Human culture is tied to rivers
4.　　　. The names of the rivers in England, including Thames, Leith, and Taff, disclose the island's history. Other examples are the religious connections to the Ganges in India or the Jordan River in Israel.
Rivers provide leisure activities
5.　　　. River sports, boating, fishing, swimming, braving rapids, and visiting waterfalls are all ways that rivers add value and entertainment. It's essential to work to conserve rivers for generations to come.
A.Rivers are important for agriculture
B.Rivers are more than just water under the bridge
C.Rivers are closely connected to ancient civilizations
D.A large part of our modern life is involved with rivers
E.The organization American Rivers gives a similar figure for the US
F.Consequently, rivers can provide homes for a diversity of plants and animals
G.Protecting rivers and their biodiversity is a good way to protect this valuable source of food
Ⅲ　讀后續(xù)寫
　　閱讀下面材料,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段,使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。
　　Nature, while beautiful, could also be unpredictable and merciless. But most importantly, we bear in mind that in the darkest times, there's always a light at the end of the tunnel, just like Mrs. Evans' cabin light.
One bright summer day, my friend Peter and I decided to venture into the unexplored trails of the Great Smoky Mountains. Blessed with rich biodiversity and fascinating landscapes, the national park seemed a perfect getaway. Little did we know that our casual hike would soon turn into an unexpected personal incident, forever engraved in our memories.
We set off early in the morning, equipped with our backpacks and a map that was supposed to guide us through the winding trails. The sun was up, casting long shadows on the forest floor as we set off on our journey. We trekked(徒步旅行), laughed, and marveled at the beauty of nature around us.
As we trekked through the dense forests, taking in the natural wonders around us, we couldn't help but feel a sense of adventure coursing through our veins. The trail was rugged and uneven, but we persevered through the challenging landscape.
Midway through our expedition, we stumbled upon a breathtaking waterfall, its glistening water cascading down the rocks in a quiet and peaceful melody. We sat down by the water's edge, taking a moment to get lost in the beauty of nature. The cool mist from the waterfall enveloped us, and we felt refreshed and energetic.
As the day wore on, we ventured deeper into the wilderness, eager to explore every corner of this natural paradise. We were so absorbed in the beauty of nature that we just didn't notice our way and it seemed that we could not find the way back to the familiar part of the forest.
Panicking, we scrambled to find our way back but the dense vegetation and winding trails only served to confuse us further. We tried to remember any possible sign that might lead us back. No sooner had we celebrated our return to the clear trails than something worse happened.
注意:續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150個左右。
　　Suddenly, the weather took an abrupt turn.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　Just when we were about to give up, a faint light flickered in the distance.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
答案全解全析
限時訓(xùn)練3
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹的是由于海冰融化,帝企鵝遭遇嚴(yán)重的繁殖失敗。
1.D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“After much of the ice began breaking up late last year, four out of five habitats...suffered a total breeding failure, with no chicks surviving to the feather growing period. (在去年年底大部分冰開始破裂后,五分之四的棲息地……遭遇了完全的繁殖失敗,沒有一只幼崽存活到羽毛的生長期)”可知,去年的破冰結(jié)果是大多數(shù)被研究的帝企鵝幼崽都沒能存活。故選D。
2.C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“A research team from Oxford Brookes University monitored populations by spotting penguin faeces(排泄物) in satellite photos.”可知,研究小組是通過衛(wèi)星照片中企鵝的糞便來監(jiān)測種群的數(shù)量的,結(jié)合下文中的“The buildup of the habitat's faeces stains the ice so brown that it can be seen from space.(棲息地的糞便堆積將冰染成棕色,以至于從太空中都能看到)”可知,棲息地的糞便把冰染成棕色。由此可知,該團(tuán)隊是通過發(fā)現(xiàn)被染成棕色的冰在衛(wèi)星圖像中確定棲息地的。故選C。
3.D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“The observations add weight to modelling predictions that 90 percent of emperor penguin habitats could be extinct or pass the point of no return by 2100 if current rates of warming continue.(這些觀察結(jié)果為模型預(yù)測增加了權(quán)重,即如果目前的變暖速度繼續(xù)下去,到2100年,90%的帝企鵝棲息地可能會滅絕或超過無法恢復(fù)的臨界點(diǎn))”可知,如果按照目前氣候變暖的速度繼續(xù),到2100年,90%的帝企鵝棲息地將可能滅絕或超過無法恢復(fù)的臨界點(diǎn),結(jié)合尾段中的“Will this impact the population It really depends on how often it happens.(這會影響帝企鵝的數(shù)量嗎 這真的取決于它發(fā)生的頻率)”可知,帝企鵝的數(shù)量是否會受影響取決于破冰發(fā)生的頻率。由此推知,要想帝企鵝的數(shù)量不受影響,破冰的頻率需要控制。故選D。
4.C　主旨大意題。根據(jù)首段可知,去年,創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的海冰減少導(dǎo)致南極洲部分地區(qū)的帝企鵝幼崽大量死亡,這進(jìn)一步證實了世界上最大的企鵝即將面臨滅絕的預(yù)測。由下文內(nèi)容可知,研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),氣候變暖造成海冰減少,導(dǎo)致帝企鵝的棲息地減少,進(jìn)而造成帝企鵝繁殖失敗。由此可知,本文主要講述的是帝企鵝繁殖的嚴(yán)重失敗。故選C。
難句分析
原句　While habitats can lose chicks in heavy storms or when severe winds break up the sea ice, this is the first time widespread breeding failure has been linked to disappearing ice.
分析　句子的主干為this is the first time(that)...句型,意為“這是第一次……”。While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,其中or連接in heavy storms和when severe winds break up the sea ice兩個狀語。
譯文　雖然棲息地可能會在強(qiáng)風(fēng)暴或強(qiáng)風(fēng)吹碎海冰時失去幼崽,但這是首次出現(xiàn)與冰層消失有關(guān)的大范圍繁殖失敗。
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)圖
B
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。本文主要介紹了兩位天文學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),證據(jù)表明了一些更奇怪的東西:一種從未見過的恒星,由看不見的暗物質(zhì)組成。這個系統(tǒng)由一顆類似太陽的恒星和它神秘的暗伴星組成,后者的質(zhì)量要大得多。
5.D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“But two astronomers are challenging that claim, finding that the evidence suggests something far stranger: a never-before-seen type of star made of invisible dark matter.”可知,兩位天文學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),證據(jù)表明了一些更奇怪的東西:一種從未見過的恒星,由看不見的暗物質(zhì)組成。故選D。
6.A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Most theoretical models...but there are models that allow it to come together by itself.”可知,仍然沒有對暗物質(zhì)的身份有一個堅實的了解,大多數(shù)理論模型假設(shè)暗物質(zhì)在每個星系中均勻分布,但也有一些模型允許暗物質(zhì)自行聚集。由此推斷暗物質(zhì)是可以聚集的。故選A。
7.B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“These bosons would have the ability to form clumps...The smallest ones could be as small as stars, and they get a new name: boson stars.”可知這些玻色子有形成團(tuán)塊的能力,其中一些可能是整個恒星系統(tǒng)的大小,但有些可能要小得多,最小的可能和恒星一樣小,它們有一個新名字:玻色子星。由此可知,玻色子星是最小的玻色子團(tuán),故選B。
8.C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“We can keep studying our models of boson stars, see how well they can explain the orbital dynamics of this system and use that information to glimpse the dark corners of the universe.(我們可以繼續(xù)研究我們的玻色子星模型,看看它們能在多大程度上解釋這個系統(tǒng)的軌道動力學(xué),并利用那個信息瞥見宇宙的黑暗角落。)”可推知,作者在最后一段傳達(dá)了需要更多相關(guān)研究的信息。故選C。
熟詞生義
1.matter 熟義:n.問題;事情　生義:n.物質(zhì)　2.solid 熟義:adj.固體的;堅固的　生義:adj.可靠的;可信賴的
3.smoothly 熟義:adv.順利地;平穩(wěn)地　生義:adv.均勻地
難句分析
原句　Most theoretical models assume that dark matter is smoothly distributed in each galaxy, but there are models that allow it to come together by itself.
分析　本句是but連接的并列復(fù)合句。在前一分句中,that引導(dǎo)賓語從句;后一分句為there be句型,其中that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾先行詞models。
譯文　大多數(shù)理論模型都假設(shè)暗物質(zhì)在每個星系中都是均勻分布的,但也有一些模型允許它自行聚集在一起。
Ⅱ.七選五
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹的是盡管全球多條河流面臨危機(jī),但是我們要銘記河流給我們帶來的很多好處。
1.E　根據(jù)前文的“Two thirds of the UK's tap water is either from a river or from a river-fed body of water.”可知,此處從數(shù)據(jù)上強(qiáng)調(diào)了英國的三分之二的自來水要么來自河流,要么來自河流補(bǔ)給的水體。E項“The organization American Rivers gives a similar figure for the US (美國河流協(xié)會也給出了類似的美國數(shù)據(jù))”中指出美國跟英國的情況類似,此處a similar figure與前文的數(shù)字呼應(yīng),符合語境。故選E。
2.A　本空是該段的小標(biāo)題。根據(jù)后文的“Ancient farming depended on these life-giving waters, and so does modern agriculture.”可知,本段強(qiáng)調(diào)的是河流對農(nóng)業(yè)的重要性。A項“Rivers are important for agriculture”概括本段主旨,符合語境。故選A。
3.G　根據(jù)本段小標(biāo)題“A good source of food comes from rivers (河流是很好的食物來源)”和空前的“Another two thirds of fish that people eat rely on rivers for breeding, nutrients, or other reasons. (人們食用的另外三分之二的魚依靠河流繁殖、獲取營養(yǎng)或其他原因。)”可知,河流是很好的食物來源,以人類所食用的魚為例進(jìn)行了說明。由此可知G項“Protecting rivers and their biodiversity is a good way to protect this valuable source of food(保護(hù)河流及其生物多樣性是保護(hù)這一寶貴食物來源的好方法)”承接前文,符合語境。故選G。
4.C　根據(jù)本段小標(biāo)題“Human culture is tied to rivers(人類文化與河流緊密相連)”可知,本段主要講述的是人類文明與河流之間的緊密關(guān)系。C項“Rivers are closely connected to ancient civilizations(河流與古代文明緊密相連)”與本段主題呼應(yīng),指出河流與古代文明密不可分,符合語境。故選C。
5.D　根據(jù)后文“River sports, boating, fishing, swimming, braving rapids, and visiting waterfalls are all ways that rivers add value and entertainment.”可知,此處強(qiáng)調(diào)河流與人們的日常生活和娛樂方式密切相關(guān)。D項“A large part of our modern life is involved with rivers (我們現(xiàn)代生活的很大一部分與河流有關(guān))”引起下文,符合語境。故選D。
熟詞生義
rapid 熟義:adj.迅速的;快速的　生義:n.急流
Ⅲ.讀后續(xù)寫
寫作指導(dǎo)
1.分析沖突點(diǎn),預(yù)設(shè)故事結(jié)尾。
故事人物 Mrs. Evans,Peter,the author
情節(jié)分析 Peter和“我”探索大自然,欣賞美景,但是在野外森林里迷了路。并且天氣突變,“我們”遇到了麻煩。
預(yù)設(shè)結(jié)尾 “我們”看到了Evans夫人的小屋的亮光,成功獲救。
2.分析段首句,確定寫作思路。
由第一段和第二段首句確定第一段的發(fā)展方向: 由第一段首句可知,天氣突變,“我們”在森林里迷了路。由第二段首句可知,就在“我們”要放棄時,發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處有一束微弱的光在閃爍。由此可知第一段介紹“我們”在森林里自救的過程。 梳理情節(jié) 情節(jié)示例
惡劣天氣中的森林會有什么景象 烏云籠罩天空,下起傾盆大雨,風(fēng)雨交加。
地圖和背包有什么作用 “我們”利用背包里的工具和地圖試圖找到正確的方向。
在屢次嘗試失敗時,“我們”感覺如何 害怕、沮喪、疲勞等。
由第二段首句和預(yù)設(shè)結(jié)尾確定第二段發(fā)展方向: 由第二段首句可知,“我們”發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處有一束微弱的光在閃爍。由預(yù)設(shè)結(jié)尾可知,“我們”成功獲救。由此可知第二段介紹“我們”因為這束光而獲救的過程。 這束光來自哪里 前文中有鋪墊,微光來自Mrs. Evans' cabin(Evans夫人的林間小屋)
在困頓絕望的時候看到一縷微光,“我們”會是什么心情 會做出什么動作 在絕望時看到希望,“我們”很欣喜和寬慰。“我們”追隨光來到林間小屋。
林中小屋的人會給“我們”提供什么幫助 會使“我們”產(chǎn)生什么感悟 Evans夫人讓“我們”留宿并最終帶“我們”找到回家的路。這件事加強(qiáng)了“我們”的友誼,讓“我們”懂得了希望的價值。
One possible version:
　　Suddenly, the weather took an abrupt turn. Dark clouds shrouded the sky, and a heavy downpour ensued. The comforting forest sounds quickly turned into a terrifying symphony of thunder and wind. The trail that was once so clear became a muddy mess, making it impossible to continue. We tried to consult our map, but it was too late; we were lost in the wilderness. Hours passed, and our attempts to find the trail proved to be in vain. With the cold creeping in, despair started to set in.
Just when we were about to give up, a faint light flickered in the distance. Curiosity overpowered our fear, and we decided to follow it. As we drew closer, we saw a small log cabin, lights shining from its windows. Knocking on the door, an elderly woman, Mrs. Evans, welcomed us with a warm smile. She was a retired ranger who had chosen to live her twilight years in the heart of the mountains. She offered us shelter for the night and, the next morning, guided us back to the main trail. This incident strengthened our friendship and taught us the value of resilience and hope. The experience was unexpected, terrifying, but enlightening all the same.
佳作亮點(diǎn)
1.重點(diǎn)詞匯
①consult v.查閱;咨詢
②in vain徒勞無益
③overpower v.勝過,比……更有力量
④enlightening adj.具有啟發(fā)性的
2.精彩句式
①With the cold creeping in,despair started to set in.(with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))隨著寒冷襲來,絕望開始出現(xiàn)。
②As we drew closer, we saw a small log cabin, lights shining from its windows.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))當(dāng)我們走近時,我們看到一間小木屋,窗戶里透出燈光。
寫作積累
描寫惡劣天氣:
1.The dark clouds hung low in the sky, casting an ominous shadow over the land, as if nature itself was preparing for a battle.烏云低垂在空中,給大地投下不祥的陰影,仿佛大自然本身正在為一場戰(zhàn)斗做準(zhǔn)備。
2.The relentless rain poured down in torrents, creating a cacophony of sound as it drummed against the windows and rooftops, drowning out any other noise.無情的雨水傾瀉而下,拍打著窗戶和屋頂,發(fā)出刺耳的聲音,淹沒了其他任何噪聲。
3.The wind howled and whistled through the trees, and their branches thrashed and swayed violently, as if they engaged in a fierce dance with nature.風(fēng)在樹叢中呼嘯而過,樹枝猛烈地擺動著,仿佛在與大自然進(jìn)行激烈的舞蹈。
4.Lightning streaked across the sky, illuminating the darkness with its light, followed by the deafening crack of thunder that echoed through the air, making hearts race.閃電劃過天空,用它的光照亮了黑暗,隨之而來的是震耳欲聾的雷聲,在空中回蕩,讓人心跳加速。
5.The air was heavy and oppressive, filled with the scent of damp earth, sending a chill down the spine of anyone who dared venture out into the tempest.空氣沉重而壓抑,充滿了潮濕泥土的氣味,讓任何敢于冒險進(jìn)入這場大風(fēng)暴的人都感到不寒而栗。

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